Part of a series on Calvinism (see also Portal)

John Calvin

Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort

Distinctives Five Points (TULIP) Covenant Theology Regulative principle

Documents Calvin's Institutes Confessions of faith Geneva Bible

Influences Theodore Beza John Knox Huldrych Zwingli Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians

Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Particular Baptist

Peoples Afrikaner Calvinists Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Scots This box: view • talk • edit

Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers, is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Five sola s are five Latin phrases (or slogans that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers' basic theological beliefs The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for The regulative principle of worship is a 20th century term used for a teaching shared by Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the second commandment and Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvin 's seminal work on Protestant Systematic theology. Reformed Christian confessions of faith are documents of the faith of various Reformed churches. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (1 January 1484 &ndash 11 October 1531 was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. This article is about the theologian (b 1703 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative Christian Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, in Princeton The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Afrikaner Calvinism is according to theory a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Scotland is traditionally a Christian nation with around 65% claiming to be Christian at the 2001 census. Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691 Their leadership came from a religious congregation who had fled a volatile political environment in the East Midlands of England for the relative calm of the Netherlands to preserve their religion. The East Midlands is one of the Regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colonists faced a lengthy series of challenges, from bureaucracy, impatient investors and internal conflicts to sabotage, storms, disease, and uncertain relations with the indigenous people. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The colony, established in 1620, became the second successful English settlement in what was to become the United States of America, the first being Jamestown, Virginia, which was founded in 1607. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 Their story has become a central theme of the history and culture of the United States.

Separatists in Scrooby

The people who would come to be known as the Pilgrims (known as the Pilgrim Fathers in the United Kingdom) were brought together by a common belief in the ideas promoted by Richard Clyfton, parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, East Retford, Nottinghamshire, between 1586 and 1605. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Richard Clyfton was the Separatist pastor of Babworth's All Saints' Parish Church in England. Babworth is a village and Civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England about 1½ miles west of East Retford. Retford is a Market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England, located 31 miles from the County town of Nottingham Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire This congregation held Separatist beliefs comparable to nonconforming movements (i. Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy e. , groups not in communion with the Church of England) led by Henry Barrowe, John Greenwood and Robert Browne. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Henry Barrowe (c 1550 &ndash April 6, 1593) English Puritan and Separatist, was born about 1550 in Norfolk, of a family John Greenwood (d 6 April 1593) English Puritan and Separatist (the date and place of his birth are unknown entered as a sizar at Robert Browne (1540–1630 was the founder of the Brownists. He was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland England and took a degree from Corpus Unlike conforming Puritan groups who maintained their membership in and allegiance to the Church of England, Separatists held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be organized independently of the trappings, traditions and organization of a central state church. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, ^[1] Unlike the Puritans the Pilgrims left England seeking a complete physical separation. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland William Brewster, a former diplomatic assistant to the Netherlands, was living in the Scrooby manor house, serving as postmaster for the village and bailiff to the Archbishop of York. Elder William Brewster (c 1566 - April 10, 1644) was a Pilgrim colonist leader and preacher who came from Scrooby, in north The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Scrooby is a small Village, on the River Ryton and near Bawtry, in the northern part of the English county of Nottinghamshire Postmaster (or Postmistress) refers to the head of an individual Post office. Bailiff (from Late Latin baiulivus, Adjectival form of baiulus) is a Governor or Custodian (cf The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Having been favorably impressed by Clyfton's services, he had begun participating in Separatist services led by John Smyth in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. ^[2] The Separatists had long been controversial. Under the 1559 Act of Uniformity, it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services, with a fine of 12d (£. The Act of Uniformity in 1559 set the order of Prayer to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 05; 2005 equivalent: about £5)^[3] for each missed Sunday and holy day. The penalties for conducting unofficial services included imprisonment and larger fines. Under the policy of this time, Barrowe and Greenwood were executed for sedition in 1593. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct

During much of Brewster's tenure (1595-1606), the Archbishop was Matthew Hutton. He displayed some sympathy to the Puritan (but not to the Separatist) cause, writing to Robert Cecil, Secretary of State to James I in 1604:

The Puritans (whose phantasticall zeale I mislike) though they differ in Ceremonies & accidentes, yet they agree with us in substance of religion, & I thinke all or the moste p[ar]te of them love his Ma[jes]tie, & the p[re]sente state, & I hope will yield to conformitie. Robert Cecil 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC ( 1 June 1563 &ndash 24 May 1612) son of William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department (though not all departments are headed James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James But the Papistes are opposite & contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion, & cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie & popish religion to be established. ^[4]

It had been hoped that when James came to power, a reconciliation allowing independence would be possible, but the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied substantially all the concessions requested by Puritans, save for an English translation of the Bible. hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England Following the Conference, in 1605, Clyfton was declared a nonconformist and stripped of his position at Babworth. Brewster invited Clyfton to live at his home.

Upon Hutton's 1606 death, Tobias Matthew was elected as his replacement. Tobias Matthew, or Tobie Mathew ( 1546 - 29 March 1628) Archbishop of York, was the son of Sir John Matthew of Ross in Herefordshire Matthew, one of James' chief supporters at the 1604 conference,^[5] promptly began a campaign to purge the archdiocese of nonconforming influences, both separatists and papists. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. Disobedient clergy were replaced, and prominent Separatists were confronted, fined, and imprisoned. He is credited with driving recusants out of the country. In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or ^[6][7]

At about the same time, Brewster arranged for a congregation to meet privately at the Scrooby manor house. Beginning in 1606, services were held with Clyfton as pastor, John Robinson as teacher and Brewster as the presiding elder. John Robinson (1575-1625 was the Pastor of the " Pilgrim Fathers " before they left on the Mayflower. Shortly thereafter, Smyth and members of the Gainsborough group moved on to Amsterdam. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west ^[8] Brewster is known to have been fined £20 (2005 equivalent: about £2000) in absentia for his non-compliance with the church. In absentia is Latin for "in the absence" In legal use it usually pertains to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings ^[9] This followed his September 1607 resignation from the postmaster position,^[10] about the time that the congregation had decided to follow the Smyth party to Amsterdam. ^[1][11]

Scrooby member William Bradford, of Austerfield, kept a journal of the congregation's events that would later be published as Of Plymouth Plantation. William Bradford ( March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Austerfield is a village in the metropolitan borough of Doncaster (part of South Yorkshire, England) on the border with Nottinghamshire Written over a period of years by the leader of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation is the single Of this time, he wrote:

But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted & persecuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them. For some were taken & clapt up in prison, others had their houses besett & watcht night and day, & hardly escaped their hands; and ye most were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations, and the means of their livelehood. ^[1]

In the Columbia Encyclopedia, it is stated that "Although not actively persecuted, the group was subjected to ecclesiastical investigation and to the mockery, criticism, and disfavor of their neighbors. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the ". ^[12]

Migration to Amsterdam

Unable to obtain the papers necessary to leave England, members of the congregation agreed to leave surreptitiously, resorting to bribery to obtain passage. Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person One documented attempt was in 1607, following Brewster's resignation, when members of the congregation chartered a boat in Boston, Lincolnshire. Boston ( is a town and small Port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England. This turned out to be a sting operation, with all arrested upon boarding. In law enforcement a sting operation is a Deceptive operation designed to catch a person committing a crime The entire party was jailed for one month awaiting arraignment, at which time all but seven were released. Arraignment is a Common law term for the formal reading of a criminal Complaint, in the presence of the Defendant, to inform him/her of the charges Missing from the record is for how long the remainder were held, but it is known that the leaders made it to Amsterdam about a year later.

In a second departure attempt in the spring of 1608, arrangements were made with a Dutch merchant to pick up church members along the Humber estuary at Immingham near Grimsby, Lincolnshire. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England Immingham (sometimes known locally as Ming Ming) is a town in North East Lincolnshire, located on the south bank of the Humber Estuary. Grimsby (or archaically Great Grimsby) is a Seaport on the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, England. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. The men had boarded the ship, at which time the sailors spotted an armed contingent approaching. The ship quickly departed before the women and children could board; the stranded members were rounded up but then released without charges.

Ultimately, at least 150 of the congregation did make their way to Amsterdam, meeting up with the Smyth party, who had joined with the Exiled English Church led by Francis Johnson (1562-1617), Barrowe's successor. The Scrooby party remained there for about one year, citing growing tensions between Smyth and Johnson. ^[11]

Leiden

Title page of a pamphlet published by William Brewster in Leiden

The success of the congregation in Leiden was mixed. Leiden was a thriving industrial center,^[13] and many members were well able to support themselves working at Leiden University or in the textile, printing and brewing trades. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. Others were less able to bring in sufficient income, hampered by their rural backgrounds and the language barrier; for those, accommodations were made on an estate bought by Robinson and three partners. ^[14]

Of their years in Leiden, Bradford wrote:

"For these & other other reasons they removed to Leyden, a fair & bewtifull citie, and of a sweete situation, but made more famous by ye universitie wherwith it is adorned, in which of late had been so many learned man. But wanting that traffike by sea which Amerstdam injoyes, it was not so beneficiall for their outward means of living & estats. But being now hear pitchet they fell to such trads & imployments as they best could; valewing peace & their spirituall comforte above any other riches whatsoever. And at length they came to raise a competente & comforteable living, but with hard and continuall labor.

Brewster had been teaching English at the university, and in 1615, Robinson enrolled to pursue his doctorate. Doctor of Theology (in Latin Theologiae Doctor, abbreviated Th There, he participated in a series of debates, particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism (siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants). Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the See the Synod of Dort. The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Brewster, in a venture financed by Thomas Brewer, acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 and began publishing the debates through a local press. Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in graphic form on Paper or some other medium. ^[15]

The Netherlands was, however, a land whose culture and language were strange and difficult for the English congregation to understand or learn. Their children were becoming more and more Dutch as the years passed by. The congregation came to believe that they faced eventual extinction if they remained there.

Decision to leave

By 1617, although the congregation was stable and relatively secure, there were ongoing issues that needed to be resolved.

Bradford noted that the congregation was aging, compounding the difficulties some had in supporting themselves. Some, having spent through their savings, gave up and returned to England. It was feared that more would follow and that the congregation would become unsustainable. The employment issues made it unattractive for others to come to Leiden, and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere. Also compelling was the possibility of missionary work, an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. ^[16]

Reasons for departure are suggested by Bradford, when he notes the "discouragements" of the hard life they had in the Netherlands, and the hope of attracting others by finding "a better, and easier place of living"; the "children" of the group being "drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses"; the "great hope, for the propagating and advancing the gospell of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world"

Edward Winslow's list was similar. Edward Winslow (1595 &ndash 1655 was an American Pilgrim leader on the Mayflower. In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities, he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity, culture and language. They also believed that the English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there. ^[17]

At the same time, there were many uncertainties about moving to such a place as America. Stories had come back from there about failed colonies. There were fears that the native people would be violent, that there would be no source of food or water, that exposure to unknown diseases was possible, and that travel by sea was always hazardous. Balancing all this was a local political situation that was in danger of becoming unstable: the truce in what would be known as the Eighty Years' War was faltering, and there was fear over what the attitudes of Spain toward them might be. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[16]

Candidate destinations included Guiana, where the Dutch had already established Essequibo, or somewhere near the existing Virginia settlements. Essequibo is the name of a Dutch Colony founded in 1616 and located in the region of the Essequibo River. The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was the English colony Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony might offer better security. It was thought, however, that they should not settle too near since that might too closely duplicate the political environment back in England. The London Company that administered Virginia covered a large area, so some distance would be possible. The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English Joint stock company established by royal charter by

Negotiations

Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to solicit a land patent. Robert Cushman ( 1578 - 1625) was one of the Pilgrims. He was born in the village of Rolvenden in John Carver (1576&ndash1621 Pilgrim leader and the first governor of Plymouth Colony, born probably in Nottinghamshire, England Their negotiations were delayed because of conflicts internal to the London Company, but ultimately a patent was secured in the name of John Wincob on June 9 (Old Style)/June 19 (New Style), 1619. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. ^[18] The charter was granted with the king's condition that the Leiden group's religion would not receive official recognition. ^[19]

Because of the continued problems within the London Company, preparations stalled. The congregation was approached by competing Dutch companies, and the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area was discussed with them. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami ^[17][19] These negotiations were broken off at the encouragement of another English merchant, Thomas Weston, who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays. ^[20]

Weston did come back with a substantial change, telling the Leiden group that parties in England had obtained a land grant north of the existing Virginia territory, to be called New England. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the This was only partially true; the new grant would come to pass, but not until late in 1620 when the Plymouth Council for New England received its charter. The Plymouth Council for New England was the name of a 17th century English Joint stock company that was granted a royal charter to found colonial settlements It was expected that this area could be fished profitably, and it was not under the control of the existing Virginia government. ^[20][21]

A second change was known only to parties in England who chose not to inform the larger group. New investors who had been brought into the venture wanted the terms altered so that at the end of the seven year contract, half of the settled land and property would revert to them; and that the provision for each settler to have two days per week to work on personal business was dropped. ^[20]

Brewster's diversion

Amid these negotiations, William Brewster found himself involved with religious unrest emerging in Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In 1618, James had promulgated the Five Articles of Perth, which were seen in Scotland as an attempt to encroach on their Presbyterian tradition. The Five Articles of Perth were an attempt by King James VI of Scotland to impose practices on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Pamphlets critical of this law were published by Brewster and smuggled into Scotland by April 1619. These pamphlets were traced back to Leiden, and a failed attempt to apprehend Brewster was made in July when his presence in England became known.

Also in July in Leiden, English ambassador Dudley Carleton became aware of the situation and began leaning on the Dutch government to extradite Brewster. Dudley Carleton 1st Viscount Dorchester (1573-1632 English diplomatist son of Antony Carleton of Brightwell Baldwin, Oxfordshire, and of Jocosa daughter Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal An arrest was made in September, but only Thomas Brewer, the financier, was in custody. Brewster's whereabouts between then and the colonists' departure remain unknown. Brewster's type was seized. After several months of delay, Brewer was sent to England for questioning, where he stonewalled government officials until well into 1620. One resulting concession that England did obtain from the Netherlands was a restriction on the press that would make such publications illegal to produce.

Thomas Brewer was ultimately convicted in England for his continued religious publication activities and sentenced in 1626 to a fourteen year prison term. ^[15]

Preparations

Not all of the congregation would be able to depart on the first trip. Many members would not be able to settle their affairs within the time constraints, and the budget for travel and supplies was limited. It was decided that the initial settlement should be undertaken primarily by younger and stronger members. The remainder agreed to follow if and when they could.

Robinson would remain in Leiden with the larger portion of the congregation, and Brewster was to lead the American congregation. While the church in America would be run independently, it was agreed that membership would automatically be granted in either congregation to members who moved between the continents.

With personal and business matters agreed upon, supplies and a small ship were procured. Speedwell was to bring some passengers from the Netherlands to England, then on to America where it would be kept for the fishing business, with a crew hired for support services during the first year. The Speedwell was a 60-ton Ship, the smaller of the two ships (along with Mayflower) intended to carry the Pilgrim Fathers to A second, larger, ship, Mayflower, was leased for transport and exploration services. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England ^[20][22]

Voyage

Model of a typical merchantman of the period, showing the cramped conditions that had to be endured. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of Ship or vessel that carries Cargo, goods and materials from one port to another

The Pilgrims on the Speedwell

In July 1620, Speedwell departed Delfshaven with the Leiden colonists. The Speedwell was a 60-ton Ship, the smaller of the two ships (along with Mayflower) intended to carry the Pilgrim Fathers to Delfshaven is a Borough of Rotterdam on the right bank of River Nieuwe Maas, in South Holland the Netherlands Reaching Southampton, Hampshire, they met with Mayflower and the additional colonists hired by the investors. Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England With final arrangements made, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (New Style). Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed ^[22]

Soon thereafter, the Speedwell crew reported that their ship was taking in water, so both were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. The Speedwell was a 60-ton Ship, the smaller of the two ships (along with Mayflower) intended to carry the Pilgrim Fathers to Dartmouth is a town in Devon in the south-west of England. It is a Tourist destination set on the banks of the estuary of the River Dart There it was inspected for leaks and sealed, but a second attempt to depart also failed, bringing them only so far as Plymouth, Devon. Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name It was decided that Speedwell was untrustworthy, and it was sold. The Speedwell was a 60-ton Ship, the smaller of the two ships (along with Mayflower) intended to carry the Pilgrim Fathers to It would later be learned that crew members had deliberately caused the ship to leak, allowing them to abandon their year-long commitments. The ship's master and some of the crew transferred to Mayflower for the trip. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England

Atlantic crossing

Of the 121 combined passengers, 102 were chosen to travel on Mayflower with the supplies consolidated. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Of these, about half had come by way of Leiden, and about 28 of the adults were members of the congregation. ^[23] The reduced party finally sailed successfully on September 6/September 16, 1620. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers

Initially the trip went smoothly, but under way they were met with strong winds and storms. One of these caused a main beam to crack, and although they were more than half the way to their destination, the possibility of turning back was considered. Using a "great iron screw" (probably a piece of house construction equipment)^[24] brought along by the colonists, they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue. One passenger, Steve Panitch, was washed overboard in the storm but caught a rope and was rescued.

One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land. A child was born at sea and named "Oceanus". ^[25]

Arrival in America

1620 place names mentioned by Bradford

Land was sighted on November 10/November 20, 1620. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod, within the New England territory recommended by Weston. Cape Cod (or simply the Cape to most New Englanders is a Peninsula nearly coextensive with Barnstable County Massachusetts and forming the easternmost An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the New England grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Malabar (a land mass that formerly existed in the vicinity of present-day Monomoy). The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Monomoy Island is an 8 mile (13 km long spit of sand extending southwest from Chatham, Cape Cod off the Massachusetts mainland It was decided to turn around, and by November 11/November 21 the ship was anchored in what is today known as Provincetown Harbor. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Provincetown Harbor is a large Natural harbor located off of the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts. ^[25][17]

Mayflower Compact

With the charter for the Plymouth Council for New England incomplete by the time the colonists departed England (it would be granted while they were in transit, on November 3/November 13,^[21]) they arrived without a patent; the older Wincob patent was from their abandoned dealings with the London Company. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Some of the passengers, aware of the situation, suggested that without a patent in place, they were free to do as they chose upon landing and ignore the contract with the investors. ^[26][27]

To address this issue, a brief contract, later to be known as the Mayflower Compact, was drafted promising cooperation among the settlers "for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. " It was ratified by majority rule, with 41 adult male passengers signing. ^[28] At this time, John Carver was chosen as the colony's first governor.

First landings

Thorough exploration of the area was delayed for over two weeks because the shallop or pinnace (a smaller sailing vessel) they brought had been partially dismantled to fit aboard the Mayflower and was further damaged in transit. A pleasure barge is a flat bottomed slow moving Boat used for Leisure. A pinnace is one of two marine craft the first a small vessel used as a tender to larger vessels amongst other things and the second a ship rigged vessel popular in northern waters through The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Small parties, however, waded to the beach to fetch firewood and attend to long-deferred personal hygiene.

While awaiting the shallop, exploratory parties led by Myles Standish—a Manx soldier the colonists had met while in Leiden—and Christopher Jones were undertaken. Captain Myles Standish (c 1584 &ndash October 3, 1656) (sometimes spelled Miles Standish was an English born military officer hired Christopher Jones (c1570 - March 1622 was master of the Mayflower between at least 1609 and 1622 and captained it on the transatlantic voyage that established the They encountered several old buildings, both European-built and Native-built, and a few recently cultivated fields.

An artificial mound was found near the dunes, which they partially uncovered and found to be a Native grave. In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. Further along, a similar mound, more recently made, was found, and as the colonists feared they might otherwise starve, they ventured to remove some of the provisions which had been placed in the grave. Baskets of maize were found inside, some of which the colonists took and placed into an iron kettle they also found nearby, while they reburied the rest, intending to use the borrowed corn as seed for planting. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica

William Bradford later recorded in his book, "Of Plymouth Plantation", that after the shallop had been repaired,

"They also found two of the Indian's houses covered with mats, and some of their implements in them; but the people had run away and could not be seen. Written over a period of years by the leader of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation is the single They also found more corn, and beans of various colours. These they brought away, intending to give them full satisfaction (repayment) when they should meet with any of them, - as about six months afterwards they did.

"And it is to be noted as a special providence of God, and a great mercy to this poor people, that they thus got seed to plant corn the next year, or they might have starved; for they had none, nor any likelihood of getting any, till too late for the planting season. "

By December, most of the passengers and crew had become ill, coughing violently. Many were also suffering from the effects of scurvy. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans There had already been ice and snowfall, hampering exploration efforts. During the first winter, 47% of them died.

Contact

Explorations resumed on December 6/December 16. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion The shallop party—seven colonists from Leiden, three from London, and seven crew—headed south along the cape and chose to land at the area inhabited by the Nauset people (roughly, present-day Brewster, Chatham, Eastham, Harwich and Orleans), where they saw some native people on the shore, who ran when the colonists approached. The Nauset tribe sometimes referred to as the Cape Cod Indians lived in what is present-day Cape Cod Massachusetts living east of Bass River and lands occupied by their closely Brewster is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. Chatham is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. Eastham is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. Harwich is a town on Cape Cod, in Barnstable County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. Orleans is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Inland they found more mounds; one containing acorns, which they exhumed and left; and more graves, which they decided not to dig.

Remaining ashore overnight, they heard cries near the encampment. The following morning, they were met by native people who proceeded to shoot at them with arrows. The colonists retrieved their firearms and shot back, then chased the native people into the woods but did not find them. There was no more contact with native people for several months. ^[29]

The local people were already familiar with the English, who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and trade before Mayflower arrived. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England In the Cape Cod area, relations were poor following a visit several years earlier by Thomas Hunt. Thomas Hunt may refer to Aubrey Thomas Hunt de Vere, an Irish-born poet critic and essayist Thomas Hunt (footballer formerly with Norwich Hunt kidnapped twenty people from Patuxet (the place that would become New Plymouth) and another seven from Nausett, and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another One of the Patuxet abductees was Tisquantum, who would become an ally of the Plymouth colony. Tisquantum, more commonly known today as Squanto or 'Big Bean' (c The Pokanoket, who also lived nearby, had developed a particular dislike for the English after one group came in, captured numerous people, and shot them aboard their ship. The Pokanoket, or Pocasset, were one of the tribes that made up the Wampanoag peoples There had by this time already been reciprocal killings at Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod. Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both ^[26][27]

Samuel de Champlain's 1605 map of Plymouth Harbor, showing Wampanoag village Patuxet, with some modern place names added for reference. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer The star is the approximate location of the 1620 English settlement.

Settlement

Continuing westward, the shallop's mast and rudder were broken by storms, and their sail was lost. Rowing for safety, they encountered the harbor formed by the current Duxbury and Plymouth barrier beaches and stumbled on land in the darkness. They remained at this spot—Clark's Island—for two days to recuperate and repair equipment.

Resuming exploration on Monday, December 11/December 21, the party crossed over to the mainland and surveyed the area that ultimately became the settlement. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian The anniversary of this survey is observed in Massachusetts as Forefathers' Day and is traditionally associated with the Plymouth Rock landing legend. Forefathers' Day is a Holiday celebrated in Plymouth Massachusetts. Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony This land was especially suited to winter building because the land had already been cleared, and the tall hills provided a good defensive position.

The cleared village, known as Patuxet to the Wampanoag people, was abandoned about three years earlier following a plague that killed all of its residents. Because the disease involved hemorrhaging,^[30] the "Indian fever" is assumed to have been fulminating smallpox introduced by European traders. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The outbreak had been severe enough that the colonists discovered unburied skeletons in abandoned dwellings. ^[31] With the local population in such a weakened state, the colonists faced no resistance to settling there.

The exploratory party returned to Mayflower, which was then brought to the harbor on December 16/December 26. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Only nearby sites were evaluated, with a hill in Plymouth (so named on earlier charts)^[32] chosen on December 19/December 29. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II

Construction commenced immediately, with the first common house nearly completed by January 9/January 19. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. At this point, single men were ordered to join with families. Each extended family was assigned a plot and built its own dwelling. Supplies were brought ashore, and the settlement was mostly complete by early February. ^[26][29]

Between the landing and March, only 47 colonists had survived the diseases they contracted on the ship. During the worst of the sickness, only six or seven of the group were able and willing to feed and care for the rest. In this time, half the Mayflower crew also died. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England ^[27]

William Bradford became governor in 1621 upon the death of Carver, served for eleven consecutive years, and was elected to various other terms until his death in 1657. William Bradford ( March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts The patent of Plymouth Colony was surrendered by Bradford to the freemen in 1640, minus a small reserve of three tracts of land. Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691 Freeman is a term used generally as an English or American Colonial expression in Puritan times which referred to those persons who were not under legal restraint On March 22, 1621, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Massasoit Sachem or Ousamequin (c 1581 - 1661)was the Sachem, or leader of the Pokanoket, and "Massasoit" of the Wampanoag

The colony contained roughly what is now Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. Bristol County is a County located in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, adjacent to the state of Rhode Island. Plymouth County is a County located in the US state of Massachusetts. Barnstable County is a County located in the US state of Massachusetts, consisting of Cape Cod and associated islands

When the Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony chartered October 7, 1691 in North America by William and Mary, the joint

See also

• Society of Mayflower Descendants
• National Monument to the Forefathers
• Thanksgiving
• List of passengers on the Mayflower
• List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620-1621

External links

• Pilgrim Archives, Searchable municipal and court records from Leiden Regional Archive
• First Parish Church, the original Plymouth congregation
• Photographs of New York (Lincs - UK) and Pilgrim Fathers monument (Lincs - UK)
• Church of the Pilgrimage, founded after the 1801 schism
• Pilgrim Hall MuseumPilgrim history and artifacts
• Mayflower Steps All about the Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers with a Plymouth (UK) focus. The Society of Mayflower Descendants is a hereditary organization of individuals who have documented their descent from one or more of the 102 passengers who arrived on the The National Monument to the Forefathers, formerly known as the Pilgrim Monument commemorates the Mayflower Pilgrims and honors their ideals as later generally Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a traditional North American Holiday, which is a form of harvest festival. This is a list of the 104 passengers onboard the Mayflower during its trans-Atlantic voyage of September 6 - November 9, 1620 Lots of pictures
• Admiral MacBride Pub Built upon the original Mayflower Steps from where the pilgrim fathers set sail for America.
• Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name, sailing date and passengers.
• Native American Perspective on Pilgrims
• Native American Perspective on Pilgrims Continued

References