| Pituitary gland | |
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| Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica(also known as turkish saddle)of the sphenoid bone. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The Sella turcica (literally Turkish saddle is a saddle-shaped depression in the Sphenoid bone at the base of the Human Skull. The sphenoid bone (from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike" is a Bone situated at the base of the Skull in front of the Temporals and basilar | |
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| Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. | |
| Latin | hypophysis, glandula pituitaria |
| Gray's | subject #275 1275 |
| Artery | superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery, capsular artery, artery of the inferior cavernous sinus[1] |
| Precursor | neural and oral ectoderm, including Rathke's pouch |
| MeSH | Pituitary+Gland |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | h_22/12439692 |
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Gray's Anatomy the Respiratory apparatus ( Apparatus Respiratorius Respiratory system Respiratory apparatus Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. The superior hypophysial artery is an artery supplying the Pars tuberalis,the infundibulum of the Pituitary gland and the median eminence The inferior hypophysial artery is an artery supplying the Pituitary gland. Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces In Embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the Buccopharyngeal membrane. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Endocrine glands are Glands that secrete their product ( Hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The Sella turcica (literally Turkish saddle is a saddle-shaped depression in the Sphenoid bone at the base of the Human Skull. The dura mater (from the Latin "hard mother" or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the Meninges surrounding the The Pituitary gland is attached to the end of the Infundibulum, and is situated in the Fossa hypophyseos of the Sphenoidal bone, where it is retained by The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The sphenoid bone (from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike" is a Bone situated at the base of the Skull in front of the Temporals and basilar The middle fossa, deeper than the Anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the Skull. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Trophic hormones trō'fik Greek τροφή ''trophē'' = nourishment are hormones that are secreted to promote the survival of various cells Endocrine glands are Glands that secrete their product ( Hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct It is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the Hypothalamus part of the human Brain.
The hypophysis is also the top cell of the suspensor in a dicot embryo, which will differentiate to form part of the root cap.
Contents |
Sections
Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary is functionally linked to the hypothalamus. It is composed of two lobes: the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system. The adenohypophysis, also referred to as the anterior pituitary is divided into anatomical regions known as the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" The neurohypophysis, also referred to as the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system. The pituitary is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk, whereby hypothalamic releasing factors are released and in turn stimulate the release of pituitary hormones. Also see Infundibulum for other uses of the term The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum
Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
The anterior pituitary anatomical regions synthesizes and secretes important endocrine hormones, such as ACTH, TSH, prolactin, growth hormone, endorphins, FSH, and LH. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH or corticotropin) is a Polypeptide Hormone produced and secreted by the Pituitary gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells in the Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals Endorphins are Endogenous Opioid Polypeptide compounds They are produced by the Pituitary gland and the Hypothalamus in Vertebrates Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of hypothalamic. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The hypothalamic hormones travel to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. The hypophyseal portal system (or hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system) is the system of Blood vessels that links the Hypothalamus and the Anterior
Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are
- Oxytocin, where the majority is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin and AVP, arginine vasopressin), the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus
Oxytocin is the only pituitary hormone to create a positive feedback loop. The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system. Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the The paraventricular nucleus (PVN is an aggregation of neurons in the Hypothalamus which produces many Hormones. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in The supraoptic nucleus ( SON) is a nucleus of Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the Hypothalamus of the mammalian brain The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which in turn increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born.
Intermediate lobe
There is also an intermediate lobe in many animals. Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the Pituitary. For instance in fish it is believed to control physiological colour change. In adult humans it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), although this function is often (imprecisely) attributed to the anterior pituitary. The melanocyte-stimulating hormones (collectively referred to as MSH) are a class of Peptide hormones produced by cells in the Intermediate lobe of
Functions
The pituitary hormones help control some of the following body processes:
- Growth
- Blood pressure
- Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth
- Breast milk production
- Sex organ functions in both women and men
- Thyroid gland function
- The conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
- Water and osmolarity regulation in the body
Pathology
Disorders involving the pituitary gland include:
| Condition | Direction | Hormone |
| Acromegaly | overproduction | growth hormone |
| Growth hormone deficiency | underproduction | growth hormone |
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone | overproduction | vasopressin |
| Diabetes insipidus | underproduction | vasopressin |
| Sheehan syndrome | underproduction | any pituitary hormone |
| Pituitary adenoma | overproduction | any pituitary hormone |
| Hypopituitarism | underproduction | any pituitary hormone |
Additional images
 Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain |
 Pituitary and pineal glands |
 The arteries of the base of the brain. Human development is the process of Growing to maturity In biological terms this entails growth from a one-celled Zygote to an adult Human being Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or Breast milk refers to the Milk produced by a mother to feed her baby A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined is any of the anatomical parts of the body which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram Acromegaly (from Greek akros "extreme" or "extremities" and megalos "large" - extremities enlargement is a Syndrome Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals Growth Hormone Deficiency is the medical condition of inadequate production of Growth hormone (GH and it effects on children and adults Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH is a condition commonly found in the hospital population especially in patients being hospitalized for Central nervous system Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Diabetes insipidus ( DI) is a condition characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted Urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Sheehan syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism or postpartum pituitary necrosis, is Hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the Pituitary Pituitary adenomas are Tumors that occur in the Pituitary gland, and account for about 10% of intracranial neoplasms. Hypopituitarism is the decreased ( hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight Hormones normally produced by the Pituitary gland at the base of the Brain |
 Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. |
 Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. |
See also
References
- ^ Gibo H, Hokama M, Kyoshima K, Kobayashi S (1993). Head and neck anatomy focuses on the structures of the Head and Neck of the human body including the brain bones muscles blood vessels nerves glands nose mouth "[Arteries to the pituitary]". Nippon Rinsho 51 (10): 2550-4. PMID 8254920.
External links
- NeuroNames hier-382
- Histology at BU 14201loa
- The Pituitary Gland, from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide
- Oklamoma State, Endocrine System
- Pituitary apoplexy mimicking pituitary abscess [[1]]
Dictionary
pituitary gland
-noun
- (anatomy) An endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation.
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