| The Right Honourable Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC LLD (Mont) MA FRSC |
|
|
|
|
|---|---|
| In office April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Lester B. Pearson |
| Succeeded by | Joe Clark |
| In office March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984 |
|
| Preceded by | Joe Clark |
| Succeeded by | John Turner |
|
|
|
| Born | October 18, 1919 Montreal, Quebec |
| Died | September 28, 2000 (aged 80) Montreal, Quebec |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Margaret Trudeau (divorced) |
| Children | (Alexandre Trudeau, Justin Trudeau, Michel Trudeau, 1 daughter (Sarah with Debroah Coyne) |
| Alma mater | Université de Montréal, Harvard, Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, London School of Economics |
| Occupation | Lawyer, academic |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC (usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau) (18 October 1919–28 September 2000), was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign &ndash are Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large The Royal Society of Canada ( Société royale du Canada) now known as the RSC Academies of Arts Humanities and Sciences of Canada ( SRC Académies des Arts The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker and journalist and the son of Canada's former Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime Michel Trudeau ( October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of the late Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign &ndash are The Royal Society of Canada ( Société royale du Canada) now known as the RSC Academies of Arts Humanities and Sciences of Canada ( SRC Académies des Arts Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister born in the 20th century.
Trudeau was a charismatic figure who, from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "He haunts us still," biographers Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson wrote in 1990. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect. They salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the His detractors accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the authority of the federal government in relation to the provinces. Nevertheless, few would dispute that Trudeau was a towering figure who helped redefine Canada.
Trudeau led Canada through some of its most tumultuous times and was often the centre of controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he dated celebrities, sometimes wore sandals in the House of Commons, was accused of using an obscenity during debate there, and once did a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II. Sandals are an open type of Footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps or thongs passing over the instep and around the ankle The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and Fuddle duddle is a euphemistic substitution for " Fuck " or " Fuck off " the most famous use of which was by Pierre Trudeau, A significant part of Ballet terminology is in the French language. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II
Early life and career
Born in Montreal to Charles-Émile Trudeau, a wealthy French Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and Scottish descent. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Joseph Charles-Émile Trudeau July 5, 1887 - April 10, 1935 was a successful French Canadian entrepreneur and father of Pierre Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. [1] Trudeau attended the prestigious Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (a private French Roman Catholic school) where he was affiliated with the ideas of clerical fascism and Quebec nationalism. "Brebeuf College" redirects here For the high school in Toronto, see Brebeuf College School. Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of Fascism with Theology or religious tradition Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde the contemporary clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal and Francisco Franco in Spain along with that of Marshal Pétain in Vichy France were seen as models to many young intellectuals educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec. Marc Lalonde, PC, OC, QC (born July 26 1929) is a retired Canadian politician and Cabinet minister António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" was a product of his experiences once he left Quebec to study in the United States, France and England and travel the world, an experience which allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier as well as John Locke and David Hume. Jacques Maritain ( November 18, 1882 &ndash April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic Philosopher. Emmanuel Mounier (1905&ndash1950 was a French philosopher Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French Personalist movement and founder and director of Esprit John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy [2]
Trudeau earned a law degree at the Université de Montréal in 1943, followed by a master's in political economy at Harvard. During his attendance at the Université de Montréal, Trudeau was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the National Resources Mobilization Act. He joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps and served with other conscripts in Canada. Conscripted soldiers were not liable for overseas military service until after the crisis of late 1944. The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service in Canada during World War II He said he was willing to become involved in the war, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the King government. William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Trudeau reflected on his opposition to conscription and his doubts about the war in his 1993 Memoirs: "So there was a war? Tough. . . . if you were a French Canadian in Montreal in the early 1940s, you did not automatically believe that this was a just war . . . we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers. "[3]
In a 1942 Outremont by-election, he campaigned for the Quebec anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau, and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. Outremont is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1935 to 1949 Jean Drapeau CC, GOQ ( 18 February 1916 &ndash 12 August 1999) was a Canadian Lawyer and The National Archives of Canada, in its biographical sketches of Canadian prime ministers, records how on one occasion during the war Trudeau and his friends drove their motorcycles wearing Prussian military uniforms, complete with pointed steel helmets. [4] After the war, he attended Harvard, the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1946–47, and spent the following year at the London School of Economics. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the
From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the Asbestos Strike. The Asbestos Strike of 1949 based in and around Asbestos Quebec, Canada, was a four-month labour dispute by the Asbestos miners In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, francophone clerical establishment and anglophone business class that had long ruled the province. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis as the founder and editor of Cité Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution. The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis (20 April 1890&ndash7 September 1959 served as the premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to Cité Libre was an influential political journal published in Quebec, Canada, through the 1950s and 1960s The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization Trudeau was interested in Marxist ideas in the late 1940s. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Although he self-identified as a socialist, he never fully endorsed the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party—which became the New Democratic Party—remaining skeptical of their ideas about Quebec. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots From 1949 to 1951 Trudeau worked briefly in the Privy Council Office of the Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent as an economic policy advisor. In Canada the Privy Council Office (Bureau du Conseil privé is the Secretariat of the federal cabinet and the department of the Prime Minister Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne During the 1950s, he was blacklisted by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow (where he was arrested for throwing a snowball at a statue of Stalin) and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Trudeau later appealed the ban and it was rescinded.
An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Quebec nationalism. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world In economic theory he was influenced by professors Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith while he was at Harvard. Joseph Alois Schumpeter ( February 8, 1883 &ndash January 8, 1950) was an Economist and Political scientist born in Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The CIM-10 Bomarc (originally IM-99) was the product of the Bomarc Missile Program. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand. Gérard Pelletier, PC, CC, BA ( June 21 1919 &ndash June 22 1997) worked as a journalist for Le Devoir Jean Marchand, PC, CC, LLD ( December 20 1918 &ndash August 28 1988) was a well known French Canadian These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the 1965 election. The Canadian federal election of 1965 was held on November 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 27th Parliament of Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal, in western Montreal, succeeding House Speaker Alan Macnaughton. Mount Royal is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1925 In Canada the Speaker of the House of Commons ( French: Président de la Chambre des communes) is the presiding officer of the Alan Aylesworth Macnaughton, PC, OC, QC, BCL, LLD (July 30 1903 &ndash July 16 1999 was a Canadian parliamentarian He would hold this seat for almost 2 years. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as Minister of Justice. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. The Minister of Justice (Ministre de la Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice
Justice minister and leadership candidate
As Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, an omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, new gun ownership restrictions as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. The Minister of Justice (Ministre de la Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1968-69 ( SC 1968-69 c 38 was an Omnibus bill that introduced major changes to the Criminal Code of Canada An Omnibus bill is a single document that is accepted in a single vote by a Legislature but contains amendments to a number of other Laws or even many entirely Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent An A lottery is a form of Gambling which involves the drawing of lots for a prize Gun politics is a set of legal issues surrounding the ownership use and regulation of firearms as well as safety issues related to firearms both through their direct use and through A breathalyzer is a (breath analyser device for estimating Blood alcohol content (BAC from a breath sample Trudeau famously defended the bill by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code". [5] Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the Francis Daniel Johnson Sr, PC ( April 9, 1915 &ndash September 26, 1968) was a Quebec politician and Premier of
At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e Trudeau was persuaded to run for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted the attention of the news media and mobilized and inspired many youths, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner, and was clearly the favourite candidate with the Canadian public. Many within the Liberal Party still had deep doubts about him, though. Having joined the party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider. Many saw him as too radical and outspoken a figure. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by the substantial conservative wing of the party. Nevertheless, at the April 1968 Liberal leadership convention, Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates, defeating some prominent, long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. The Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention of 1968 elected Pierre Elliott Trudeau as the new leader of the Liberal Party. Paul Joseph James Martin, PC, CC, QC ( June 23, 1903 &ndash September 14, 1992) often referred to as Robert Henry Winters, PC, MSc, LLD ( August 18, 1910 &ndash October 10, 1969) was a Canadian politician Paul Theodore Hellyer, PC (born 6 August 1923) is a Canadian Politician and commentator who has had a long and varied career Trudeau was sworn in as Liberal leader and Prime Minister two weeks later on 20 April. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
Prime Minister
Trudeau soon called an election, for 25 June (see Canadian federal election, 1968). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians The Canadian federal election of 1968 was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 28th Parliament His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "Trudeaumania" (a term coined by journalist Lubor J. Trudeaumania was the Nickname given in early 1968 to the excitement generated by Pierre Trudeau 's entry into the leadership race of the Liberal Party of Canada Zink[6]), which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, when rioting Quebec separatists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day. [7][8]
As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society. Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad Participation (decision making of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems The Just Society was a rhetorical device used by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to illustrate his vision for the nation " He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just.
During the October Crisis of 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul James Cross at his residence on the fifth of October. The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois James Richard Cross, CMG (born September 29 1921 in Ireland) was a British diplomat in Canada who was kidnapped by the Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on 17 October). Pierre Laporte ( 25 February, 1921 &ndash 17 October, 1970) was a Canadian politician who was the Vice-Premier and Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914 replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988 was a Canadian Statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like Tommy Douglas, it was met with only limited objections from the public. Thomas Clement "Tommy" Douglas, PC, CC, SOM ( October 20, 1904 – February 24, 1986) was a Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me. Just watch me is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on October 13, 1970, during the October Crisis " Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.
Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official bilingualism. Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented.
Trudeau was the first world leader to agree to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their 'tour for world peace'. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born born in Tokyo on February 18 1933 is a Japanese Artist and Musician. World peace is an ideal of freedom, Peace, and Happiness among and within all nations Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace. "
On 4 March 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the They later divorced.
In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the NATO Alliance, but often pursued an independent path in international relations. The North Atlantic Treaty He established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and went on a state visit to Beijing. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES He was known to be a friend of Fidel Castro and Cuba. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until A mobster has claimed that in 1974 he was hired by New York State mafia members to kill Trudeau, hoping to bait Castro up to a funeral, where they would kill him. The plan was apparently later rejected. [9]
In the election of 1972, Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a minority government, with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power. The Canadian federal election of 1972 was held on October 30 1972 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 29th Parliament of Canada A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots In Parliamentary politics the term balance of power sometimes describes the pragmatic mechanism exercised by a minor Political party or other grouping whose guaranteed This government would move to the left, including the creation of Petro-Canada. Petro-Canada () is a Canadian oil and gas firm Its headquarters are in the Petro-Canada Centre in Calgary, Alberta
In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion The election of 1974 saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a majority government with 141 of the 264 seats. The Canadian federal election of 1974 was held on July 8, 1974 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 30th Parliament In the Westminster System, there is a majority government when the governing party enjoys an Absolute majority of seats in the Legislature or In September 1975, Finance Minister, John Turner resigned. The finance minister is a Cabinet position in a Government. A minister of Finance (also called financial affairs the treasury the economy or economic John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted Wage and Price Controls, something which he had mocked Robert Stanfield for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia
Trudeau's outward actions during his premiership led many to believe he harboured republican notions; it was even rumoured by Paul Martin, Sr., that the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for him. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Paul Joseph James Martin, PC, CC, QC ( June 23, 1903 &ndash September 14, 1992) often referred to as TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of " This may have had to do with the erasure of royal symbols, his documented antics around the Monarch, such as his sliding down Buckingham Palace banisters, and his famous pirouette behind the Queen, captured on film in 1977. Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. He also glaringly breached protocol in 1978 when he vacationed in Morocco, instead of being in Canada to attend the Queen's arrival and departure. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa However, he was accused of instant monarchism, as well as opportunism during a period of personal unpopularity in the 1970s, when he invited Elizabeth II to attend the first Commonwealth Conference held on Canadian soil. The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, abbreviated to CHOGM, is a biennial Summit meeting of the heads of government from all Commonwealth The invitation, and acceptance of it, started the tradition of Elizabeth attending Commonwealth conferences, no matter the location. Also, in 1976, after Robert Bourassa, then Premier of Quebec, begged Trudeau to invite the Queen to the Olympics in Montreal, Trudeau, after obliging him, became annoyed when Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be. Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Montreal, Quebec He commented directly on the Monarchy in 1967, when he, by then a Cabinet minister, stated "I wouldn't lift a finger to get rid of the monarchy. . . I think the monarchy, by and large, has done more good than harm to Canada. " Ultimately, he experimented with the Crown more than any previous politician, and then entrenched the role of the Crown in Canada when he orchestrated the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 (see below). [10]
A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly. Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979.
Defeat and opposition
In the election of 1979, Trudeau's government was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives, led by Joe Clark, who formed a minority government. The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a leadership convention could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the Canadian House of Commons by a Motion of Non-Confidence. In Canadian politics, a leadership convention is held by a political party when the party needs to choose a leader due to a vacancy or a challenge to the incumbent The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the February 1980 election, and won a majority government. The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament In the Westminster System, there is a majority government when the governing party enjoys an Absolute majority of seats in the Legislature or
Return to power
The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Trudeau had to resort to having Senators appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The introduction of the National Energy Program (NEP) created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "Western alienation. The National Energy Program ( NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. " A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist Allan MacEachen in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation. Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6 1921 is a retired Canadian politician a many-time Cabinet minister a retired Senator one of Canada 's elder statesmen
Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Pierre Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the referendum on Quebec sovereignty, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and In the debates between Trudeau and Levesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process. [11] Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Quebec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote.
Trudeau had attempted patriation of the Constitution earlier in his career, but always ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution After he threatened to go to London alone, a Supreme Court decision led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution, 1 SCR 753 &ndash also known as the Patriation Reference &ndash is a historic Supreme Court of Canada Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. Even so, the patriation was achieved; the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth on 17 April 1982. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Jean Casselman Wadds (born September 16, 1920 in Newton Robinson Ontario) is a former Canadian politician who represented the electoral . . The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation. "[10]
Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) On 29 February, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours He formally retired on 30 June. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
Final years
Shortly after his retirement from politics, Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel. Heenan Blaikie LLP is a full service Canadian Law firm. It practices in the areas of business labour and employment litigation taxation entertainment law and intellectual Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals.
He also spoke out against Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois with less effect. Jacques Parizeau GOQ (born August 9, 1930) is an Economist and noted Sovereignist (the term commonly used in Quebec In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec due to his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the Club of Rome. The Club of Rome is a global Think tank that deals with a variety of international political issues
In the last years of his life, Trudeau was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998. Michel Trudeau ( October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of the late Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
Death
Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on 28 September 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec. The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000 Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Saint-Rémi is a town situated in the Montérégie region of Quebec [12] He lay in state to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The response by Canadians was unprecedented in its size and public outpouring of emotion. He is survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons Justin Trudeau and Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau, and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered with Deborah Coyne. Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker and journalist and the son of Canada's former Prime Minister Deborah Margaret Ryland Coyne (born 1955 is a Canadian constitutional lawyer professor and author During the state funeral, Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy[13] that led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future. The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000
Marriage and children
On 4 March 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the The couple had three children: Justin (b. Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime 25 December 1971), Alexandre (Sacha) (b. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker and journalist and the son of Canada's former Prime Minister 25 December 1973), and Michel (2 October 1975–13 November 1998). Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Michel Trudeau ( October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of the late Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) They were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicised legal separation in 1977. When their divorce was finalised in 1984, Trudeau became the first Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with Deborah Coyne. Deborah Margaret Ryland Coyne (born 1955 is a Canadian constitutional lawyer professor and author This was his first and only daughter, named Sarah. Trudeau did not marry Coyne.
Spirituality
Trudeau was a Roman Catholic, and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the United Church Observer in 1971: “I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I’m a Christian. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ” Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [14]
Michael W. Higgins, former President of St. Jerome's University, has researched Trudeau’s spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. Saint Jerome's University is a public Roman Catholic university in Waterloo Ontario. The first of these was the Jesuits who provided his education up to the college level. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau’s life was Dominican. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is According to Michel Gourges, Rector of the Collège Dominicain philosophie et théologie, Trudeau “considered himself a lay Dominican. ” He studied philosophy under Dominican Father Louis-Marie Régis and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as “spiritual director and friend. Father Louis-Marie Régis ( December 8, 1903 &ndash February 2, 1988) was a Canadian philosopher theologian scholar and member ” Another skein in Trudeau’s spirituality was a contemplative aspect acquired from his association with the Benedictine tradition. The word Contemplation comes from the Latin root templum (from Greek temnein to cut or divide and means to separate something from its environment and to enclose it in a sector Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of meditation in a life fully-lived. Christian meditation is Meditation in a Christian context The word meditation has come to have two different meanings (1 continued intent focused thought and He took retreats at Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec and regularly attended Hours and the Eucharist at Montreal’s Benedictine community. Saint-Benoit-du-Lac is a community of 45 people part of the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those [15]
Although never publicly theological in the way of Margaret Thatcher or Tony Blair, nor evangelical, in the way of Jimmy Carter or George W. Bush, Trudeau’s spirituality, according to Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to Evangelism is the Christian practice of proselytisation. The intention of most evangelism is to effect Eternal salvation to those who do not follow the James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. In no small part, it defined him. ”[15]
Legacy
Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterward.
Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his prime ministership. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II; when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms. [16] However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.
Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, Brian Mulroney. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth
Constitutional legacy
- See also: Constitution Act, 1982
One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution, including a domestic amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of gay marriage all across Canada. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of Métis. Section thirty-five of the Constitution Act 1982 provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used. Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada.
Canadian conservatives have criticized the Constitution for its lack of a system of checks and balances at a time when the courts have been gaining power at the expense of representative government. In Canada, political conservatism is generally considered to be primarily represented by the Conservative Party of Canada at the federal level and by various They claim that it has resulted in too much judicial activism on the part of the courts in Canada. Judicial activism is a pejorative term for the misuse of judicial power and is a neologism for the older classical term " board judicial review. It is also heavily criticized by Quebec Nationalists, who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any Quebec government and does not recognize a constitutional veto for Quebec. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world Political system British-type parliamentarism based on the Westminster system was introduced in the Province of Lower Canada in 1791 Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk
Bilingualism
- See also: Bilingualism in Canada
Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario and New Brunswick). Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were.
However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada.
Cultural legacy
Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Museum of Civilization finally had proper homes in the National capital. The National Gallery of Canada ( Musée des beaux arts du Canada) located in the capital city Ottawa Ontario, is one of Canada 's premier Art The Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC is Canada’s national museum of human history and the most-visited museum in the country The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated Canadian content in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Canadian content (abbreviated cancon or can-con) refers to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission requirements that Radio Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.
On the other side of the ledger, Trudeau was criticized as denigrating or even erasing large segments of Canada's historic culture to fit his programs, and using the government's media subsidies to that end.
Legacy with respect to the West
In the provinces west of Ontario the memory of Trudeau is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the father of "Western alienation. " The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Many Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Quebec, at their expense. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nation-wide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. The National Energy Program ( NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905
More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered having fostering Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on 17 July 1969, Trudeau met with a group of protesting farmers, angry that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat, to one of whom he responded, "Why should I sell your wheat? It's your wheat. Saskatoon is a city located in central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the South Saskatchewan River, with a Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " Years later, on a train trip through Salmon Arm, British Columbia, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters, through the carriage window. Salmon Arm is a city in the interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia that has a population of 16205 In Western cultures, the finger (as in giving someone the finger) is a well-known Obscene Hand gesture made by extending the middle finger of Generally forgotten is that Trudeau's question in Saskatoon was rhetorical and followed by long explanation that, in epitome, said that the governments' role was only to help farmers to sell their own wheat, and told of some of the difficulties involved in doing so on the international market; likewise, that the protesters in Salmon Arm were shouting blatantly anti-French and anti-Quebec slogans.
Legacy with respect to Quebec
Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois However, his imposition of the War Measures Act—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty
At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the 1980 federal election). The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament Provincially, though, Quebeckers elected twice the pro-sovereignty Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and Moreover, there were not, then, any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the Bloc Québécois. The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal Since the signing of the Constitutional Act of Canada in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. Trudeau is disliked by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments. [17] While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec.
Overview
Trudeau remains well-regarded by many Canadians. [18] However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents. [19][20] Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity. His strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian Michael Bliss puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers. Professor Michael Bliss CM, PhD, FRSC (born 1941 is a conservative Canadian historian and public intellectual considered "[21] Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of Mackenzie King. William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian In all, Trudeau is undoubtedly one of the most dominant and transformative figures in Canadian political history. [22][23]
Supreme Court appointments
Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
- Bora Laskin (March 19, 1970–March 17, 1984; as Chief Justice, December 27, 1973)
- Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux (as Chief Justice, March 23, 1970–December 23, 1973; appointed a Puisne Justice December 22, 1949)
- Brian Dickson (March 26, 1973–June 30, 1990; as Chief Justice, April 18, 1984)
- Jean Beetz (January 1, 1974–November 10, 1988)
- Louis-Philippe de Grandpre (January 1, 1974–October 1, 1977)
- Willard Zebedee Estey (September 29, 1977–April 22, 1988)
- Yves Pratte (October 1, 1977–June 30, 1979)
- William Rogers McIntyre (January 1, 1979–February 15, 1989)
- Antonio Lamer (March 28, 1980–January 6, 2000)
- Bertha Wilson (March 4, 1982–January 4, 1991)
- Gerald Le Dain (May 29, 1984–November 30, 1988)
Honours
|
The following honours were bestowed upon him by the Governor General, or by Queen Elizabeth II herself:
|
|
Trudeau in film
Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. CBC Television is a Canadian English language Television network. A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes The first one, Trudeau[31] (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. Trudeau was a 2002 television miniseries dramatizing the life of former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Colm Feore (born August 22, 1958) is an American-Canadian Stage, Film and Television Actor. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making[32] (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life.
The 1999 documentary film Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the 70's Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians. Just Watch Me Trudeau and the 70's Generation is a Canadian Documentary film by Catherine Annau, produced in 1999 by the National
He was the co-subject along with René Lévesque in the Donald Brittain-directed documentary mini-seriesThe Champions. Donald Brittain, OC (born Ottawa, June 10, 1928 &ndash died Montreal, July 21, 1989) was an acclaimed filmmaker
See also
- Politics of Canada
- List of Canadian general elections
- Timeline of Canadian history
- History of the Quebec independence movement
- Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec
- Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
Footnotes
- ^ Downey, Donn. The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic This is a timeline of the History of Canada. Early BC Canada Early AD Canada 1000s 1400s The History of the Quebec sovereignty movement began in the late 1967 when René Lévesque formed the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association or MSA A custom of Quebecers is to give Nicknames to their Politicians (and some personalities quite especially their Premiers. The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000 "Ambulant life made him one-of-a-kind", Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000, Globe and Mail, September 30, 2000. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ Winsor, Hugh. "Closest friends surprised by Trudeau revelations" (fee required), Globe and Mail, April 8, 2006, p. A6. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Memoirs, McClelland & Stewart, 1993
- ^ "Anecdote: A prime minister in disguise", National Archives of Canada, Canada's Prime Ministers, 1867–1994: Biographies and Anecdotes, 1994.
- ^ (1967-12-21). Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos [TV clip]. Canada: CBC.
- ^ Lubor J. Zink, Trudeaucracy, Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd. , 1972, back cover: "Lubor Zink is the one who first coined those two terms of our times -- Trudeaumania and Trudeaucracy. "
- ^ CBC Archives. The PM won't let 'em rain on his parade. cbc. ca Television clip. Recording Date: June 24, 1968. Retrieved on: November 14, 2007. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Maclean's Magazine (April 6, 1998) Trudeau, 30 Years Later. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica. Retrieved on: November 14, 2007. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Edwards, Peter. "Confessions of a mobster: 'My job was to kill Pierre Trudeau'", Toronto Star, Toronto, Ontario: Torstar, 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. (English)
- ^ a b Heinricks, Geoff; Canadian Monarchist News: Trudeau and the Monarchy; Winter/Spring, 2000–01; reprinted from the National Post
- ^ Exchange of correspondence between Pierre E. Trudeau and René Lévesque on the patriation of the Canadian constitution, 1981–1982
- ^ Gravesite of the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau
- ^ CBC News—Justin Trudeau's eulogy, Oct. 3, 2000
- ^ Trudeau, P. 1996. Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996. G. Pelletier, ed. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 302–303.
- ^ a b Higgins, M. 2004. “Defined by Spirituality,” in English, J. , R. Gwyn and P. W. Lackenbauer, eds. The Hidden Pierre Trudeau: The Faith Behind the Politics. Ottawa: Novalis. 26–30.
- ^ Centre for the Study of Living Standard—GDP figures
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Quebec and the Constitution
- ^ "Trudeau tops 'greatest Canadian' poll." Toronto Star, 2002-02-16. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ "The Worst Canadian?", The Beaver 87 (4), Aug/Sep 2007. The Beaver is the official magazine of Canada's National History Society. The article reports the results of a promotional, online survey by write-in vote for "the worst Canadian", which the magazine carried out in the preceding months, and in which Trudeau polled highest.
- ^ Brian Mulroney, who was Prime Minister at the time of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and one of the chief forces behind them, sharply criticized Trudeau's opposition to them, in his 2007 autobiography, Memoir: 1939-1993. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth CTV News: Mulroney says Trudeau to blame for Meech failure; September 5, 2007
- ^ Bliss, M. "The Prime Ministers of Canada: Pierre Elliot Trudeau" Seventh Floor Media. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Whitaker, R. "Trudeau, Pierre Elliot" The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Behiels, M. "Competing Constitutional Paradigms:Trudeau versus the Premiers, 1968–1982" Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy. Regina, Saskatchewan. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Canada Privy Council Office—Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Version: February 6, 2006
- ^ Governor General of Canada—Pierre Elliott Trudeau—Companion of the Order of Canada, October 30, 1985
- ^ Royal Heraldry Society of Canada—Arms of Canada's Prime Ministers
- ^ Duke University—Center for Canadian Studies
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
- ^ CBC Article—Mt. Trudeau named; CBC Article—Mount Trudeau to be officially named in June
- ^ Takahashi, M. et all (2005). Mastering Judo. USA: Human Kinetics.
- ^ "Trudeau" (2002) mini-series IMDB Page
- ^ "Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making" (2005) mini-series IMDB Page
Bibliography
Books about Trudeau
- Bergeron, Gérard. Notre miroir à deux faces: Trudeau-Lévesque. Montreal: Québec/Amérique, c1985. ISBN 2-89-037239-1
- Bliss, Michael. Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, 1994.
- Bowering, George. Egotists and Autocrats: the Prime Ministers of Canada, 1999.
- Burelle, André. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: l'intellectuel et le politique, Montréal: Fides, 2005, 480 pages. ISBN 276212669X
- Butler, Rick, Jean-Guy Carrier, eds. The Trudeau decade. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1979.
- Butson, Thomas G. Pierre Elliott Trudeau. New York: Chelsea House, c1986. ISBN 0-87-754445-X
- Clarkson, Stephen; McCall, Christina. Trudeau and our times. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1990–c1994. 2 v. ISBN 0-77-105414-9 ISBN 0-77-105417-3
- Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999.
- Couture, Claude. Paddling with the current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, c1998. Issued also in French: La loyauté d'un laïc. ISBN 1417593067 ISBN 0888643136
- Donaldson, Gordon (journalist). The Prime Ministers of Canada, 1997.
- English, John. "Citizen of the world: the life of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Volume One 1919–1968" Knopf Canada, 2006 ISBN 0676975216 ISBN 978-0676975215
- Ferguson, Will. Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, 1999.
- Griffiths, Linda. Maggie & Pierre: a fantasy of love, politics and the media: a play. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1980. ISBN 0889221820
- Gwyn, Richard. The northern magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1980. ISBN 0771037325
- Hillmer, Norman and Granatstein, J. L. Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, 1999.
- Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, c1995. ISBN 0773513000 ISBN 0773513221
- Lotz, Jim. Prime Ministers of Canada, 1987.
- McDonald, Kenneth. His pride, our fall: recovering from the Trudeau revolution. Toronto: Key Porter Books, c1995. ISBN 155013714X
- McIlroy, Thad, ed. A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotas. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 038519787X ISBN 0385197888
- Nemni, Max and Nemni, Monique. Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919-1944. Young Trudeau 1919-1944 Son of Quebec Father of Canada (short title Young Trudeau) is the intellectual Biography of the former Prime Minister of Toronto: Douglas Gibson Books, 2006. McClelland & Stewart is a Canadian publishing company It was founded in 1906 as McClelland and Goodchild by John McClelland and Frederick Goodchild both originally employed ISBN 0771067496
- Peterson, Roy. Drawn & quartered: the Trudeau years. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984.
- Radwanski, George. Trudeau. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. , 1978. ISBN 0800878973
- Sawatsky, John. The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, 1987.
- Simpson, Jeffrey. Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984. ISBN 0920510248
- Stewart, Walter. Shrug, Trudeau in power. Toronto: New Press, 1971. ISBN 0887700810
- Southam, Nancy. Pierre, McClelland & Stewart, September 19, 2006, 408 pages ISBN 978-0-7710-8168-2
- Simard, François-Xavier. Le vrai visage de Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Montréal: Les Intouchables, April 19, 2006 ISBN 2-89549-217-4
- Vastel, Michel. The outsider: the life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1990. 266 p. Translation of: Trudeau, le Québécois. ISBN 0771591004
- Zink, Lubor J. Trudeaucracy. Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd. , 1972. 150 pages. ISBN 1301459780
Works by Trudeau
- Memoirs. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5
- Towards a just society: the Trudeau years, with Thomas S. Axworthy, (eds. Thomas Sidney Axworthy OC (born May 23, 1947, in Winnipeg Manitoba) is a Canadian civil servant political strategist writer and ) Markham, Ont. : Viking, 1990.
- The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy 1968–1984, with Ivan Head
- Two innocents in Red China, with Jacques Hébert 1960.
- Against the Current: Selected Writings. Gerard Pelletier (ed)
- The Essential Trudeau. Ron Graham, (ed. ) Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1998. ISBN 0-7710-8591-5
- The asbestos strike. (Grève de l'amiante), translated by James Boake 1974
- Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out on Meech Lake. Donald J. Johnston, (ed). Toronto: General Paperbacks, 1990. ISBN 0-7736-7244-3
- Approaches to politics. Introd. by Ramsay Cook. Prefatory note by Jacques Hébert. Translated by I. M. Owen. from the French Cheminements de la politique. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-19-540176-X
- Underwater Man, with Joe Macinnis and Joseph B. Macinnis.
- Federalism and the French Canadians. Introd. by John T. Saywell. 1968
- Conversation with Canadians. Foreword by Ivan L. Head. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press 1972. ISBN 0-8020-1888-2
- The best of Trudeau. Toronto: Modern Canadian Library. 1972 ISBN 0-919364-08-X
- Lifting the shadow of war. C. David Crenna, editor. Edmonton: Hurtig, c1987. ISBN 0-88830-300-9
- Human rights, federalism and minorities. (Les droits de l'homme, le fédéralisme et les minorités), with Allan Gotlieb and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs
- À contre-courant: textes choisis, 1939–1996, with Gérard Pelletier.
Archival videos of Trudeau
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau. (1967–1970). Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos (. wmv) [news clips]. CBC Archives. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau. (1957–2005). Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Swinger, Philosopher, Prime Minister (. wmv) [news clips]. CBC Archives. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
External links
- canadahistory.com biography
- Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
- CBC Digital Archives—Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Swinger, Philosopher, Prime Minister
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Louis Cardin |
Minister of Justice Served under Lester B. Pearson 1967–1968 |
Succeeded by John Turner |
| Preceded by Lester B. Pearson |
Prime Minister of Canada 1968–1979 |
Succeeded by Joe Clark |
| Preceded by Joe Clark |
Leader of the Opposition 1979–1980 |
|
| Prime Minister of Canada 1980–1984 |
Succeeded by John Turner |
|
| Preceded by Francesco Cossiga Italy |
Chair of the G8 1981 |
Succeeded by François Mitterrand France |
| Parliament of Canada | ||
| Preceded by Alan Macnaughton |
Member of Parliament for Mount Royal 1965–1984 |
Succeeded by Sheila Finestone |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Lester Pearson |
Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada 1968–1984 |
Succeeded by John Turner |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Trudeau, Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Trudeau, Pierre Elliott |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 15th Prime Minister of Canada |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 18, 1919 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Montreal |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 28, 2000 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Montreal |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic