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| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss |
Picea glauca (White Spruce) is a species of spruce native to the north of North America, from central Alaska east to Newfoundland, and south to northern Montana, Michigan and Maine; there is also an isolated population in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. [1][2][3][4][5]
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15-30 m tall, rarely to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5-10 cm across. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists The crown is narrow conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees. The shoots are pale buff-brown, glabrous (hairless) in the east of the range, but often pubescent in the west, and with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 12-20 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, glaucous blue-green above with several thin lines of stomata, and blue-white below with two broad bands of stomata. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore found mostly on the underside of a Plant Leaf [1][2]
The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 3-7 cm long and 1. A cone (in formal botanical usage Strobilus, plural strobili is an organ on Plants in the division Pinophyta ( Conifers 5 cm broad when closed, opening to 2. 5 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15 mm long, with a smoothly rounded margin. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 4-6 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 2-3 mm long, with a slender, 5-8 mm long pale brown wing. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored [1][2]
Varieties
Several geographical varieties have been described, but are not accepted as distinct by all authors. In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can These comprise, from east to west:[1][2]
- Picea glauca var. glauca (Typical or Eastern White Spruce). From Newfoundland east to eastern Alberta, on lowland plains. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905
- Picea glauca var. densata (Black Hills White Spruce). The Black Hills. The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the
- Picea glauca var. albertiana (Alberta White Spruce). The Rocky Mountains in Alberta, British Columbia and northwest Montana. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern
- Picea glauca var. porsildii (Alaska White Spruce). Alaska and Yukon. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories.
The two western varieties are distinguished by pubescent (downy) shoots, and may be related to extensive hybridisation and/or intergradation with the closely related Engelmann Spruce found further south in the Rocky Mountains. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Picea engelmannii ( Engelmann Spruce) is a species of Spruce native to western North America, from central British Columbia and White Spruce also hybridises readily with the closely related Sitka Spruce where they meet in southern Alaska; this hybrid is known as Picea × lutzii. The Sitka Spruce ( Picea sitchensis) is a large Coniferous Evergreen Tree growing to 50-70 m tall exceptionally to 100 m tall and [1][2]
White Spruce is the northernmost tree species in North America, reaching just north of 69°N latitude in the Mackenzie River delta. The Mackenzie River (Fleuve Mackenzie originates in Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, and flows north into the Arctic Ocean. [6]
Uses
A dwarf cultivar of the Alberta White Spruce, Picea glauca var. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar albertiana 'Conica', is a very popular garden plant. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. It has very slender leaves, like those normally found only on one-year-old White Spruce seedlings, and very slow growth, typically only 2-10 cm per year. Older specimens commonly 'revert', developing normal adult foliage and starting to grow much faster; this 'reverted' growth must be pruned out if the plant is to be kept dwarf. For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. In Horticulture dwarfing is considered a desirable characteristic in modern Orchards where genetic dwarfs may be selected and propagated or more often scions are
White Spruce is of major economic importance in Canada for its wood, harvested for paper-making. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging It is also used to a small extent as a Christmas tree. A Christmas tree, Yule tree, holiday tree or Tannenbaum (fir tree is one of the most popular Traditions associated with the celebration
The wood is also exported to Japan where, known as "shin-kaya", it is used to make go boards as a substitute for the rare kaya wood. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Go equipment refers to the objects which are necessary in order to play the game of Go. Torreya nucifera is a slow-growing coniferous Tree native to southern Japan.
White Spruce is the Provincial tree of Manitoba and the State tree of South Dakota. Symbols of Canada's provinces and territories Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America This List of US state trees includes official trees of the following states and U South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America.
The tree is sometimes colloquially known as the "skunk spruce" due to the disagreeable smell emitted by its needles when crushed.
References and external links
- ^ a b c d e Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
- ^ a b c d e Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
- ^ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Picea glauca. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- ^ Gymnosperm Database: Picea glauca
- ^ Flora of North AmericaPicea glauca
- ^ Arno, S. F. & Hammerly, R. P. (1984). Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. The Mountaineers, Seattle. ISBN 0-89886-085-7.
 White Spruce Picea glauca taiga, Denali Highway, Alaska Range, Alaska. |
 Dwarf Alberta Spruce Picea glauca var. albertiana 'Conica' showing foliage reversion |
 Picea glauca var. albertiana 'Conica' |
 Picea glauca 'Little Globe' |
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