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For other uses, see Plagiarism (disambiguation).

Plagiarism is the practice of claiming or implying original authorship of (or incorporating material from) someone else's written or creative work, in whole or in part, into one's own without adequate acknowledgement. Unlike cases of forgery, in which the authenticity of the writing, document, or some other kind of object itself is in question, plagiarism is concerned with the issue of false attribution. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive.

Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to academic censure. Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of Cheating that occurs in relation to a formal Academic exercise Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of Cheating that occurs in relation to a formal Academic exercise In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of Ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by professional Journalists Historically Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. For the Wikipedia quotation templates see:CategoryQuotation templates. A citation is a reference to a source (not always the original source published or unpublished(citation needed While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, simply by copying and pasting text from one web page to another. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks For a pejorative meaning see Cut and paste job In Human-computer interaction, cut and paste and copy and paste offer

Plagiarism is different from copyright infringement. 'Copyright infringement' (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material that is covered by Copyright law in a manner that violates While both terms may apply to a particular act, they emphasize different aspects of the transgression. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of the copyright holder, when material is used without the copyright holder's consent. On the other hand, plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Reputation is the opinion (more technically a social evaluation of the public toward a Person, a group of people, or an Organization.

Contents

Sanctions

Academia

In the academic world, plagiarism by students is a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment (typically at the high school level) or for the course (typically at the college or university level). For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e. g. , submitting a copied article as his or her own work), a student may be suspended or expelled. Many students feel pressured to complete papers well and quickly, and with the accessibility of new technology (The Internet) students can plagiarize by copying and pasting information from other sources. This is often easily detected by teachers, for several reasons. First, students' choice of sources are frequently unoriginal; instructors may receive the same passage copied from a popular source (such as Wikipedia) from several students. ***************************************************************************************** * * Second, it is often easy to tell whether a student used his or her own "voice. " Third, students may choose sources which are inappropriate, off-topic, or contain incorrect information. Fourth, lecturers may insist that submitted work is first submitted to an online plagiarism detector. [1]

In many universities, academic degrees or awards may be revoked as a penalty for plagiarism.

There is little academic research into the frequency of plagiarism in high schools. Much of the research investigated plagiarism at the post-secondary level. [2] Of the forms of cheating (including plagiarism, inventing data, and cheating during an exam), students admit to plagiarism more than any other. However, this figure decreases considerably when students are asked about the frequency of "serious" plagiarism (such as copying most of an assignment or purchasing a complete paper from a website). Recent use of plagiarism detection software (see below) gives a more accurate picture of this activity's prevalence.

For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and integrity. Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, which students and professors have agreed to be bound by.

Journalism

Since journalism's main currency is public trust, a reporter's failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being looked into by the news organization.

The ease with which electronic text can be reproduced from online sources has lured a number of reporters into acts of plagiarism: Journalists have been caught "copying-and-pasting" articles and text from a number of websites.

Online plagiarism

Since it is very easy to steal content from the web by simply copying and pasting, the problem of online plagiarism is growing. This phenomenon, also known as content scraping, is affecting both established sites [3] and blogs [4]. The motivation is often to attract away part or all of the original site's search engine-generated web traffic and to convert these stolen visitors into revenue through the use of online ads. Web traffic is the amount of data sent and received by visitors to a Web site. Online advertising is a form of Advertising that uses the Internet and World Wide Web in order to deliver Marketing messages and attract customers

Free online tools are becoming available to detect and prevent plagiarism [5], and there is a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners against plagiarism on web pages. Once identified, instances of plagiarism are commonly addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site-owner, or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA is a United States Copyright Law which implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property An Internet service provider ( ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company which primarily offers their customers access to the Internet

Other contexts

Generally, although plagiarism is often loosely referred to as theft or stealing, it has not been set as a criminal matter in the courts. [6] Likewise, plagiarism has no standing as a criminal offense in the common law. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Instead, claims of plagiarism are a civil law matter, which an aggrieved person can resolve by launching a lawsuit. Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which Acts that may constitute plagiarism are in some instances treated as copyright infringement, unfair competition, or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights. 'Copyright infringement' (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material that is covered by Copyright law in a manner that violates Moral rights are Rights of creators of Copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and first recognized in France and The increased availability of intellectual property due to a rise in technology has furthered the debate as to whether copyright offences are criminal.

Self-plagiarism

Self-plagiarism is the reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one’s own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing the original work. Articles of this nature are often referred to as multiple publications. Duplicate publication refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once by the Author or Publisher. Typically, high public-interest texts are not a subject of self-plagiarism; however, the authors should not violate copyright where applicable. "Public-interest texts" include such material as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.

In academic fields, self-plagiarism is a problem when an author reuses portions of his or her own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication. [7] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because of legal issues regarding fair use. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for [8] Some professional organizations like the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism. The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational Computing society [9] As compared to plagiarism, self-plagiarism is not yet very well-regulated. Some universities and editorial boards chose to not regulate it at all; those consider the term self-plagiarism oxymoronic since a person cannot be accused of stealing from himself.

For authors wishing to avoid potential issues when authoring new papers, the authors are strongly encouraged to follow these "best practices":

  1. Provide full disclosure — mention in the introduction that the new or derivative work incorporates texts previously published.
  2. Ensure there is no violation of copyright.
  3. Cite the old works in the references section of the new work.

Organizational publications

Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association's "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books states that there is no question about taking credit for someone else's ideas. The American Historical Association ( AHA) is the oldest and largest society of Historians and Teachers of History in the United States Since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research. However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text's arrangement and organization.

Within an organization, in its own working documents, standards are looser but not non-existent. If someone helped with a report, they expect to be credited. If a paragraph comes from a law report, a citation is expected to be written down. Technical manuals routinely copy facts from other manuals without attribution, because they assume a common spirit of scientific endeavor (as evidenced, for example, in free and open source software projects) in which scientists freely share their work. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified Open source software (OSS began as a marketing campaign for Free software.

The Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications Third Edition (2003) by Microsoft does not even mention plagiarism, nor does Science and Technical Writing: A Manual of Style, Second Edition (2000) by Philip Rubens. The line between permissible literary and impermissible source code plagiarism, though, is apparently quite fine. As with any technical field, computer programming makes use of what others have contributed to the general knowledge.

It is common for university researchers to rephrase and republish their own work, tailoring it for different academic journals and newspaper articles, to disseminate their work to the widest possible interested public. However, it must be borne in mind that these researchers also obey limits: If half an article is the same as a previous one, it will usually be rejected. One of the functions of the process of peer review in academic writing is to prevent this type of "recycling". Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are

Public figures commonly use anonymous speech writers. If a speech uses plagiarized material, however, it is the public figure who may be cast in a bad light. For instance, Delaware Senator Joe Biden was forced out of the 1988 U.S. Presidential race (but remained in the U. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden Jr, the Democratic United States Senator from Delaware since 1973 was a candidate for President S. Senate) when it was discovered that parts of his campaign speeches were plagiarized from speeches by British Labour party leader Neil Kinnock and Robert Kennedy. Neil Gordon Kinnock Baron Kinnock PC (born 28 March 1942 is a British Politician. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a

See also

References

  1. ^ Alexander Klein (June 8, 2007). Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of Cheating that occurs in relation to a formal Academic exercise Contract cheating is a form of Academic dishonesty in which Students get others to complete their Coursework for them by putting it out to tender In general the term credit in the artistic or intellectual sense refers to an acknowledgement of those who contributed to a work whether through ideas or in a more direct sense Cryptomnesia, or inadvertent plagiarism is a Memory bias whereby a person falsely recalls generating a thought an idea a song or a joke when the thought was actually generated An essay mill, sometimes also called a paper mill, is the colloquial term for a type of Ghostwriting service which specializes in the sale of Essays term Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for Journalism scandals are high-profile incidents or acts whether intentional or accidental that run contrary to the generally accepted ethics and standards of journalism, or The following is a list of examples of Plagiarism which were the center of notable public controversies Duplicate publication refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once by the Author or Publisher. Plagiarism detection refers to the process of locating instances of Plagiarism within a work or document Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research. Opinion: Why Do They Do It?. The New York Sun. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
  2. ^ Hart, Mike & Friesner, Tim (December 15, 2004), research Plagiarism and Poor Academic Practice – A Threat to the Extension of e-Learning in Higher Education?, Electronic Journal of E-Learning, <http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art25.htm research>. Retrieved on 11 December 2007 
  3. ^ Authorship gets lost on Web. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-31-net-plagiarism_x.htm?POE=TECISVA
  4. ^ Online plagiarism strikes blog world. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2006/05/08/online_plagiarism_strikes_blog_world/
  5. ^ http://news.com.com/8301-10784_3-5663303-7.html, http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/08/30/copyscape-searches-for-scraped-content
  6. ^ http://faculty.law.lsu.edu/stuartgreen/pdf/j-green2.pdf Stuart Green
  7. ^ Irving Hexham (2005). Academic Plagiarism Defined.
  8. ^ Pamela Samuelson (August 1994). "Self-plagiarism or fair use?". Communications of the ACM 27 (8): 21. doi:10.1145/179606.179731. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  9. ^ ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism (October 2006).

External links

Dictionary

plagiarism

-noun

  1. (uncountable) The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text, or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially without permission.
  2. (uncountable) Text or other work resulting from this act.
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