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Pinot noir
Pinot noir
Pinot noir grapes at Chehalem Ridgecrest Vineyard, Newberg, Oregon
Species: Vitis vinifera
Also called: (see list of synonyms)
Origin: Burgundy, France
Notable regions: (see major regions)

Pinot noir ('pi no nwar) is a red wine grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. A tradition holds that this town was named by its first postmaster Sebastian Brutscher for Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant Growing regions where Vineyards are planted Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and The name may also refer to wines produced predominantly from Pinot noir grapes. The name is derived from the french words for "pine" and "black" alluding to the varietals' tightly clustered dark purple pine cone shaped bunches of fruit.

Pinot noir grapes are grown around the world, mostly in the cooler regions, but the grape is chiefly associated with the Burgundy region of France. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is widely considered to produce some of the finest wines in the world, but is a difficult variety to cultivate and transform into wine. [1]

Contents

Description

Pinot noir thrives in France's Burgundy region, particularly on the Côte-d'Or which has produced some of the world's most celebrated wines for centuries. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Côte-d'Or is a department in the eastern part of France. History Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French It is also planted in Austria, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, New Zealand, South Africa and Switzerland. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United States has increasingly become a major Pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from the Willamette Valley in Oregon; California's Sonoma County with its Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast appellations, as well as the Central Coast's Santa Lucia Highlands appellation and the Sta. Rita Hills American Viticultural Area in Santa Barbara County; and Martinborough, Waipara, and Central Otago in New Zealand. The Willamette Valley () is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Sonoma County, located on the northern coast of California, is one of the northernmost counties of the nine county Greater San Francisco Bay Area, U For other uses see Russian River. The Russian River is a River in the Northern California counties of Mendocino Martinborough is a town in South Wairarapa, a district in the Wellington region on the North Island of New Zealand. Waipara is a small town in north Canterbury New Zealand, on the banks of the Waipara River. latitude 45º south the Central Otago Wine Region is the most southerly Wine producing region in the world

The leaves of Pinot noir are generally smaller than those of Cabernet Sauvignon, but larger than those of Syrah. Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties. Syrah is a dark-skinned variety of Grape used in Wine. Syrah is grown in many countries and is primarily used to produce powerful Red wines which enjoy The grape cluster is small and cylindrical, vaguely shaped like a pine cone. A cone (in formal botanical usage Strobilus, plural strobili is an organ on Plants in the division Pinophyta ( Conifers Some viticultural historians believe this shape may have given rise to the name. [2] Pinot noir tends to produce narrow trunks and branches. In the vineyard it is sensitive to light exposure, cropping levels (it must be low yielding), soil types and pruning techniques. In the winery it is sensitive to fermentation methods, yeast strains and is highly reflective of its terroir with different regions producing very different wines. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics Its thin skin makes it highly susceptible to bunch rot and other fungal diseases. The vines themselves are prone to downy mildew, leaf roll, and fanleaf. Downy mildew refers to any of several types of Oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Comoviridae. These complications have given the grape the reputation of being difficult to grow: Jancis Robinson calls Pinot a "minx of a vine"[2] and André Tchelistcheff declared that "God made Cabernet Sauvignon whereas the devil made Pinot noir. Jancis Mary Robinson OBE, MW (born in Cumbria on April 22 1950) is a British Wine Critic, journalist André Tchelistcheff (Russian Андрей Челищев December 7, 1901 - April 5, 1994) was America's most influential post- Prohibition "[2]

However, Pinot wines are among the most popular in the world. Joel Fleischman of Vanity Fair describes Pinot noir as "the most romantic of wines, with so voluptuous a perfume, so sweet an edge, and so powerful a punch that, like falling in love, they make the blood run hot and the soul wax embarrassingly poetic. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. "[2] Master Sommelier Madeline Triffon calls pinot "sex in a glass" [2]. Peter Richardsson of OenoStyle christened it "a seductive yet fickle mistress!"[3]

The tremendously broad range of bouquets, flavors, textures and impressions that Pinot noir can produce sometimes confuses tasters. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living [2] In the broadest terms, the wine tends to be of light to medium body with an aroma reminiscent of black cherry, raspberry or currant. This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom. The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus The Blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum) is a species of Ribes Berry native to central and northern Europe and northern Asia. Traditional red Burgundy is famous for its fleshy, 'farmyard' aromas, but changing fashions and new easier-to-grow clones have favoured a lighter, fruitier style. The grape's color when young, often compared to that of garnet, is often much lighter than that of other red wines. The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives However, an emerging style from California and New Zealand highlights a more powerful, fruit forward and darker wine that can approach syrah in depth.

It is also used in the production of Champagne (usually along with Chardonnay and Pinot meunier) and is planted in most of the world's wine growing regions for use in both still and sparkling wines. Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Pinot meunier, also known as Meunier, Schwarzriesling, Müllerrebe, and Miller's Burgundy, is a variety of black Wine Grape Pinot noir grown for dry table wines is generally low-yielding and often difficult to grow well. In Agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output" is not only a measure of the Yield of cereal per unit area of land under cultivation Pinot noir grown for use in sparkling wines (e. g. Champagne) is generally higher yielding.

In addition to being used for the production of sparkling and still red wine, Pinot noir is also sometimes used for rosé still wines, and even vin gris white wines. A rosé (From French rosé ‘pinkish’ Wine has some of the color typical of a red wine but only enough to turn it pink Vin gris is white Wine made from red grapes in particular Pinot noir.

History, mutants and clones

Pinot noir is an ancient variety that may be only 1-2 generations removed from wild vines. [4] The origins of the variety are unclear: In De re rustica, Columella describes a grape variety similar to Pinot noir in Burgundy during the 1st century A. Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella ( Gades, Hispania Baetica, AD 4 - ca D. [5] [2], however, vines have grown wild as far north as Belgium in the days before phylloxera, and it is possible that Pinot represents an independent domestication of Vitis vinifera. This article is about the grape phylloxera For the Genus, see Phylloxera (genus. The vines of southern France may represent Caucasian stock transported by the ancient Greeks.

Ferdinand Regner has proposed[6] that Pinot noir is a cross between Pinot meunier (Schwarzriesling) and Traminer, but this work has not been replicated. Pinot meunier, also known as Meunier, Schwarzriesling, Müllerrebe, and Miller's Burgundy, is a variety of black Wine Grape Savagnin or Savagnin Blanc is a variety of white Wine Grape with green-skinned berries [2] In fact Pinot meunier appears to be a Pinot noir with a mutation in the epidermal cells which makes the shoot tips hairy and the vine a little smaller. [7] This means that Pinot meunier is a chimera with two tissue layers of different genetic makeup, one of which is identical to Pinot noir. Chimeras (or "chimaeras" in Botany are usually single organisms composed of two genetically different types of tissue As such, Pinot meunier cannot be the parent of Pinot noir.

Pinot gris is a bud sport of Pinot noir, presumably representing a somatic mutation in either the VvMYBA1 or VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour. Pinot blanc may represent a further mutation of Pinot gris. Pinot blanc is a white Wine Grape. It is a Genetic mutation of Pinot gris, which is itself a mutation of Pinot noir. The DNA profiles of both Pinot gris and blanc are identical to Pinot noir, [8] The other two major Pinots, Pinot moure and Pinot teinturier, are also genetically very similar. [9]

Pinot noir vines at Clos de Bèze, Gevrey-Chambertin, on Burgundy's Côte d'Or
Pinot noir vines at Clos de Bèze, Gevrey-Chambertin, on Burgundy's Côte d'Or

A more recent white grape sport was propagated in 1936 by Henri Gouges of Burgundy, and there is now 2. 5ha planted of this grape which Clive Coates [10] calls Pinot Gouges, and others call Pinot Musigny.

Pinot Liébault is a mutant which has higher, more consistent yields than Pinot noir, but retains its oenological qualities. As such it is explicitly mentioned in some Burgundy appellations.

The Wrotham (pronounced "ruttum") Pinot is an English variety with white hairs on the upper surface of the leaves, and is particularly resistant to disease. Edward Hyams of Oxted Viticultural Research Station was alerted to a strange vine growing against a cottage wall in Wrotham in Kent, which local lore said was descended from vines brought over by the Romans. Wrotham (ˈruːtəm is a village situated on the Pilgrims' Way in Kent, at the foot of the North Downs. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format An experimental Blanc de Noir was made at Oxted, and in 1980 Richard Peterson took cuttings to California, where he now makes a pink sparkling Wrotham Pinot. [11] Wrotham Pinot is sometimes regarded as a synonym of Pinot meunier, but it has a higher natural sugar content and ripens two weeks earlier. [12]

Pinot noir appears to be particularly prone to mutation (suggesting it has active transposable elements?), and has a long history in cultivation, so there are hundreds of different clones such as Pinot Fin and Pinot Tordu. Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects More than 50 are officially recognized in France compared to only 25 of the much more widely planted cabernet sauvignon. Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties. [1] The French Etablissement National Technique pour l’Amelioration de la Viticulture (ENTAV) has set up a programme to select the best clones of Pinot. Laurent Audeguin of ENTAV believes that most American clones, such as 'Pommard' and 'Wadenswiel', produce wine that is inferior to and very different from French Pinot;[13] the recent popularity of ENTAV ("Dijon") clones in the US would appear to support that thesis. It has even been suggested that the difference between Oregon and Californian wines is principally a clonal effect, [13] Oregon having mainly 'Wadenswil' (UCD2A) and 'Pommard' (aka 'Coury', UCD4),[14] California has a lot of the well-regarded Joseph Swan clone.

Gamay Beaujolais is an early-ripening clone of Pinot noir. Gamay Beaujolais is a varietal designation for a Californian Grape variety that is an early ripening clone of Pinot noir. It is used mostly in California but is also seen in New Zealand[15]. It was brought to California by Paul Masson. [16] Frühburgunder (Pinot Noir Précoce) is an early-ripening grape that is thought to be a clone of Pinot noir[1] - it's possible that the two are the same mutant.

In August 2007, French researchers announced the sequencing of the genome of Pinot noir. [17] It is the first fruit crop to be sequenced, and only the fourth flowering plant.

Crosses

In the Middle Ages, the nobility of northeast France grew some form of Pinot on the slopes above the peasants' Gouais blanc, a Croatian grape that may have been brought to Gaul by the Romans. Gouais blanc is a white grape variety that is seldom grown but is important as the ancestor of many French and German wine varieties Much cross-pollination resulted from such proximity, and the genetic distance between the two parents imparted hybrid vigour leading to many desirable offspring. Heterosis is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. The term heterosis also known as hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement, These include Chardonnay, Aligoté, Auxerrois, Gamay, Melon and eleven others. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours Melon de Bourgogne is a variety of white Grape grown in the Loire Valley region of France and best known through its use in the Wine [8].

In 1925 Pinot noir was crossed in South Africa with the Cinsaut grape (known locally as Hermitage) to create a unique variety called Pinotage. South African wine has a history dating back to 1659, and at one time Constantia was considered one of the greatest wines in the world Cinsaut or Cinsault (pronounced "san-so" is a red Wine Grape, whose heat tolerance and productivity make it important in Languedoc-Roussillon Pinotage (pinɔˈtaʒə is a red Wine Grape that is South Africa's signature variety

Regions

Australia

Pinot noir is produced in several wine growing areas of Australia, notably in the Yarra Valley, Geelong, the Bellarine Peninsula, Beechworth, Whitlands, South Gippsland, Sunbury and Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Adelaide Hills in South Australia and Tasmania. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Yarra Valley is the name given to the region surrounding the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia. MCite/Citephp.--> Geelong (dʒəˈlɔŋ is the second largest city in the state The Bellarine Peninsula is a Peninsula located south-west of Melbourne in Victoria Australia, surrounded by Port Phillip, Corio Bay Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria Australia, famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s Gippsland is a large rural region in Victoria, Australia. It begins immediately east of the suburbs of Melbourne and stretches to the New South Wales border Places called Sunbury include;Australia Sunbury Victoria Sunbury Downs College Sunbury Pop Festival (1972-1975 The Mornington Peninsula is a Peninsula located south-east of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, surrounded by Port Phillip, Western The Adelaide Hills are part of the Mount Lofty Ranges, east of the city of Adelaide in the state of South Australia. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass

Austria

In Austria, Pinot noir is sometimes called Blauburgunder (literally Blue Burgundy) and produced in Burgenland and Lower Austria. Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Lower Austria (Niederösterreich is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. Austrian Pinot noir wines are dry red wines similar in character to the red wines of Burgundy, mostly aged in French barriques. The use of Oak in Wine plays a significant role in Winemaking and can have a profound effect on the resulting wine impacting the color flavor Some of the best Austrian Pinots come from Neusiedlersee and Blaufraenkischland, (Burgenland) and Thermenregion (Lower Austria).

Canada

Quality Pinot noir has been grown in Ontario for some time in the Niagara Peninsula and especially the Short Hills Bench wine region, as well as on the north shore of Lake Erie. The Niagara Peninsula is the portion of Ontario, Canada lying on the south shore of Lake Ontario. The Short Hills Bench sub-appellation of the Niagara Peninsula ( St Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally It has also been grown recently in the Okanagan, Lower Mainland, and Vancouver Island wine regions of British Columbia. The Okanagan (oʊkəˈnɑːɡən also known as the Okanagan Valley and sometimes as Okanagan Country is a region located in the Canadian province The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C

England & Wales

Pinot noir is increasingly being planted in England, mostly for use in sparkling wine blends such as Nyetimber. It is sometimes made into a fairly light still red or rose wine, in the style of Alsace, Chapel Down are particular keen on it. England can claim an indigenous Pinot variety in the Wrotham Pinot (see above).

France

2 bottles of Red Burgundy from Gevrey-Chambertin, Côte de Nuits.
2 bottles of Red Burgundy from Gevrey-Chambertin, Côte de Nuits. Gevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France. The Côte de Nuits is the northern part of the Cote d'Or, the limestone ridge that is home to the great names of Burgundy wine

Pinot noir has made France's Burgundy appellation famous, and vice-versa. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) An appellation is a Geographical indication used to identify where the Grapes for a Wine were grown Many wine historians, including John Winthrop Haeger and Roger Dion, believe that the association between pinot and Burgundy was the explicit strategy of Burgundy's Valois dukes. See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and Roger Dion, in his thesis regarding Philip the Bold's role in promoting the spread of Pinot noir, holds that the reputation of Beaune wines as "the finest in the world" was a propaganda triumph of Burgundy's Valois dukes. Philip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi also Philip II Duke of Burgundy ( January 15, 1342, Pontoise &ndash April 27, 1404 Beaune is a commune in eastern France, a Sub-prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne region [2] In any event, the worldwide archetype for Pinot noir is that grown in Burgundy where it has been cultivated since 100 CE. Burgundy wine ( is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France.

Burgundy's Pinot noir produces great wines which can age very well in good years, developing floral flavours as they age, often reaching peak 15 or 20 years after the vintage. Many of the wines are produced in very small quantities and can be very expensive. Cheaper examples are available, and provided one is willing to sample, it is possible to experience the Burgundy character but at a more affordable level.

Today, the celebrated Côte d’Or area of Burgundy has about 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of Pinot noir. Most of the region's finest wines are produced from this area. The Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais regions in southern Burgundy have another 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres).

In Jura département, across the river valley from Burgundy, the wines made from Pinot noir are lighter. Jura is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains (not to be confused with the Swiss canton of Jura

In Champagne it used in blending with Chardonnay and Pinot meunier. Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Pinot meunier, also known as Meunier, Schwarzriesling, Müllerrebe, and Miller's Burgundy, is a variety of black Wine Grape It can also appear unblended, in which case it may be labeled blanc de noirs. The Champagne appellation has more Pinot planted than any other area of France. The Champagne wine region ( archaic Champany is a historic province within the Champagne administrative province in the northeast of France.

In Sancerre it is used to make red and rosé wines, much lighter in style that those of Burgundy, refreshing served chilled, especially in warmer years when they are less thin. Sancerre is a medieval hilltop town (ville commune and canton in the Cher department of central France overlooking the A rosé (From French rosé ‘pinkish’ Wine has some of the color typical of a red wine but only enough to turn it pink

In Alsace it is generally used to make rosé wines. Alsace wine or Alsatian wine (in French: Vin d'Alsace) is produced in the Alsace region in France and is primarily white A rosé (From French rosé ‘pinkish’ Wine has some of the color typical of a red wine but only enough to turn it pink However, it is also used to make genuine red wines usually called Pinot noir rouge, which are similar in character to red Burgundy and Beaujolais wines but are consumed chilled. Prominent examples are Rouge de Barr and Rouge d'Ottrott. Pinot noir rouge is the only red wine produced in Alsace.

Germany

In Germany it is called Spätburgunder, and is now the most widely planted red grape. German wine is primarily produced in the southwest of Germany, along River Rhine and its tributaries with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman [1] Historically much German wine produced from Pinot noir was pale, often rosé like the red wines of Alsace. A rosé (From French rosé ‘pinkish’ Wine has some of the color typical of a red wine but only enough to turn it pink Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern However recently, despite the northerly climate, darker, richer reds have been produced, often barrel (barrique) aged, in regions such as Baden, Palatinate (Pfalz) and Ahr. The use of Oak in Wine plays a significant role in Winemaking and can have a profound effect on the resulting wine impacting the color flavor Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Palatinate (Pfalz is a German wine -growing region ( Weinbaugebiet) in the area of Bad Dürkheim, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, and The Ahr is a River in Germany, a left tributary of the Rhine. These are rarely exported and are often very expensive in Germany for the better examples. As "Rhenish", German Pinot noir is mentioned several times in Shakesperean plays as a highly prized wine. [18]

There is also a smaller-berried, early ripening, lower yield variety called Frühburgunder (Pinot noir precose) which is grown in Rheinhessen and Ahr area and can produce very good wines. The Ahr is a River in Germany, a left tributary of the Rhine.

Italy

In Italy, where Pinot noir is known as Pinot nero, it has traditionally been cultivated in the Alto Adige, Collio Goriziano, Oltrepò Pavese and Trentino regions to produce Burgundy-style red wines. Cultivation of Pinot noir in other regions of Italy, mostly since the 1980s, has been challenging due to climate and soil conditions.

Moldova

Pinot noir grapes in a vineyard in Moldova.
Pinot noir grapes in a vineyard in Moldova. Moldova has a well established Wine industry It has a vineyard area of, of which are used for commercial production

Large amounts of Pinot were planted in central Moldova during the 19th century, but much was lost to the ravages of phylloxera; Soviet control of Moldova from 1940 to 1991 also reduced the productivity of vineyards. Moldova has a well established Wine industry It has a vineyard area of, of which are used for commercial production This article is about the grape phylloxera For the Genus, see Phylloxera (genus. Quality is somewhat variable; Moldovan Pinot can be overoaked and rather rough.

New Zealand

Pinot noir is a grape variety whose importance in New Zealand is greater than the weight of planting. Early in the modern wine industry (late 1970s early 1980s), the comparatively low annual sunshine hours to be found in NZ discouraged the planting of red varieties. But even at this time great hopes were had for Pinot noir (see Romeo Bragato). Romeo Alessandro Bragato (1858 - 1913 played a significant role in the early development of the wine industry in New Zealand. Initial results were not promising for several reasons, including the mistaken planting of Gamay, and the limited number of Pinot noir clones available for planting. However in recent years Pinot noir from Martinborough and Central Otago has won numerous international awards and accolations making it one of New Zealand's most sought-after varieties.

Historically, one notable exception was the St Helena 1984 Pinot noir from the Canterbury region. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains This led to the belief for a time that Canterbury might become the natural home for Pinot noir in New Zealand. While the early excitement passed, the Canterbury region has witnessed the development of Pinot noir as the dominant red variety. The sub-region Waipara has some interesting wines. Waipara is a small town in north Canterbury New Zealand, on the banks of the Waipara River. Producers include Pegasus Bay, Waipara Springs and Omihi Hills. Pegasus Bay is on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand.

The next region to excel with Pinot noir was Martinborough on the southern end of the North Island. Martinborough is a town in South Wairarapa, a district in the Wellington region on the North Island of New Zealand. Several vineyards including Palliser Estate, Martinborough Vineyards, Murdoch James Estate [1] and Ata Rangi consistently produced interesting and increasingly complex wine from Pinot noir at the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s. Early plantings were on the alluvial soils of the Huangarua and Dry River terraces, while more recently growers like Murdoch James have been experimenting with plantings on the califerous hillsides south of the village. The moderate climate and long growing season gives wines of great intensity and complexity. In the 2000s, other sub-regions in the Wairarapa have been developed to the north of Martinborough. for the electorate see Wairarapa (NZ electorate Wairarapa - pronounced "Wy-ra-ra-pa" (often known as "The Wairarapa" is a geographical Martinborough is a town in South Wairarapa, a district in the Wellington region on the North Island of New Zealand. Gladstone and Masterton are just two of these.

At around this time the first plantings of Pinot noir in Central Otago occurred in the Kawarau Gorge. latitude 45º south the Central Otago Wine Region is the most southerly Wine producing region in the world Central Otago had a long (for New Zealand) history as a producer of quality stone fruit and particularly cherries. Significantly further south than all other wine regions in New Zealand, it had been overlooked despite a long history of grape growing. However, it benefited from being surrounded by mountain ranges which increased its temperature variations both between seasons and between night and day making the climate unusual in the typically maritime conditions in New Zealand.

The first vines were planted using holes blasted out of the north facing schist slopes of the region, creating difficult, highly marginal conditions. The first results coming in the mid to late 1990s excited the interest of British wine commentators, including Jancis Robinson and Oz Clarke. Not only did the wines have the distinctive acidity and abundant fruit of New Zealand wines, but they demonstrated a great deal of complexity, with aromas and flavours not common in New Zealand wine and normally associated with Burgundian wine. Producers include Felton Rd, Chard Farm and Mt Difficulty. More recently Central Otago has again subdivided into areas producing subtly different wines based on unique terriors such as Bannockburn, Gibbston Valley and Wanaka.

The latest sub-region appears to be Waitaki, on the border between Otago and Canterbury.

A recent blind tasting of New Zealand Pinot noir featured in Cuisine magazine (issue 119), Michael Cooper reported that of the top ten wines, five came from Central Otago, four from Marlborough and one from Waipara. This compares with all top ten wines coming from Marlborough in an equivalent blind tasting from last year. Cooper suggests that this has to do with more Central Otago production becoming available in commercial quantities, than the relative qualities of the regions' Pinot noir. In addition, as the industry has matured, many of the country's top producers have made the decision to no longer submit their wines to reviews or shows.

As is the case for other New Zealand wine, New Zealand Pinot noir is fruit-driven, forward and early maturing in the bottle. It tends to be quite full bodied (for the variety), very approachable and oak maturation tends to be restrained. High quality examples of New Zealand Pinot noir, particularly from the Martinborough region, are distinguished by savoury, earthy flavours with a greater complexity.

Spain

Pinot noir has recently been produced in small amounts in Lleida province, Catalonia, under the appellation "Costers del Segre" DO. Lleida ( Spanish: Lérida) is a province of north-eastern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Catalonia Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. An appellation is a Geographical indication used to identify where the Grapes for a Wine were grown Costers del Segre is a Denominació d'Origen (DO in the province of Lleida ( Catalonia, Spain) and is divided into several separate sub-zones See also Protected designation of origin Denominación de Origen (Designation of Origin - DO is part of a regulatory Classification system primarily for

Switzerland

Pinot noir is a popular grape variety all over Switzerland. In German speaking regions of Switzerland it is often called Blauburgunder. Pinot noir wines are produced in Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen and Bündner Herrschaft. Neuchâtel, across the border from Burgundy, is renowned for its Pinot noir, a full bodied dry red wine. In Valais, Pinot noir is blended with Gamay to produce the well known Dôle.

United States

By volume most Pinot noir in America is grown in California with Oregon coming in second. Other regions are Washington State and New York.

California wine regions known for producing Pinot noir are:

Oregon wine regions known for producing Pinot noir:

Oregon Pinot noir pioneer David Lett of Eyrie Vineyards first planted Pinot noir in Oregon in 1965, and several other growers followed suit throughout the 1970s. The Santa Lucia Mountains or Santa Lucia Range is a Mountain range in coastal California, running from Monterey southeast for 105 miles (170 Anderson Valley is a sparsely populated region in western Mendocino County in Northern California. The Livermore Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area in Alameda County, California, surrounding the city of Livermore. The Eyrie Vineyards is an American winery in Oregon that consists of 49 acres in several different vineyards in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards is an American winery in Oregon that consists of 49 acres in several different vineyards in the Willamette Valley. In 1979, Lett took his wines to a competition in Paris, known in English as the Wine Olympics, and they placed third among pinots. A Wine Olympics was organized by the French food and wine magazine GaultMillau in 1979 a total of 330 wines from 33 countries were evaluated by 62 experts from ten nationalities In a 1980 rematch arranged by French wine magnate Robert Drouhin, the Eyrie vintage improved to second place. The competition instantly put Oregon on the map as a world class Pinot noir producing region.

The Willamette Valley of Oregon is at the same latitude as the Burgundy region of France, and has a similar climate in which the finicky Pinot noir grapes thrive. The Willamette Valley AVA, is an American Viticultural Area which lies in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. In 1987, Drouhin purchased land in the Willamette Valley, and in 1989 built Domaine Drouhin Oregon, a state-of-the-art, gravity-fed winery. Maison Joseph Drouhin is a Winemaking estate based in France that was founded in 1880 Throughout the 1980s, the Oregon wine industry blossomed. The state of Oregon in the United States has established an international reputation for its production of Wine.

In recent times, wineries in New York State have come to be known for their Pinot noir, in particular the Niagara Escarpment AVA and Warm Lake Estate. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Niagara Escarpment AVA is an American Viticultural Area in the New York state portion of the Niagara Escarpment. The latter, in Lockport, New York, is recognized in the The Oxford Companion to Wine and has been awarded the highest ratings in New York State of any Pinot noir with its 45 acres of Pinot noir being the largest continuous planting east of the Rocky Mountains. Lockport New York can refer to either Lockport (city New York, in Niagara County NY The Oxford Companion to Wine is a book in the series of Oxford Companions published by Oxford University Press. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America.

Recent popularity

During 2004 and the beginning of 2005, Pinot noir became considerably more popular amongst consumers in the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia possibly because of the movie Sideways. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Sideways is an American Comedy-drama Film written by Jim Taylor and directed by Alexander Payne. [20] Being lighter in style, it has benefited from a trend toward more restrained, less alcoholic wines. Robert Parker has described Pinot noir in Parker's Wine Buying Guide:

"When it's great, Pinot noir produces the most complex, hedonistic, and remarkably thrilling red wine in the world. TalkRobert M Parker Jr claims this is a licensed copy of http//www . . "

On October, 2007, Blair and Estelle Hunt (Bald Hills vineyard in New Zealand, who started making wine without any previous experience) beat 4,760 entries to win the Champion Red award in the International Wine Challenge, the world's biggest blind tasting. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The International Wine Challenge ( IWC) is an annual wine competition which claims to be the largest in the world Wine tasting (often in wine circles simply tasting) is the sensory examination and evaluation of Wine. Their 2005 Pinot noir has been judged the best wine in the world this year and, it was the first time a vineyard outside France took Decanter magazine's top prize for best Pinot noir over £10. Decanter is an up market Magazine on Wine and spirits, published in over 90 countries on a monthly basis [21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Robinson, Jancis (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860990-6. .  
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i page 19
  3. ^ OenoStyle
  4. ^ Interview with Carole Meredith by David Graves of Saintsbury Vineyards
  5. ^ The Origin of Chardonnay Meredith, Bowers, Boursiquot and This
  6. ^ Genetic Relationships Among Pinots and Related Cultivars Regner, Stadlbauer, Eisenheld & Kaserer Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 51:1:7-14 (2000)
  7. ^ Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation Boss & Thomas, Nature 416, 847-850 (25 April 2002).
  8. ^ a b Lecture by Carole Meredith on the origins of grape varieties
  9. ^ S. Hocquigny, F. Pelsy, V. Dumas, S. Kindt, M-C. Heloir, and D. Merdinoglu (2004) Diversification within grapevine cultivars goes through chimeric states Genome 47: 579–589
  10. ^ Clive Coates, Cote D'Or (1997) pp. 144 and 457
  11. ^ Richard Grant Wrotham Pinot
  12. ^ History of English wine
  13. ^ a b Don Baumhefner (2005) Excellent article for Copeland Creek Vineyards on Pinot clones
  14. ^ Jason Lett (2004)The History of Oregon Pinot Noir Clones Pinotfile (3) 49
  15. ^ J. Robinson, Vines Grapes & Wines, Mitchell Beazley, 2002, pp. 227
  16. ^ Leon D. Adams (1984) The Wines of America McGraw-Hill
  17. ^ Grape genome unpicked: Vintage sequence could lead to improved pest resistance and new wine flavours, news@nature. com, 26 August 2007]
  18. ^ Stuart Walton, Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine Hermes House 2006, pg. 180
  19. ^ http://www.worldofpinotnoir.com/content.fsp?aname=participants retrieved 2007-08-06
  20. ^ Merlot demand skids, perhaps ‘Sideways?’ - Food Inc. - MSNBC.com
  21. ^ cnn.com, Making the world's best wine

External links

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