Charles Pierre François Augereau, 1st Duc de Castiglione (October 21, 1757 – June 12, 1816) was a French soldier and military commander during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Castiglione delle Stiviere is a town and Comune in the Province of Mantua, in Lombardy, Italy, 30 km NW of Mantua by road Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions He was a Marshal of France. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank.
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Early life
Pierre Augereau was born in Faubourg Saint-Marceau, Paris, as the son of a Parisian fruit seller; he enlisted in the army at seventeen in the carabiniers. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. For the device used to connect ropes see Carabiner A Carabinier (also sometimes spelled Carabineer or Carbineer) ( Carabinero He became a noted swordsman and duellist, but he had to flee France after killing an officer in a quarrel. Swordsman redirects here For the comic book characters see Swordsman (comics. As practiced from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies a duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals with matched weapons in accordance with their combat He served in the Russian army against the Ottoman Empire; but afterwards escaped into Prussia and enlisted in the guards. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state He deserted and reached the border of Saxony. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Service in the Neapolitan army and a sojourn in Portugal took up the years 1788–1791; but the events of the French Revolution brought Augereau back to France. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
General during the French Revolutionary Wars
He served with credit against the revolt in the Vendée and then joined the troops opposing the Spaniards in the south. The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. There he rose rapidly, becoming general of division on December 23, 1793. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His division distinguished itself even more when transferred to the army of Italy; and under Napoleon Bonaparte he participated in the Battle of Millesimo (1796) and in taking the castle of Cosseria (April 14, 1796). The Army of Italy (Armée d'Italie was a Field army of the French Army stationed on the Italian border and used for operations in Italy itself Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Battle of Millesimo was the name that Napoleon Bonaparte gave in his correspondence to one of a series of small Battles that were fought in Piedmont Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Cosseria is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 60 km west of Genoa Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
But it was at the Battle of Castiglione (August 5, 1796) that he rendered the most signal services. Battle of the War of the First Coalition which took place on 5 August 1796 at Castiglione delle Stiviere in northern Italy between a French army under Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year General de Marbot described him as encouraging even Bonaparte himself in the confused situation that prevailed before that battle, though Marbot's memoirs are hardly the most reliable source, and in any case it was Bonaparte's undoubted superiority as a strategist that made the victory at Castiglione a possibility. Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin Marbot ( August 18, 1782 &ndash November 16, 1854) French soldier son of General Jean Bonaparte summed up Augereau's military qualities: "Has plenty of character, courage, firmness, activity; is inured to war; is well liked by the soldiery; is fortunate in his operations. "
In 1797 Bonaparte sent Augereau to Paris to encourage the Jacobin Directors. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following Augereau and the troops led by him coerced the "moderates" in the councils and carried through the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor (September 4) 1797. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was then sent to command French forces in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Augereau took little part in the coup d'état of Brumaire (November 1799), and did not distinguish himself in the Rhenish campaign which ensued. Brumaire was the second Month in the French Republican Calendar. Nevertheless, owing to his final adhesion to Bonaparte's fortunes, he received a marshal's baton at the beginning of the First French Empire (May 19, 1804). Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches For other uses see Baton The word baton, from the French bâton (stick also in ordinary senses itself from Late Latin bastum The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Marshal during the Napoleonic Wars
Augereau commanded a camp in Brest, Brittany, during the preparations for the invasion of England. Brest (bʁɛst in French, in Breton) is a city in the Finistère department in Bretagne in northwestern France. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into When Napoleon called off the invasion, because of the growing threat from Austria and Russia, the camp became the VII Corps of the Grande Armée.
Augereau and his corps were charged with protecting the army’s lines of communications during the War of the Third Coalition. The War of the Third Coalition in 1805 saw the defeat of an alliance of Austria, Portugal, Russia, and others by France and its client states He also fought actions at Konstanz and Bregenz,
In the War of the Fourth Coalition he was again at the head of the VII Corps, it and he distinguished itself at Jena where it made up the left flank. Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake Constance Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806&ndash1807 The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name Auerstädt were fought on October 14, 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale
Early in 1807 he fell ill with fever, and at the Battle of Eylau (February 7, 1807) he had to be supported on his horse, but directed the movements of his corps with his usual bravery. The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau (February 7–8 1807 was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoléon's Grande Armée and Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His corps was almost annihilated and the marshal himself received a wound from which he never quite recovered.
He became Duke of Castiglione on March 19, 1808, a hereditary victory title (i. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation e. not in chief of an actual fief, but a hollow title), in honour of his 1796 victory (see above), which granted his heirs ducal rank till the extinction in 1915. He was married without issue to Adélaïde Josephine Bourlon de Chavange (1789 – 1869), daughter of Gilles Bernard Bourlon de Chavange and wife Jeanne Françoise Launuy ?, but his nephews had become heirs of that title. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His wife later remarried Camille de Sainte-Aldegonde (1787 – 1853), by whom she had a daughter Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde (1820 – 1891), who married the 3rd Duke of Dino. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
When transferred to Catalonia, Augereau gained some successes but tarnished his name by cruelty. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. In the campaign of 1812 in Russia and in the Saxon campaign of 1813 his conduct was little more than mediocre. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Before the Battle of Leipzig (October 1813), Napoleon reproached him with not being the Augereau of Castiglione; to which he replied, "Give me back the old soldiers of Italy, and I will show you that I am". The Battle of the Nations (or Battle of Leipzig or Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig) on 16–19 October 1813 was one of the most decisive defeats suffered by Napoleon
In 1814 Augereau had command of the army of Lyon, and his slackness exposed him to the charge of having come to an understanding with the Austrian invaders. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
Thereafter he served the restored Bourbon King Louis XVIII, but, after reviling Napoleon, went over to him during the Hundred Days. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration The Emperor repulsed him and charged him with being a traitor to France in 1814.
Louis XVIII, when re-restored to the royal throne, deprived him of his military title and pension. Augereau died at his estate of La Houssaye. La Houssaye is a commune in the Eure department in northern France. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris
Sources and references
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Koch, Mémoires de Masséna
- Bouvier, Bonaparte en Italie
- Count A. F. Andreossi, La Campagne sur le . . . , 1800 - 1801
- Baron A. Ducasse, Précis de la campagne de . . . de Lyon en 1814
- Marbot, Mémoires
- Elting, Colonel John R. Napoleon's Marshals. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
For the battle of Castiglione in particular, see: Boycott-Brown, M. "The Road to Rivoli, Napoleon's First Campaign", London, Cassell, 2001
- Heraldica.org- Napoleonic Victory titles
- Pierre Augereau at Find-A-Grave
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