Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For the drug referred to as "pigment," see black tar heroin. Black Tar Heroin is a variety of Heroin produced primarily in Mexico, but similar in appearance and texture to so called Home Bake Heroin from New Zealand
Natural ultramarine pigment in powdered form.
Natural ultramarine pigment in powdered form. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or
Synthetic ultramarine pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine.
Synthetic ultramarine pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Reflection is the change in direction of a Wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Phosphorescence is a specific type of Photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Luminescence is also the title of an album by singer Anggun. Luminescence is Light not generated by high temperatures alone Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.

For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive. Fugitive pigments, are Non-permanent Pigments - pigments that lighten in what is understood said or defined to be a relatively short time when exposed to light Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually blacken.

Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food and other materials. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colourants, usually ground into a fine powder. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography A colourant or colorant is something added to something else to cause a change in Colour. This powder is added to a vehicle (or matrix), a relatively neutral or colorless material that acts as a binder. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together

A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of A colorant can be both a pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment. A Lake pigment is a Pigment manufactured by precipitating a Dye with an Inert binder usually a metallic salt

Contents

Physical basis

A wide variety of wavelengths (colors) encounter a pigment. This pigment absorbs red and green light, but reflects blue, creating the color blue.
A wide variety of wavelengths (colors) encounter a pigment. This pigment absorbs red and green light, but reflects blue, creating the color blue.

Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the entire visible spectrum of light. White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye When this light encounters a pigment, some wavelengths are absorbed by the chemical bonds and substituents of the pigment, and others are reflected. This new reflected light spectrum creates the appearance of a color. Ultramarine reflects blue light, and absorbs other colors. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Pigments, unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths from the source light, never add new ones. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Phosphorescence is a specific type of Photoluminescence related to fluorescence.

The appearance of pigments is intimately connected to the color of the source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature, and a fairly uniform spectrum, and is considered a standard for white light. Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields Artificial light sources tend to have great peaks in some parts of their spectrum, and deep valleys in others. Viewed under these conditions, pigments will appear different colors.

Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue.
Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue.

Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source. Lab color measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that the measurement was taken under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the color temperature of sunlight. A Lab color space is a color-opponent space with dimension L for lightness and a and b Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields

Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers added to pure pigment chemicals also have their own reflection and absorption patterns, which can affect the final spectrum. Likewise, in pigment/binder mixtures, individual rays of light may not encounter pigment molecules, and may be reflected as is. These stray rays of source light contribute to the saturation of the color. Pure pigment allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly saturated color. A small quantity of pigment mixed with a lot of white binder, however, will appear desaturated and pale, due to the high quantity of escaping white light.

Pigment groups

Biological pigments

The monarch butterfly's distinctive pigmentation reminds potential predators that it is poisonous.
The monarch butterfly's distinctive pigmentation reminds potential predators that it is poisonous. The monarch ( Danaus plexippus) is a Milkweed butterfly ( Subfamily Danainae in the family Nymphalidae.
Main article: Biological pigment

In biology, a pigment is any material in color of plant or animal cells. In Biology, a pigment or biochrome is any material resulting in Color of plant or animal cells which Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments (such as melanin) in specialized cells called chromatophores. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Chromatophores are pigment -containing and light-reflecting cells found in Amphibians Fish, Reptiles Crustaceans and Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some protista, or fungus cells. Protists (ˈproʊtɨst are a diverse group of eukaryotic Microorganisms Historically protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ For instance, Albinism is a disorder affecting the level of melanin production in animals. Albinism (from Latin albus, "white" see extended etymology) is a form of hypopigmentary Congenital disorder, Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment.

Pigment color differs from structural colour in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. Iridescence is an Optical phenomenon in which Hue changes with the angle from which a surface is viewed For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a

History

Naturally occurring pigments such as ochres and iron oxides have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Ochre or Ocher (pronounced /'əʊkə(r/ from the Greek ὠχρός yellow is a Color, usually described as golden - Yellow Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka, Zambia. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the range of color available for art and decorative uses was technically limited. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Most of the pigments in use were earth and mineral pigments, or pigments of biological origin. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Pigments from unusual sources such as botanical materials, animal waste, insects, and mollusks were harvested and traded over long distances. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Some colors were costly or impossible to mix with the range of pigments that were available. Blue and purple came to be associated with royalty because of their expense. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue.

Biological pigments were often difficult to acquire, and the details of their production were kept secret by the manufacturers. Tyrian Purple is a pigment made from the mucus of one of several species of Murex snail. In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as Hexaplex trunculus (also known as Murex trunculus or the banded dye-murex) is a medium-sized Species of sea Snail, Production of Tyrian Purple for use as a fabric dye began as early as 1200 BCE by the Phoenicians, and was continued by the Greeks and Romans until 1453 CE, with the fall of Constantinople. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions [1] The pigment was expensive and complex to produce, and items colored with it became associated with power and wealth. Greek historian Theopompus, writing in the 4th century BCE, reported that "purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon [in Asia Minor]. Theopompus, a Greek Historian and Rhetorician was born on Chios about 380 BC. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC "[2]

Mineral pigments were also traded over long distances. The only way to achieve a deep rich blue was by using a semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli, to produce a pigment known as ultramarine, and the best sources of lapis were remote. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Flemish painter Jan Van Eyck, working in the 15th century, did not ordinarily include blue in his paintings. Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck (jɑn vɑn ɛik (before c 1395 &ndash before July 9, 1441) was an Early Netherlandish painter active To have one's portrait commissioned and painted with ultramarine blue was considered a great luxury. If a patron wanted blue, they were forced to pay extra. When Van Eyck used lapis, he never blended it with other colors. Instead he applied it in pure form, almost as a decorative glaze. [3] The prohibitive price of lapis lazuli forced artists to seek less expensive replacement pigments, both mineral (azurite, smalt) and biological (indigo). Azutite may also refer to a blue Green fluorescent protein derivative. Smalt is powdered Glass, colored deep Blue ( Powder blue) using Cobalt, used for dyeing and laundering. Indigo dye is Dye with a distinctive blue color (see Indigo) The chemical compound that constitutes the indigo dye is called indigotin

Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto (c. 1548). The son of a master dyer, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the cochineal insect, to achieve dramatic color effects.
Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto (c. Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 - May 31, 1594) was one of the greatest painters of the Venetian school and 1548). The son of a master dyer, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the cochineal insect, to achieve dramatic color effects. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Cochineal is the name of both Crimson or Carmine Dye and the cochineal insect ( Dactylopius coccus) a scale

Spain's conquest of a New World empire in the 16th century introduced new pigments and colors to peoples on both sides of the Atlantic. Carmine, a dye and pigment derived from a parasitic insect found in Central and South America, attained great status and value in Europe. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Produced from harvested, dried, and crushed cochineal insects, carmine could be used in fabric dye, body paint, or in its solid lake form, almost any kind of paint or cosmetic. Cochineal is the name of both Crimson or Carmine Dye and the cochineal insect ( Dactylopius coccus) a scale A Lake pigment is a Pigment manufactured by precipitating a Dye with an Inert binder usually a metallic salt

Natives of Peru had been producing cochineal dyes for textiles since at least 700 CE,[4] but Europeans had never seen the color before. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. When the Spanish invaded the Aztec empire in what is now Mexico, they were quick to exploit the color for new trade opportunities. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Carmine became the region's second most valuable export next to silver. Pigments produced from the cochineal insect gave the Catholic cardinals their vibrant robes and the English "Redcoats" their distinctive uniforms. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. The true source of the pigment, an insect, was kept secret until the 18th century, when biologists discovered the source. [5]

Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1665).
Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer (c. Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan 1665).

While Carmine was popular in Europe, blue remained an exclusive color, associated with wealth and status. The 17th century Dutch master Johannes Vermeer often made lavish use of lapis lazuli, along with Carmine and Indian Yellow, in his vibrant paintings. Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan Indian yellow, also called euxanthin or euxanthine, is a transparent yellow Pigment used in Oil painting.

Development of synthetic pigments

The earliest known pigments were natural minerals. Natural iron oxides give a range of colors and are found in many Paleolithic and Neolithic cave paintings. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Two examples include Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe2O3, and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe2O3. H2O). [6] Charcoal, or carbon black, has also been used as a black pigment since prehistoric times. [7]

Two of the first synthetic pigments were white lead (basic lead carbonate, (PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2) and blue frit (Egyptian Blue). Egyptian blue is chemically known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10 or CaO·CuO·4SiO2 White lead is made by combining lead with vinegar (acetic acid, CH3COOH) in the presence of CO2. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Blue frit is calcium copper silicate and was made from glass colored with a copper ore, such as malachite. Malachite is a carbonate mineral normally known as "copper carbonate" with the formula Cu 2 CO3[[hydroxide These pigments were used as early as the second millennium BCE. [8]

The Industrial and Scientific Revolutions brought a huge expansion in the range of synthetic pigments, pigments that are manufactured or refined from naturally occurring materials, available both for manufacturing and artistic expression. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published Because of the expense of Lapis Lazuli, much effort went into finding a less costly blue pigment.

Prussian Blue was the first modern synthetic pigment, discovered by accident in 1704. Prussian blue is a very dark blue colorfast non-toxic Pigment – one of the first synthetic Dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704 By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments had been added to the range of blues, including French ultramarine, a synthetic form of lapis lazuli, and the various forms of Cobalt and Cerulean Blue. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Cobalt blue is a cool slightly desaturated blue Color, historically made using Cobalt salts Cerulean may be applied to a range of colors from deep Blue, sky-blue bright blue or azure color through greenish blue colors In the early 20th century, organic chemistry added Phthalo Blue, a synthetic, organic pigment with overwhelming tinting power. Phthalocyanine Blue BN, also called phthalo blue, helio blue, thalo blue, Winsor blue, phthalocyanine blue, C

Discoveries in color science created new industries and drove changes in fashion and taste. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time The discovery in 1856 of mauveine, the first aniline dye, was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of synthetic dyes and pigments. Mauveine, also known as Aniline Purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic Dye. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Mauveine was discovered by an 18-year-old chemist named William Henry Perkin, who went on to exploit his discovery in industry and become wealthy. Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS ( March 12, 1838 July 14, 1907) was an English Chemist best known for his His success attracted a generation of followers, as young scientists went into organic chemistry to pursue riches. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Within a few years, chemists had synthesized a substitute for madder in the production of Alizarin Crimson. Madder is the common name of the Plant genus Rubia, the type genus of the madder family Rubiaceae. Rose madder, sometimes referred to as Rose Madder Genuine is the crushed root of the Common Madder plant ( Rubia Tinctorium) By the closing decades of the 19th century, textiles, paints, and other commodities in colors such as red, crimson, blue, and purple had become affordable. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength Crimson is a strong bright deep Red color combined with some Blue, resulting in a tiny degree of Purple. [9]

Self Portrait by Paul Cézanne. Working in the late 19th century, Cézanne had a palette of colors that earlier generations of artists could only dream of.
Self Portrait by Paul Cézanne. Working in the late 19th century, Cézanne had a palette of colors that earlier generations of artists could only dream of.

Development of chemical pigments and dyes helped bring new industrial prosperity to Germany and other countries in northern Europe, but it brought dissolution and decline elsewhere. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In Spain's former New World empire, the production of cochineal colors employed thousands of low-paid workers. The Spanish monopoly on cochineal production had been worth a fortune until the early 1800s, when the Mexican War of Independence and other market changes disrupted production. The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 [10] Organic chemistry delivered the final blow for the cochineal color industry. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation When chemists created inexpensive substitutes for carmine, an industry and a way of life went into steep decline. [11]

New sources for historic pigments

The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1658). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including Indian Yellow, lapis lazuli, and Carmine, as shown in this vibrant painting.
The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer (c. Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan 1658). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including Indian Yellow, lapis lazuli, and Carmine, as shown in this vibrant painting. Indian yellow, also called euxanthin or euxanthine, is a transparent yellow Pigment used in Oil painting.

Before the Industrial Revolution, many pigments were known by the location where they were produced. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Pigments based on minerals and clays often bore the name of the city or region where they were mined. Raw Sienna and Burnt Sienna came from Siena, Italy, while Raw Umber and Burnt Umber came from Umbria. Raw Sienna is the fifth album by the band Savoy Brown. It was released by Parrot in 1969. Burnt sienna is an Iron oxide Pigment: a warm mid brown color Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Umber is a natural brown Clay Pigment which contains Iron and Manganese Oxides The color becomes more intense when calcined (heated Burnt umber is both a Pigment and a Colour. The dark brown pigment is made by heating Umber, a clay containing oxides of Iron and Manganese Umbria is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Perugia. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals that were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies. But the place names remained.

Historically and culturally, many famous natural pigments have been replaced with synthetic pigments, while retaining historic names. In some cases the original color name has shifted in meaning, as a historic name has been applied to a popular modern color. By convention, a contemporary mixture of pigments that replaces a historical pigment is indicated by calling the resulting color a hue, but manufacturers are not always careful in maintaining this distinction. The following examples illustrate the shifting nature of historic pigment names:

Titian used the historic pigment Vermilion to create the reds in the great fresco of Assunta, completed c. 1518.
Titian used the historic pigment Vermilion to create the reds in the great fresco of Assunta, completed c. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Vermilion, sometimes spelled vermillion, when found naturally-occurring is an opaque orangish Red Pigment, used since antiquity originally derived This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. 1518.

Manufacturing and industrial standards

Pigments for sale at a market stall in Goa, India.
Pigments for sale at a market stall in Goa, India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying, producing, measuring, and testing colors.

First published in 1905, the Munsell Color System became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. In Colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a Color space that specifies Colors based on three color dimensions Hue, value ( lightness The Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions, hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc Lightness is a philosophical concept most closely associated with Continental philosophy and Existentialism, which is used in Ontology. In Colorimetry and Color theory, colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are related but distinct concepts referring to the perceived intensity

By the middle years of the 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develops technical standards for the manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows:

Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as ultramarine pigments, titanium dioxide, iron oxide pigments, and so forth. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring Oxide of Titanium, chemical formula Ti[[oxygen

Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted the Colour Index International (CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. Colour Index International is a reference database jointly maintained by the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists First published in 1925, and now published jointly on the web by the Society of Dyers and Colourists (United Kingdom) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (USA), this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. The Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC is an international Professional society, with headquarters in Bradford, United Kingdom, specializing in colour The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists is a professional organization of textile chemists and colorists organized as a nonprofit corporation founded in 1921 by Louis Olney It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names.

In the CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example, Phthalo Blue has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. Phthalocyanine Blue BN, also called phthalo blue, helio blue, thalo blue, Winsor blue, phthalocyanine blue, C In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thalo Blue) as a trademark. Colour Index International resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. Colour Index International is a reference database jointly maintained by the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists In the CII, all Phthalo Blue pigments are designated by a generic colour index number as either PB15 or PB36, short for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16. Phthalocyanine Blue BN, also called phthalo blue, helio blue, thalo blue, Winsor blue, phthalocyanine blue, C (The two forms of Phthalo Blue, PB15 and PB16, reflect slight variations in molecular structure that produce a slightly more greenish or reddish blue. )

Scientific and technical issues

Selection of a pigment for a particular application is determined by cost, and by the physical properties and attributes of the pigment itself. For example, a pigment that is used to color glass must have very high heat stability in order to survive the manufacturing process; but, suspended in the glass vehicle, its resistance to alkali or acidic materials is not an issue. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In artistic paint, heat stability is less important, while lightfastness and toxicity are greater concerns. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism

The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications:

Swatches

Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely duplicated by the discrete light emitters in a computer display. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation especially visible Light. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video However, by making careful measurements of pigments, close approximations can be made. The Munsell Color System provides a good conceptual explanation of what is missing. In Colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a Color space that specifies Colors based on three color dimensions Hue, value ( lightness Munsell devised a system that provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also systematically biased.

The following approximations assume a display device at gamma 2. Gamma correction, gamma nonlinearity, gamma encoding, or often simply gamma, is the name of a nonlinear operation used to code and decode luminance 2, using the sRGB color space. sRGB is a standard RGB (Red Green Blue color space created cooperatively by HP and Microsoft for use on monitors printers and the Internet The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be. [12] Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from Lab color space to sRGB color space for viewing on a computer display. A Lab color space is a color-opponent space with dimension L for lightness and a and b sRGB is a standard RGB (Red Green Blue color space created cooperatively by HP and Microsoft for use on monitors printers and the Internet Different brands and lots of the same pigment may vary in color. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex reflectance spectra that will render their color appearance greatly different depending on the spectrum of the source illumination; a property called metamerism. In photometry and Heat transfer, reflectivity is the fraction of incident radiation reflected by a surface A standard illuminant is a profile or Spectrum of Visible light which is published in order to allow images or colors recorded under different lighting to be compared This article is about metamerism as it relates to Colorimetry. Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under a specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms[13] to emulate the correlated color temperature of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields In many cases the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the gamut of computer displays and a method called gamut mapping is used to approximate the true appearance. In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete In digital imaging systems color management is the controlled conversion between the Color representations of various devices such as Image scanners Digital Gamut mapping trades off any one of Lightness, Hue or Saturation accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's ICC rendering intent. Lightness is a philosophical concept most closely associated with Continental philosophy and Existentialism, which is used in Ontology. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc In Colorimetry and Color theory, colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are related but distinct concepts referring to the perceived intensity The International Color Consortium was formed in 1993 by eight industry vendors in order to create a universal Color management system that would function transparently In digital imaging systems color management is the controlled conversion between the Color representations of various devices such as Image scanners Digital

#990024
Tyrian Red
PR106 - #E34234
Vermilion (genuine)
#FFB02E
Indian Yellow
PB29 - #003BAF
Ultramarine Blue
PB27 - #0B3E66
Prussian Blue

Notes

  1. ^ Kassinger, Ruth G. Hexaplex trunculus (also known as Murex trunculus or the banded dye-murex) is a medium-sized Species of sea Snail, (2003-02-06). Dyes: From Sea Snails to Synthetics. 21st century. ISBN 0-7613-2112-8.  
  2. ^ Theopompus, cited by Athenaeus [12. 526] in c. 200 BCE; according to Gulick, Charles Barton. (1941). Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  3. ^ Michel Pastoureau (2001-10-01). Michel Pastoureau is a French specialist in Medieval history who was born in Paris on 17 June 1947 Blue: The History of a Color. Princeton University Press. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-09050-5.  
  4. ^ Jan Wouters, Noemi Rosario-Chirinos (1992). "Dye Analysis of Pre-Columbian Peruvian Textiles with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Diode-Array Detection". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 31 (2): 237-255.  
  5. ^ Amy Butler Greenfield (2005-04-26). A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire. HarperCollins. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. ISBN 0-06-052275-5.  
  6. ^ Pigments Through the Ages (html). WebExhibits. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
  7. ^ Pigments Through the Ages (html). WebExhibits. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
  8. ^ Rossotti, Hazel (1983). Colour: Why the World Isn't Grey. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02386-7.  
  9. ^ Simon Garfield (2000). Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World. Faber and Faber. Faber and Faber, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the UK, notable in particular for publishing ISBN 0-393-02005-3.  
  10. ^ Octavio Hernández. Cochineal. Mexico Desconocido Online. Retrieved on July 15, 2005.
  11. ^ Jeff Behan. The bug that changed history. Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
  12. ^ Dictionary of Color Terms. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  13. ^ Chromatic Adaptation

References

External links

Dictionary

pigment

-noun

  1. (biology) Any color in plant or animal cells
  2. A dry colorant, usually an insoluble powder

-verb

  1. (transitive) To add color or pigment to something.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic