In medicine and neurology, the Babinski response to the Plantar Reflex is a reflex, named after Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) (a French neurologist of Polish descent), that can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain and also exists as a primitive reflex in infants. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski (born November 17, 1857, Paris; died October 29, 1932, Paris) was a French Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Primitive reflexes are Reflex actions originating in the Central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants but not neurologically intact adults in response When non-pathological it is called the plantar reflex while the term Babinski's sign refers to its pathological form.
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Methods
The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt implement so as not to cause pain, discomfort or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the metatarsal pads. The sole is the bottom of the human Foot. Anatomically the sole of the foot is referred to as the plantar aspect. The metatarsus consists of the five long Bones of the Foot, which are numbered from the medial side ( ossa metatarsalia I There are three responses possible:
- Flexor: the toes curve inward and the foot everts; this is the response seen in healthy adults. Eversion is the movement of the Sole of the foot away from the Median plane.
- Indifferent: there is no response.
- Extensor: the hallux dorsiflexes, and the other toes fan out - the Babinski's sign indicating damage to the central nervous system. The hallux, commonly referred to as the big toe (also as great toe or thumb toe) even though it's not actually the biggest toe on the foot of some In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges.
As the lesion responsible for the sign expands so does the area from which the afferent Babinski response may be elicited. A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism usually damaged by disease or trauma In the Nervous system, afferent neurons --otherwise known as sensory or receptor Neurons -carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense The Babinski response is also normal while asleep and after a long period of walking.
Interpretation
The Babinski’s sign can indicate upper motorneuron damage to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar region, or brain disease constituting damage to the corticospinal tract. The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of Axons that travel between the Cerebral cortex of the Brain and the Spinal Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex is the first (and only) indication of a serious disease process, and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed neurological investigations, including CT scanning of the brain or MRI of the spine, as well as lumbar puncture for the study of cerebrospinal fluid. Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography. In Medicine, a lumbar puncture (colloquially known as a spinal tap) is a Diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear Bodily fluid that occupies the Subarachnoid space and the Ventricular system
In infants
Infants will also show an extensor response. Primitive reflexes are Reflex actions originating in the Central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants but not neurologically intact adults in response A baby's smaller toes will fan out, and their big toe will dorsiflex slowly. Dorsiflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg so that the toes are brought closer to the shin This happens because the corticospinal pathways that run from the brain down the spinal cord are not fully myelinated at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by the cerebral cortex. The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of Axons that travel between the Cerebral cortex of the Brain and the Spinal The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected Myelin is an electrically-insulating Dielectric Phospholipid layer that surrounds only the Axons of many Neurons It is an outgrowth The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, The extensor response disappears and gives way to the flexor response around 12-18 months of age.
Relationship to Hoffmann sign
The Hoffmann's sign is sometimes described as the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski's sign[1] because both indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction. In Medicine, Hoffmann's sign, named after the German Neurologist, Johann Hoffmann (born 1857 Rheinhesse died 1919 Heidelberg is a finding In Medicine, Hoffmann's sign, named after the German Neurologist, Johann Hoffmann (born 1857 Rheinhesse died 1919 Heidelberg is a finding In Human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to what in common English is known as the arm, that is the region of the shoulder Upper motor neurons are Motor neurons that originate in motor region of the Cerebral cortex or the Brain stem and carry motor information down Mechanistically, they differ significantly; the finger flexor reflex is a simple monosynaptic spinal reflex involving the flexor digitorum profundus that is normally fully inhibited by upper motor neurons. A reflex arc is the Neural pathway that mediates a Reflex action. In Human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a Muscle in the Forearm that flexes the Fingers It is considered to be an Extrinsic The pathway producing the plantar response is more complicated, and is not monosynaptic. This difference has led some neurologists to reject strongly any analogies between the finger flexor reflex and the plantar response.
References
- ^ Harrop JS, Hanna A, Silva MT, Sharan A (2007). "Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology". Neurosurgery 60 (1 Supp1 1): S14–20. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17204875.
External links
- doctor/370 at Who Named It
- Video of reflex on google video. Who Named It? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the People associated with their identification
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