| Ancient Region of Anatolia Pisidia (Πισιδία) |
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| Location | Southern Anatolia |
| State existed: | - |
| Language | Pisidian |
| Most impertant city | Termessos, Sagalassos |
| Roman province | Asia, Galatia |
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Pisidia was a region of ancient Asia Minor (modern day Antalya, Turkey), located north of Lycia, and bordering Caria, Lydia, Phrygia and Pamphylia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Pisidian language is a member of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family spoken in Pisidia, a region of ancient Termessos or Thermessos (Θερμεσσός was a Pisidian city built at an altitude of more than 1000 meters at the south-west side of the mountain Solymos (modern Sagalassos is an Archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, about 100 km north of Antalya In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman province of Asia, also called Phrygia was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Origins of the Pamphylians There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people though the former had received colonies from Greece and other Among Pisidia's settlements were Termessus, Selge, Cremna, Sagalassos, Etenna, Antiochia, Neapolis, Tyriacum, Laodiceia Katakekaumene and Philomelium. Termessos or Thermessos (Θερμεσσός was a Pisidian city built at an altitude of more than 1000 meters at the south-west side of the mountain Solymos (modern Selge (in Greek Σελγη) was an important city in Pisidia, on the southern slope of Mount Taurus, at the part where the river Eurymedon "Cremna" redirects here This was also a Genus of Metalmark butterflies, now a Junior synonym of Napaea (butterfly. Sagalassos is an Archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, about 100 km north of Antalya Antioch in Pisidia &ndash alternatively Antiochia in Pisidia or Pisidian Antioch (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πισιδίας and in Roman Empire Neapolis (in Greek Nεαπoλις) is an ancient town in Pisidia, a few miles south of Antioch. Laodicea or Laodicea Combusta &ndash Greek: Λαοδίκεια also Transliterated as Laodiceia or Laodikeia; also Laodikeia Akşehir is a town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.
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Geography
Although close to Mediterranean Sea on the map, the warm climate of the south cannot pass the height of the Taurus Mountains. For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. Owing to the climate, there is no timberland but crop plants grow in areas provided with water from the mountains, whose annual average rainfall is c. 1000 mm on the peaks and 500 mm on the slopes. This water feeds the plateau. The Pisidian cities, mostly founded on the slopes, benefited from this fertility. The irrigated soil of the land is very suitable for growing fruit and for husbandry.
History
Early history
The area of Pisidia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age, with some settlements known from historical times ranging in age from the eighth to third millennium BC. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The ancestors of the classical Pisidians were likely present in the region before the 14th century BC, when Hittite records refer to a mountain site of Salawassa, identified with the later site of Sagalassos. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established At that time, Pisidia appears to have been part of the region the Hittites called Arzawa. Arzawa was the name of a region or kingdom in Western Anatolia, which later to be known as Lydia (Assyrian Luddu, Greek Λυδία in the post- Hittite The Pisidian language is poorly known, but is assumed to be a member of the Anatolian branch of Indo-European languages. The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language
Herodotus mentioned the Pisidic people in the text which they were called "Lakuna" but this was one of the names given to Pisidic tribes, which occupied a little mountainous region north to the Antalya Bay. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Pisidians are known to be among the nations which helped the Persians in their war against Greece. [1]
There can be little doubt that the Pisidians and Pamphylians were the same people, but the distinction between the two seems to have been established at an early period. Herodotus, who does not mention the Pisidians, enumerates the Pamphylians among the nations of Asia Minor, while Ephorus mentions them both, correctly including the one among the nations on the interior, the other among those of the coast. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Ephorus or Ephoros ( Ancient Greek:, c 400 - 330 BC) of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Pamphylia early received colonies from Greece and other lands, and from this cause, combined with the greater fertility of their territory, became more civilized than its neighbor in the interior. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Pisidia remained a wild, mountainous region, and one of the most difficult for outside powers to rule.
As far back as the Hittite period, Pisidia was host to independent communities not under the Hittite yoke. Known for its warlike factions, it remained largely independent of the Lydians, and even the Persians, who conquered Anatolia in the 6th century BC, and divided the area into satrapies for greater control, were unable to cope with constant uprisings and turmoil. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient
Hellenistic period
Alexander the Great had somewhat better fortune, conquering Sagalassos on his way to Persia, though the city of Termessos defied him. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Termessos or Thermessos (Θερμεσσός was a Pisidian city built at an altitude of more than 1000 meters at the south-west side of the mountain Solymos (modern After Alexander died, the region became part of territories of Antigonus Monophthalmus, and possibly Lysimachus of Thrace, after which Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Dynasty of Syria, took control of Pisidia. Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed" (382 BC - 301 BC son of Philip from Elimeia, was a Macedonian nobleman general and Satrap Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Under the Selucids Greek colonies were founded at strategically important places and the local people Hellenised. Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. Even so, the Hellenistic kings were never in complete control, in part because Anatolia was contested between the Selucids, the Attalids of Pergamon, and the Galatians, invading Celts from Europe. This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The cities in Pisidia were among the last in western Anatolia to fully adopt Greek culture and to coin their own money.
Pisidia officially passed from the Selucids to the Attalids as a result of the Treaty of Apamea, forced on Antiochos III of Syria by the Romans in 188 BC. The Treaty of Apamea of 188 BC, was Peace treaty between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III (the Great ruler of the Seleucid Empire Antiochus III the Great, ( Greek; ca 241&ndash187 BC ruled 222&ndash187 BC younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC After Attalos III, the last king of Pergamon, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 133 BC as the province of Asia, Pisidia was given to the Kingdom of Cappadocia, which proved unable to govern it. Attalus III (in Greek Attalos III) Philometor Euergetes (ca 170 BC &ndash 133 BC was the last Attalid king of Pergamon, ruling from The Roman province of Asia, also called Phrygia was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: The Pisidians cast their lot with pirate-dominated Cilicia and Pamphylia until Roman rule was restored in 102 BC. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria
In 39 BC Marcus Antonius entrusted Pisidia to the Galatian client king Amyntas and charged him with putting down the bandit Homonadesians of the Taurus Mountains, who threatened the roads connecting Pisidia to Pamphylia. Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs After Amyntas was killed in the struggle 25 BC, Rome made Pisidia part of the new province of Galatia. The Homonadesians were finally wiped out in 3 BC.
Roman and Byzantine period
During the Roman period Pisidia was colonized the area with veterans of its legions to maintain control. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," For the colonists, who came from poorer parts of Italy, agriculture must have been the area’s main attraction. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Under Augustus, eight colonies were established in Pisidia, and Antioch and Sagalassos became the most important urban centers. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The province was gradually Latinised. Latin remained the formal language of the area until the end of the 3rd century. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.
Pisidia was important in the early spread of Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings St. Paul visited Antioch on each of his missionary journeys, helping to make it a center of the new faith in Anatolia. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and After the Emperor Constantine's legalization of Christianity in 311 it played an important role as a metropolitan city. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Afterwards it became the capital city of the Christian Pisidian Province, founded in the 4th century. Most Pisidian cities were heavily fortified at that time due to civil wars and foreign invasions.
The area was devastated by earthquake in 518, a plague around 541-543, and another earthquake and Arab raids in the middle of the 7th century. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer After the Muslim conquest of Syria disrupted trade routes, the area declined in importance. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية In the 8th century the raids increased. In the 11th century the Seljuk Turks captured the area and founded the Seljuk Sultanate in Central Anatolia. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Pisidia constantly changed hands between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Turks until 1176, when the Great Sultan Kılıçarslan defeated Manuel Commenos in the Myriokephalon (thousand heads), which ended Roman rule and cemented Turkish rule of the area. Kilij Arslan II (عز الدين قلج أرسلان بن مسعود 'Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd II For the eldest son of Andronikos I Komnenos and father of Alexios I of Trebizond, see Manuel Komnenos (born 1145. The Battle of Myriokephalon, also known as the Myriocephalum, or Miryakefalon Savaşı in Turkish, was a battle between the Byzantine Empire
Notable people
- George Pisida (7th century) Byzantine poet
See also
External links
- Termessos on the Web, comprehensive guide to the striking Pisidian city
- Sagalassos on the Web, comprehensive guide to the striking Pisidian city
- Termessos Guide and Photo Album
- Sagalassos Guide and Photo Album
"Pisidia". George Pisida ( Γεώργιος Πισίδης, of which Pisida is the Latin form sometimes called The Pisidian) was a Byzantine poet born The Pisidian language is a member of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family spoken in Pisidia, a region of ancient Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
| Historical regions of Anatolia | |
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| Aeolis | Cappadocia | Caria | Cilicia | Bithynia | Galatia | Ionia | Lycaonia | Lycia | Lydia | Mysia | Pamphylia | Paphlagonia | Phrygia | Pisidia | Pontos | Troad | |
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