- This page is for the medical disorder. For the unit of measure, see Pica (unit of measure). This page is for the unit of measure For the eating disorder see Pica (disorder. For other uses, see the alternate spelling Pika. Pikas are small hamster-like animals with short limbs rounded ears and short tails
| Pica (disorder) Classification and external resources |
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| Stomach contents of an inmate with pica | |
| ICD-10 | F50.8, F98.3 |
| ICD-9 | 307.52 |
| DiseasesDB | 29704 |
| eMedicine | ped/1798 |
| MeSH | D010842 |
Pica is a medical disorder characterized by an appetite for largely non-nutritive substances (e. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings The 2007 version of the ICD is available online at http//wwwwho The 2007 version of the ICD is available online at http//wwwwho The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books g. , coal, soil, feces, chalk, paper, etc. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging ) or an abnormal appetite for some things that may be considered foods, such as food ingredients (e. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an g. , flour, raw potato, starch). Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide [1] In order for these actions to be considered pica, they must persist for more than one month, at an age where eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate. The Theory of Cognitive Development (one of the most historically influential theories was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss Philosopher (1896–1980 The condition's name comes from the Latin word for the magpie, a bird which is reputed to eat almost anything[1]. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Magpies are Passerine Birds of the Crow family, Corvidae. The names ' Jay ' and 'magpie' are to a certain extent interchangeable Pica is seen in all ages, particularly in pregnant women and small children, especially among children who are developmentally disabled, where it is the most common eating disorder[2]. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Developmental disability is a term used to describe life-long disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical or combination of mental and physical impairments
Pica in children, while common, can be dangerous. Children eating painted plaster containing lead may suffer brain damage from lead poisoning. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in There is a similar risk from eating dirt near roads that existed prior to the phaseout of tetra-ethyl lead in gasoline or prior to the cessation of the use of contaminated oil (either used, or containing toxic PCBs or dioxin) to settle dust. Tetra-ethyl lead, abbreviated TEL, is an organometallic compound with the formula ( CH3CH2)4 Pb. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound In addition to poisoning, there is also a much greater risk of gastro-intestinal obstruction or tearing in the stomach. Bowel obstruction (or intestinal obstruction) is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following This is also true in animals. Another risk of dirt eating is the possible ingestion of animal feces and the accompanying parasites. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species.
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Causes
The scant research that has been done on the root causes of pica suggests that the majority of those afflicted tend to suffer some biochemical deficiency and more often iron deficiency. For a more specific and detailed discussion of Anemia caused by iron deficiency see the Wikipedia article Iron deficiency anemia. The association between pica and iron deficiency anemia is so strong that most patients with iron deficiency will admit to some form of pica. For a discussion of iron deficiency more broadly see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency. Often the substance eaten by those with the disorder does not contain the mineral of deficiency. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific If a mineral deficiency is not identified as the cause of pica, it often leads to a diagnosis as a mental disorder.
Pica may also be a symptom of iron deficiency anemia secondary to hookworm infection. For a discussion of iron deficiency more broadly see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency. The hookworm is a parasitic Nematode worm that lives in the Small intestine of its host which may be a Mammal such as a Dog, Symptoms may also include a pinkish hue to the skin, particularly around the mouth.
Unlike in humans, in dogs or cats, pica may be a sign of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, especially when it involves eating substances such as tile grout, concrete dust, and sand. Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases Grout is a Construction material used to embed Rebars in Masonry walls connect sections of pre-cast Concrete, fill voids and seal joints (like Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Dogs exhibiting this form of pica should be tested for anemia with a CBC or at least hematocrit levels. A complete blood count ( CBC) also known as full blood count ( FBC) or full blood exam ( FBE) or blood panel, is The hematocrit ( Ht or HCT) or packed cell volume ( PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF is the proportion of Blood [2][3]
Treatment
Treatment emphasizes psychosocial, environmental, and family guidance approaches. Treatment options include: discrimination training between edible and nonedible items, self-protection devices that prohibit placement of objects in the mouth, sensory reinforcement involving screening (covering eyes briefly), contingent aversive oral taste (lemon), contingent aversive smell sensation (ammonia), contingent aversive physical sensation (water mist), brief physical restraint, and overcorrection (correct the environment, or practice appropriate or alternative responses).
This involves associating negative consequences with eating non-food items and good consequences with normal behavior. Medications may be helpful in reducing the abnormal eating behavior if pica occurs in the course of a developmental disorder, such as mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorder. These conditions may be associated with severe behavioral disturbances, including pica. These medications enhance dopaminergic functioning, which is believed to be associated with the occurrence of pica.
Examples
- Amylophagia (consumption of starch)
- Coprophagia (consumption of excrement)
- Geophagy (consumption of soil, clay, or chalk)
- Consumption of dust or sand has been reported among iron deficient patients. Amylophagia is a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Coprophagia is the consumption of Feces, from the Greek copros (feces and phagein (eat Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials Geophagy is the practice of eating earthy or soil-like substances such as Clay, and Chalk, in order to obtain essential nutrients such as sulfur and phosphorus from Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite.
- Vampirism (ingestion of blood)
- Hyalophagia (consumption of glass)
- Pagophagia (pathological consumption of ice)
- Self-cannibalism (rare condition where body parts may be consumed; see also Lesch-Nyhan syndrome)
- Trichophagia (consumption of hair or wool)
- Urophagia (consumption of urine)
- Xylophagia (consumption of wood)
In popular culture
- Michel Lotito has made a career in entertainment of eating chopped "inedibles" like a Cessna 150 small airplane. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Hyalophagia, or hyalophagy, is the eating of Glass. Primarily noted as a pathological disorder it is also considered a form of pica. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Pagophagia is a form of pica involving the compulsive consumption of Ice or Iced drinks It has been shown to respond to Iron supplementationleading Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia Self-cannibalism is the practice of eating oneself also called autocannibalism, or autosarcophagy. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ( LNS) also known as Nyhan’s syndrome or Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, is a rare Inherited disorder caused by a deficiency Trichophagia (τριχοφαγία from τρίχα tricha “hair” + φάγειν phagein “to eat” is the compulsive eating of hair Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Urophagia is the consumption of Urine. There are various reasons that humans may consume urine Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Not to be confused with Xylophagy Xylophagia is a condition involving the consumption of Wood. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Michel Lotito (born June 15, 1950, died in 2007) was a French entertainer WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- A patient suffering from Pica was featured in the season four premiere of Grey's Anatomy. Grey’s Anatomy is an American Primetime television medical drama.
- Jimmy Kimmel has suggested several times in his stand up that G. Gordon Liddy suffers from pica and, as such, may have been Deep Throat. James Christian "Jimmy" Kimmel (born November 13, 1967) is an American Television host and Comedian. George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U
- In the House episode "Lines in the Sand," a severely autistic boy with pica is diagnosed with raccoon roundworms that he acquired from eating the sand in his sandbox. House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings.
- In the book One Hundred Years of Solitude, Rebeca eats earth and whitewash. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first
- In Chapter 26 of John Steinbeck's Pulitzer Prize winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, the pregnant and malnourished Rose of Sharon is caught eating "a piece of slack lime" and her mother admits to eating coal when she was pregnant. John Steinbeck III (February 27 1902—December 20 1968 was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, The Grapes of Wrath is a novel published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for (Read at Archive.org)
- Kristen Bell had unofficially declared on the Late Show with David Letterman her black lab suffers from Pica, having eaten, for example, shards of glass, bottles and so on and so forth. Kristen Anne Bell (born July 18 1980 is an American actress She has received a Satellite Award and Saturn Award, and has been nominated for a Television The Late Show with David Letterman is an Emmy Award -winning American late-night Talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many
See also
- Category:Pica (disorder)
External links
- More information about the Glore Psychiatric Museum
- Information about the Glore Psychiatric Museum
- A blog about a visit to the Glore Psychiatric Museum
- Abu-Hamdan DK, Sondheimer JH, Mahajan SK (1985). "Cautopyreiophagia. Cause of life-threatening hyperkalemia in a patient undergoing hemodialysis". Am. J. Med. 79 (4): 517-9. PMID 4050837.
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- Hundreds of coins found in patient's belly
References
- ^ * emedince.com article on "Eating Disorder: Pica"
- ^ Plunkett, Signe J. (2000). Emergency Procedures for the Small Animal Veterinarian. Elsevier Health Sciences, 11. ISBN 0702024872.
- ^ Feldman, Bernard F. ; Joseph G. Zinkl, Nemi Chand Jain, Oscar William Schalm (2000). Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Blackwell Publishing, 506. ISBN 0683306928.
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