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For structural pipe, see hollow structural section. A hollow structural section (HSS is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section.

Pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluid, gas and sometimes other materials. A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes the Surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given Straight line, the axis The terms 'pipe' and 'tubing' are almost interchangeable. 'Pipe' is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID) whereas 'tube' is usually defined by the outside diameter (OD) but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall thickness), depending upon which are considered the most important to the designer. 'Tube' is often made to custom sizes and may often have more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe. Also the term "tubing" can be applied to tubes of a non-cylindrical nature (i. e. square tubing). The term 'tubing' is more widely used in the USA and 'pipe' elsewhere in the world.

Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a 'hose' is usually portable and flexible. Pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, such as Nominal Pipe Size (in the US), or by nominal, outside, or inside diameter and wall thickness. Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing.

Metal pipes.
Metal pipes.
Plastic (PVC) pipes in USA.
Plastic (PVC) pipes in USA.

Contents

Uses

Manufacture

There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Scaffolding is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures Structural steel is Steel construction Material, a profile, formed with a specific Shape or cross section and certain standards of Seamless pipe is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell. Seamless pipe provides the most reliable pressure retaining characteristics, and is often more easily available than welded pipe. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam. The weld flash can be removed from the outside or inside surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat treated, so the seam is less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than seamless, and can be cheaper if manufactured in the same quantities. Cast pipe is no longer very common, but still exists. Pipe is sometimes cast in a centrifuge.

Tubing, either metal or plastic, is generally extruded. Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile

Materials

Concrete pipe section being moved to an excavation for placement
Concrete pipe section being moved to an excavation for placement

The manufacturing of pipe uses many materials including ceramic, metal, concrete, and plastic. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products

Pipe may be made from a variety of materials. In the past, materials have included wood and lead (Latin plumbum, from which we get the word plumbing). Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for Lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and Plumbing fixtures for

Metal pipes are commonly made from unfinished, black (lacquer), or galvanized steel, brass, and ductile iron. Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of Galvanization. It is the process of coating Iron or Steel with a thin Zinc layer by passing the steel Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Ductile iron, also called ductile cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, or nodular cast iron, is a type of Cast iron invented in 1943 by Copper tubing is popular for plumbing systems. Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for Lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and Plumbing fixtures for

Plastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Plastic materials include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polyethylene (PE), cross-linked high-density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), for example. Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the Polybutylene is a Thermoplastic Polyolefin. It is created by polymerizing Butylene. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS, ( Chemical formula (C8H8· C4H6·C3H3Nn is

Pipe may also be made from concrete or ceramic. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) These pipes are usually used for low pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage.

Concrete pressure pipe for water lines can be made in accordance with American Water Works Association ([1]) standards of C-303 or L-301. C-303 pipe has a round bar helically wound around the steel cylinder and all surfaces are then coated with cement mortar. C-301 is a prestressed pipe and is made using two different techniques. The first method has a steel cylinder which has been lined with concrete and after the concrete cures the prestressing wire is wound directly on the steel cylinder and the exterior is then coated with cement mortar. The second method encases the steel cylinder in concrete which is then prestessed after the concrete cures and the exterior is then coated with cement mortar. C-303 pipe can be manufactured in from 10" through 72" and C-301 goes from 36" through 144". Working pressure is generally less than 300 psi.

Reinforced concrete can be used for large diameter concrete pipes. Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be This pipe material can be used in many types of construction and is often used in the transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation. seamless pipe is made by rolling.

Sizes

The DN code is a code that rounds off the diameter of the pipe to get an even number to work with, not the exact diameter. The American version is called NPS and is in English units. DN is the European version and is based on millimeters. For example, 2" pipe is called 2" in NPS and 50 mm in DN, but the actual outside diameter is neither 2" or 50 mm. Both standards use rounded values in naming pipe sizes.

Finding the inside diameter of a pipe is more complicated. 2" pipe, for example, will have varying inside diameters depending on the required strength of the pipe. For example, 2" Schedule 80 pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2" Schedule 40 pipe. Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures However, the outside diameters of the pipes are the same so that the same fittings can be used in both cases.

You must remember that people have been producing steel pipe for about 150 years. The Pipe sizes that we use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 1120 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like gold-flow cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel.


To get the best answer in your calculations, always find and use inside diameter, not DN or NPS number. Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates the outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting impact on modern standards around the world.

In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and schedule (SCH). Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36. 10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United Kingdom. Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I. D. ) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12. 5 percent.

In Europe, pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as Nominal Pipe Size, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures For NPS larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25. 4) This is documented by EN 10255 (formerly DIN 2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65, and it is often called DIN or ISO pipe. European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation ( CEN) is a private non-profit organisation whose mission is to foster the European economy Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for

Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called JIS pipe. This article is about Japanese Industrial Standards in general see JIS encoding for the character encoding used in representing the Japanese language for computer software

The Iron pipe size (IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment. Iron Pipe Size (IPS is an old system still used by some industries including major PVC pipe manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates . 375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates . 500" wall thickness for NPS 8 and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, but it is generally thicker than schedule 160.

Another old system is the Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS.

Copper plumbing tube for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system, often called Copper Tube Size (CTS); see domestic water system. Tubing is a Pipe or hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluids (liquids or gases Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century Its nominal size is neither the inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards.

Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for Plastic Irrigation Pipe. PIP comes in pressure ratings of 22 psi, 50 psi, 80 psi, 100 psi, and 125 psi and is generally available in diameters of 6", 8", 10", 12", 15", 18", 21", and 24".

Standards

The manufacture and installation of pressure piping is tightly regulated by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This code has the force of law in Canada and the USA. Europe has an equivalent system of codes. Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards.

Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require a test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A heat of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a lot of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a mill traceability report and the mechanical tests in a material test report, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called traceable. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a certified material test report, and the material will be called certified.

Maintaining the traceability between the material and this paperwork is an important quality assurance issue. Traceability refers to the completeness of the information about every step in a process chain QA often requires the heat number to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials.

Some widely used pipe standards are:

See this site for more specification summaries. ASTM International ( ASTM) originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials is an international Standards organization that develops and publishes

Installation

Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. An example tool is the pipe wrench. The pipe wrench, or Stillson wrench is an adjustable Wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings with a rounded surface

Joining

Pipes are commonly joined by welding or by using pipe threads. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. The most common pipe thread in North America is the National Pipe Thread (NPT) or the Dryseal (NPTF) version. National Pipe Thread Tapered ( NPT) is a US standard for tapered threads used to join pipes and fittings National Pipe Thread Tapered ( NPT) is a US standard for tapered threads used to join pipes and fittings Other pipe threads include the British standard pipe thread (BSPT), the garden hose thread (GHT), and the fire hose coupling (NST). The British Standard Pipe thread ( BSP thread is a family of standard Screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe

Copper pipes are typically joined by soldering, brazing, compression, flaring, or crimping. Soldering is a process in which two or more Metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint the filler metal having a relatively low Plastic pipes may be joined by solvent welding, heat fusion, or elastomeric sealing.

If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as the smaller copper or flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be joined with compression fittings. Compression Fittings are used in Plumbing and electrical conduit systems to join two tubes or thin-walled pipes together

Mechanical grooved couplings or Victaulic joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly & assembly. The Victaulic pipe jointing system is designed for jointing steel copper and stainless steel pipes Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 1,200psi working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade.

Fittings and valves

Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available. Valves control fluid flow. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further. Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections to adapt to different sizes or shapes and to regulate Fluid For other uses see Valve (disambiguation. For the electronic component see Thermionic valve.

Hangers

Pipes are hung from devices called pipe hangers, which may incorporate springs and/or dampers to compensate for thermal expansion or to provide vibration isolation

Cleaning

The inside of pipes can be cleaned with the tube cleaning process, if they are contaminated with debris or fouling. The Process of tube cleaning describes the activity of or device for the Cleaning and maintenance of fouled tubes The need Debris (ˈdeɪbriː/ /dɛˈbriː is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed Components subject to fouling The following lists examples of components that may be subject of fouling and the direct effects of fouling heat exchanger surfaces

See also

External links

Critical Fluid Handling with Tubes

References

  1. Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. For other uses see Pipe. Within Industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey Fluids ( Liquids and National Pipe Thread Tapered ( NPT) is a US standard for tapered threads used to join pipes and fittings Nominal Pipe Size (NPS is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures The British Standard Pipe thread ( BSP thread is a family of standard Screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe A hollow structural section (HSS is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section. Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for Lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and Plumbing fixtures for Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. In Plumbing, a trap is a U- S- or J-shaped Pipe located below or within a Plumbing fixture. For the various smoking devices see Hookah or Bong. For other uses see Pipe. Hydraulic machinery are machines and tools which use Fluid power to do work RTP is a plastic pipe initially developed by Akzo Nobel early 90s and by Tubes d'Aquitaine from France who developed the first pipes reinforced with synthetic fiber to replace steel high Plastic pressure pipe systems are used for the conveyance of Drinking water, Waste water, Chemicals, heating and cooling fluids foodstuffs ultra-pure Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H. Ryffel (2000). in ed. Christopher J. McCauley, Riccardo Heald, and Muhammed Iqbal Hussain: Machinery's Handbook, 26th edition, New York: Industrial Press Inc. Machinery's Handbook for machine shop and drafting-room a reference book on machine design and shop practice for the mechanical engineer draftsman toolmaker and . ISBN 0-8311-2635-3.  
  2. Nayyar, P. E. , Mohinder L. (2000). "A1", in Mohinder L. Nayyar, P. E. : Piping Handbook, 7th, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-047106-1.  
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