| Plaek Pibulsonggram จอมพล แปลก พิบูลสงคราม |
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 Pibulsonggram at Hyde Park, New York, 1955. See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous |
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| In office December 16, 1938 – August 1, 1944 April 8, 1948 - September 16, 1957 |
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| Preceded by | Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena (1938) Khuang Abhaiwongse (1948) |
| Succeeded by | Khuang Abhaiwongse (1944) Pote Sarasin (1957) |
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| Born | July 14, 1897 Nonthaburi, Thailand |
| Died | June 11, 1964 (aged 66) Tokyo, Japan |
| Nationality | Thai |
| Spouse | La-iad Pibulsonggram |
| Religion | Buddhism |
Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram (Thai: แปลก พิบูลสงคราม or ป. The first Prime Minister of Thailand was Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, who took office after the 1932 Siamese coup d'état ended the absolute monarchy Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) General Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena (Thai พลเอกพระยาพหลพลพยุหเสนา born March 29 1887 was a Thai military leader and politician Major Luang Khuang Abhaiwongse ( May 17 1902 - March 15 1968; Thai ควง อภัยวงศ์ was three times Major Luang Khuang Abhaiwongse ( May 17 1902 - March 15 1968; Thai ควง อภัยวงศ์ was three times Pote Sarasin ( March 25 1905 - September 28 2000; Thai พจน์ สารสิน) was a Thai diplomat and Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Nonthaburi (นนทบุรี is one of the central provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Thai (or Tai) are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnolinguistic peoples found in Thailand and adjacent countries Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand พิบูลสงคราม, commonly called Por, often known during his lifetime as Field Marshal Pibun Songkhram or simply Marshal Pibun; born Plaek Khittasangkha) (July 14, 1897 – June 11, 1964) was Prime Minister and military dictator of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The first Prime Minister of Thailand was Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, who took office after the 1932 Siamese coup d'état ended the absolute monarchy The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj
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Early life
Pibulsonggram was born Plaek Khittasangkha in 1897, to parents Keed Khittasangkha and Sam-Ang[1]–a family of orchard cum durian farmers[2][3] of mixed Chinese and Thai ancestry. The Thai Chinese are an Overseas Chinese community who live in Thailand. The Thai (or Tai) are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnolinguistic peoples found in Thailand and adjacent countries [4][5][6] He studied at various Wat schools before entering the Artillery Corps in 1914 upon graduation from the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. WaT ( W entz a nd T eppei is a Japanese pop duo composed of singers/songwriters Eiji Wentz and Teppei Koike The Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy (โรงเรียนนายร้อยพระจุลจอมเกล้า is the Military academy of the Royal Thai Following advanced studies in France, the honorary title of Luang Pibulsonggram was bestowed upon him by King Prajadhipok in 1928. Prajadhipok ( Rama VII, พระปกเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว Phra Pokklao Chaoyuhua) ( November 8, 1893 - (He was later to adopt Pibulsonggram as his surname. )
1932 Revolution
One of the leaders of the military wing of the People's Party which overthrew the absolute monarchy in 1932, Lieutenant Colonel Pibulsonggram rose to prominence as a popular man-on-horseback when he, along with officers of the same cause, successfully crushed a royalist revolt the following year. The Siamese coup d'état on June 24 1932 marked the bloodless transition from Absolute monarchy to Constitutional monarchy in Thailand
Prime Minister of Thailand
In 1938, Pibulsonggram replaced Phraya Phahol as Prime Minister, and consolidated his position by rewarding several members of his own army clique with influential positions in his government. General Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena (Thai พลเอกพระยาพหลพลพยุหเสนา born March 29 1887 was a Thai military leader and politician
Pibulsonggram began increasing the pace of modernisation in Thailand. By manipulation of the mass media, Pibulsonggram fashioned a semi-fascist with ultranationalism like a central theme. Together with Luang Wichitwathakan, the Minister of Propaganda, he built a leadership cult throughout 1939 and thereafter. Major-General Luang Wichitwathakan or Wichit Wichitwathakan ( Thai หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ วิจิตร วิจิตรวาทการ Photographs of Pibulsonggram were to be found everywhere (in turn, those of the abdicated King Prajadhipok were banned), his slogans appeared in newspapers, were plastered on billboards and repeated over the radio.
"Aimed to uplift the national spirit and moral code of the nation and instilling progressive tendencies and a newness into Thai life", a series of Cultural Mandates were issued by the government. These mandates required that all Thais were to salute the flag, know the new national anthem (written by Wichitwathakarn), and use the national (i. e. Bangkok) language, as opposed to local dialects. People were encouraged to adopt western attire as opposed to the traditional topless style of Thai men and women. In Pibulsonggram's view, all these were necessary for Thailand to strip away the thinkings of foreigners that Thailand was undeveloped and barbaric. In the interest of progress, Thailand needed to be recognised by foreigners as equals.
In 1939, Pibulsonggram changed the country's name from Siam to Thailand. In 1941, as World War II loomed on the horizon, he decreed January 1 the official start of the new year instead of the traditional April 1. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (สุริยคติ has been the official and prevalent Calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King On 5 August 1941, Thailand joined a limited number of nations that recognized the puppet state of Manchukuo. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern
His regime also embarked upon a course of economic nationalism, in which the Thai people were to support only Thai products and therefore destroy the Chinese hold on markets. Anti-Chinese policies were also undertaken; indeed, in a speech in 1938 Luang Wichitwathakan compared the Chinese in Siam to the Jews in Germany. Major-General Luang Wichitwathakan or Wichit Wichitwathakan ( Thai หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ วิจิตร วิจิตรวาทการ
While ardently pro-Japanese at the beginning, Pibulsonggram and his regime soon considerably, but cordially, distanced itself from Japan following the aftermath of the French-Thai War (October 1940 to May 1941), when Japanese territorial ambitions were skilfully realised during the peace talks. (The Japanese gained the right to occupy French Indo-China. ) With war looming on the horizon, Pibulsonggram quickly deduced that the Japanese would be the aggressors. However, the government also realised that Thailand would stand alone when the Japanese onslaught came, considering the deteriorating relationships with the major Western powers in the area.
Alliance with Japan
When war did erupt on December 8, 1941, a hesitant Pibulsonggram was reluctantly forced to order a general ceasefire and to allow the Japanese armies to use the country as a springboard for the invasions of Burma and Malaya. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7] However, hesitancy gave way to enthusiasm when the Japanese surprisingly blitzkrieged their way through Malaya. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century On December 12, a military alliance with Japan was concluded. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian A month later, on January 25, 1942, Thailand declared war on the United States and Great Britain. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Those who opposed the declaration were forced from the government: Pridi Phanomyong was appointed regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol, while Direk Jayanama, the prominent Foreign Minister who had advocated resistance against the Japanese, ironically became the ambassador to Tokyo. Luang Pridi Phanomyong, (born Nai Pridi Phanomyong ปรีดี พนมยงค์ 陳嘉祥 or 陳璋茂 May 11, 1900 – Ananda Mahidol (อานันทมหิดล or Rama VIII (full title Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramen Maha Ananda Mahidol Phra Atthamaramathibodin, พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาอานันทมหิดล Direk Jayanama was the founding member of the Thai Revolution that had instilled Democracy for all Thais together with Field Marshall P Pibulsonggram and Pridi Panomyong
When the tide finally turned against Japan, Pibulsonggram was forced to resign by the pro-Seri Thai National Assembly, thus ending his six-year reign as military strongman. The Free Thai Movement (ขบวนการเสรีไทย Khabuankarn Seri Thai was an underground resistance movement against Japan during World War II Pibulsonggram went to reside at army headquarters in Lopburi. Lop Buri (ลพบุรี is one of the central provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Meanwhile, Khuang Abhaiwongse was made prime minister ostensibly to continue relations with the Japanese, while at the same time secretly assisting the Seri Thai underground. Major Luang Khuang Abhaiwongse ( May 17 1902 - March 15 1968; Thai ควง อภัยวงศ์ was three times The Free Thai Movement (ขบวนการเสรีไทย Khabuankarn Seri Thai was an underground resistance movement against Japan during World War II
At the war's end, Pibulsonggram was put on trial by the Allies on charges of having committed war crimes, mainly that of collaborating with the enemy. However, the charges were dropped and he got off due to intense public pressure. (Public opinion was favourable to Pibulsonggram, since he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests). [8]
Coup and second premiership
In November 1947, army units under the control of Pibulsonggram carried out a coup which forced the Thamrong government to step down. Rear Admiral Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi (พลเรือตรี ถวัลย์ ธำรงนาวาสวัสดิ์ 郑连淡 also spelled Thawal Thamrongnavasawat The hapless Khuang was again installed as prime minister as the military coup risked international disapproval. Pridi was hunted down but, aided by British and American intelligence officers, managed to escape the country. On April 8, 1948, the military forced Khuang out of office and Pibulsonggram himself assumed the Premiership once more. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
But instead of fascism that characterised his first government, Pibulsonggram now built for his regime a façade of democracy. American aid was received in large quantities following Thailand's entry into the Korean War as part of the UN's multi-national force. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the
Pibulsonggram's anti-Chinese campaign was resumed, with the government halting Chinese immigration and undertaking various measures to restrict Chinese economic domination of the Thai market. Chinese schools and associations were once again shut down. Despite open pro-western and anti-Chinese policies, in the late 1950s Pibulsonggram arranged to send to China two of the children of Sang Phathanothai, his closest advisor, with the intention of establishing a backdoor channel for dialogue between China and Thailand; the girl aged eight and her brother aged twelve were sent to be brought up under the auspices of Premier Zhou Enlai as his wards. Sang Phathanothai (1914 &ndash June 1986 was a Thai politician, union leader and journalist Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976
On June 29, 1951, Pibulsonggram was attending a ceremony aboard the USS Manhattan when he was taken hostage by a group of naval officers, who were quick to confine him on board the battleship Sri Ayutthaya. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Commissioned in New York City Manhattan -- the first US Navy ship to bear the name -- was built by Perine Secor & Co Negotiations between the government and the coup group swiftly broke down, leading to heavy street fighting in Bangkok between the navy and the army, which was supported by the air force. Pibulsonggram was able to swim back ashore when the Sri Ayutthaya was bombed by the air force; their hostage gone, the sailors and marines were forced to lay down their arms.
Sarit seizes power
At the end of his term, suspicions of fraudulent practices during an election emerged. The American equipped Thai army played a major role in the coup d'etat of 1957, and the United States was "deeply involved"[9] The resulting unrest led to a coup by Field Marshal Sarit Dhanaraj in 1957, who ironically had earlier sworn to be his most loyal subordinate. Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarajata ( Thai: สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์) ( June 16, 1908 - December 8, 1963 Sarit was supported by many royalists who wanted to regain their foothold in Thailand's autocracy. Pibulsonggram was then forced into exile in Japan. He remained there until his death in 1964.
See also
References
- ^ (Thai) ผู้นำทางการเมืองไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2: จอมพล ป.พิบูลสงคราม และ ปรีดี พนมยงค์
- ^ Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit. The history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973 was dominated by Military dictatorships which were in power for much of the period History records a number of operations named Matador The British in Malaya Operation Matador was a plan of the British Malaya Command to move Nitya "Nit" Pibulsonggram (นิตย์ พิบูลสงคราม born 1941 is a Thai career diplomat and politician Christopher John Baker is a Thailand -based writer who has made his home in Bangkok for more than 20 years Pasuk Phongpaichit (b 11 Feb 1946 is a Thai economist a professor at Chulalongkorn University, and the author of several books on corruption in Thailand A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press, 98. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0521816157.
- ^ Kobkua Suwannathatpian (1995). Thailand's Durable Premier–Phibun Through Three Decades 1932-1957. Oxford University Press, 1. ISBN 9676530530.
- ^ Michael Leifer [1996]. Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia. Routledge, 204. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0415138213. ;
- ^ Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit. Christopher John Baker is a Thailand -based writer who has made his home in Bangkok for more than 20 years Pasuk Phongpaichit (b 11 Feb 1946 is a Thai economist a professor at Chulalongkorn University, and the author of several books on corruption in Thailand A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press, 129. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0521816157.
- ^ Judith A. Stowe. Siam Becomes Thailand: A Story of Intrigue. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 165. ISBN 1850650837.
- ^ A Slice of Thai History: The Japanese invasion of Thailand, 8 December 1941 (part one)
- ^ Aldrich, Richard J. The Key to the South: Britain, the United States, and Thailand during the Approach of the Pacific War, 1929-1942. Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-588612-7
- ^ Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 93-110
External links
- Duncan Stearn:A Slice of Thai History: The Japanese invasion of Thailand, 8 December 1941 [1] (part one) [2] (part two) [3] (part three)
| Preceded by Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena |
Prime Minister of Thailand 1938–1944 |
Succeeded by Khuang Abhaiwongse |
| Preceded by Khuang Abhaiwongse |
Prime Minister of Thailand 1948–1957 |
Succeeded by Pote Sarasin |
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