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Physiotherapy
Classification and external resources
This physiotherapist is assisting two polio-stricken children holding on to a rail whilst they exercise their lower limbs. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via

Physiotherapy (or physical therapy as it is known in the U.S.) is a healthcare profession concerned with prevention, treatment and management of movement disorders arising from conditions and diseases. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot Physiotherapy is performed by either a physiotherapist (PT) or an assistant (PTA) acting under their direction. [1] However, various other health professionals (e. g. , chiropractors, Doctors of Osteopathy) use some physical therapeutic methods. Chiropractic is a Health care profession that focuses on diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the Musculoskeletal system, with special emphasis [2] A program of physical therapy will typically involve caregivers. [3]

PTs utilize an individual's history and physical examination in diagnosis and treatment, and if necessary, will incorporate the results of laboratory and imaging studies. The medical history or Anamnesis of a Patient is information gained by a Physician or other healthcare professional by asking specific questions Physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which a Health care provider investigates the body of a Patient for signs Electrodiagnostic testing (e. g. electromyograms and nerve conduction velocity testing) may also be of assistance. Electromyography (EMG is a technique for evaluating and recording the activation signal of muscles [4] PTs practice in many settings, such as outpatient clinics or offices, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, extended care facilities, homes, education or research centers, schools, hospices, industrial workplaces or other occupational environments, fitness centers and sports training facilities. [5]

Contents

History

A woodcut of the reduction of a dislocated shoulder with a Hippocratic device.
A woodcut of the reduction of a dislocated shoulder with a Hippocratic device. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving In Materials science, a dislocation is a Crystallographic defect, or irregularity within a Crystal structure.

Physicians like Hippocrates and Hector are believed to have been the first practitioners of a primitive physiotherapy, advocating massage and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 B. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy involves the use of Water for soothing pains and treating diseases C. [6] The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group, however, date back to 1894 when four nurses in England formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. [7] Other countries soon followed and started formal training programs, such as the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,[8] and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides. Reed College is a private, independent Liberal arts college located in southeast Portland Oregon. "[9]

Research catalyzed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)). The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA is a national professional organization representing more than 66000 members In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physiotherapy as a treatment for Polio. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via [10]

Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s. [11][12] Later that decade, physical therapists started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings (skilled nursing facilities), rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers.

Specialization for physical therapy in the U. S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in Orthopedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,[13] which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide ever since. In the 1980s, the explosion of technology and computers led to more technical advances in rehabilitation. Some of these advances have continued to grow, with computerized modalities such as ultrasound, electric stimulators, and iontophoresis with the latest advances in therapeutic cold laser, which finally gained FDA approval in the U. Stimulus modality also sensory modality is one aspect of a stimulus. Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper Iontophoresis is a non-invasive method of propelling high concentrations of a charged substance normally medication or bioactive agents transdermally by repulsive electromotive force S. in 2002. [14]

Specialty areas

Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, some PTs specialize in a specific practice. While there are many specialty areas in physiotherapy,[15] the following are the five most common specialty areas in physical therapy:[16]

Cardiopulmonary

Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physiotherapists treat a wide variety of individuals with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery. Primary goals of this specialty include increasing endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is utilized in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF, mucoviscoidosis, or mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus glands of the lungs Disorders, including heart attacks, post coronary bypass surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, treatments can benefit from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physiotherapists. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Coronary artery bypass surgery, also coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) is a Disease of the lungs in which the Airways become narrowed Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, also known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, is a Chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease with an unknown [16]

Geriatric

Geriatric physiotherapy covers a wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging, but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, incontinence, etc. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Geriatric physiotherapy helps those affected by such problems in developing a specialized program to help restore mobility, reduce pain, and increase fitness levels. [16]

Neurological

Neurological physiotherapy is a discipline focused on working with individuals who have a neurological disorder or disease. These include Alzheimer's disease, ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke. In the Nervous system, the anterolateral system is an ascending pathway that conveys Pain, Temperature ( Protopathic sensation) and Crude Cerebral palsy ( CP) is an Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non- contagious conditions that cause Physical disability Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an autoimmune condition in which the Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Common symptoms of neurological disorders include paralysis, vision impairment, poor balance, inability to ambulate, and loss of functional independence. Therapists work to improve these areas of dysfunction. [16]

Orthopedic

Orthopedic physiotherapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system as well as rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery. The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system is an organ system that gives Animals the ability to physically move using the Muscles and This specialty of physiotherapy is most often found in the out-patient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post operative joints, acute sports injuries, arthritis, and amputations. Joint mobilizations, strength training, hot/cold packs, and electrical stimulation (e. g. , cryotherapy, iontophoresis, electrotherapy[17]) are modalities often used to expedite recovery in the orthopedic setting. Cryotherapy is the use of cold in a variety of modalities to treat a medical condition Iontophoresis is a non-invasive method of propelling high concentrations of a charged substance normally medication or bioactive agents transdermally by repulsive electromotive force Electrotherapy is the use of Electrical energy in the treatment of impairments of health and a conditions of abnormal functioning. Stimulus modality also sensory modality is one aspect of a stimulus. Additionally, an emerging treatment in this field is the use of sonography to guide treatments like muscle retraining. [18][19][20] Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons of the body will benefit from assessment by a physiotherapist specialized in orthopedics.

Pediatric

Pediatric physiotherapy assists in early detection of health problems and uses a wide variety of modalities to treat disorders in the pediatric population. These therapists are specialized in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infants, children, and adolescents with a variety of congenital, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal, or acquired disorders/diseases. Treatments focus on improving gross and fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Children with developmental delays, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or torticollis, may be treated by pediatric physiotherapists. Spina bifida ( Latin: "split spine" is a developmental Birth defect involving the Neural tube: incomplete closure of the Embryonic neural Torticollis or Requa neck, is a condition in which the Head is tilted toward one side and the Chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite [16]

Education

According to the American Physical Therapy Association, there were 210 accredited physical therapist programs in 2008–of those 23 offered the Master of Physical Therapy, and 187 offered the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA is a national professional organization representing more than 66000 members The Master of Physical Therapy (MPT is a post baccalaureate degree conferred upon successful completion of an accredited Physical therapy professional education program The Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT is a postbaccalaureate degree that is a First professional degree for entry into the profession of Physical therapy Most programs are in transition to a DPT program. [22]

Evidence-based practice

For decades, physiotherapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base. [23] In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physiotherapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions. [24][25] Despite an overall positive attitude towards evidence-based practice,[26] most physiotherapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support. [27][28] Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physiotherapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence. "[28]

To overcome these limitations, the World Confederation for Physical Therapy,[29] the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA),[30] and a number of authors[31] have called on the profession to adopt and adhere to evidence-based practices formally based on the best available scientific sources. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA is a national professional organization representing more than 66000 members [32]

References

  1. ^ American Physical Therapy Association. Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy. American Physical Therapy Association. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA is a national professional organization representing more than 66000 members Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  2. ^ Homola, S (2006). "Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor" (PDF). The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14 (2): E14–E18.  
  3. ^ World Confederation for Physical Therapy (2007-06). Description of Physical Therapy - What is Physical Therapy?. World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  4. ^ American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management. Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation (PDF). Educational Guidelines. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  5. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (2008-01-17). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca APTA Background Sheet 2008. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  6. ^ Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991
  7. ^ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n. d. ). History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  8. ^ Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. History of the School of Physiotherapy. School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  9. ^ Reed College (n. d. ). Mission and History. About Reed. Reed College. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  10. ^ Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute (n. d. ). History. About Us. Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  11. ^ McKenzie, R A (1998), The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy, New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd. , pp. 16-20, ISBN 978-0959774672 
  12. ^ McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine & Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.  
  13. ^ Lando, Agneta (2003). History of IFOMT. International Federation Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists (IFOMT). Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  14. ^ Eugene Physical Therapy (2004-04). History of Physical Therapy. Eugene Physical Therapy. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  15. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (n. d. ). APTA Sections. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  16. ^ a b c d e Inverarity, Laura; Grossman, K (2007-11-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Types of Physical Therapy. About. com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  17. ^ Cameron, M. (2003). Physical Agents in Rehabilitation - From Research to Practice, USA: W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4
  18. ^ Bunce SM, Moore AP, Hough AD (May 2002). "M-mode ultrasound: a reliable measure of transversus abdominis thickness?". Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 17 (4): 315–7. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group PMID 12034127.  
  19. ^ Wallwork TL, Hides JA, Stanton WR (October 2007). "Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 37 (10): 608–12. PMID 17970407.  
  20. ^ Henry SM, Westervelt KC (June 2005). "The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35 (6): 338–45. PMID 16001905.  
  21. ^ The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (2008-01). For Consumers - Physical Therapy. The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  22. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (2008-04-18). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Number of PT and PTA Programs as of April 18, 2008 (PDF). American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  23. ^ Turner, P. . "Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 17.  
  24. ^ Turner, P. . "Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 15: 235–246. doi:10.1080/095939899307649. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  25. ^ Turner, P. . "Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study". Physiotherapy Research International 2(1): 17–29.  
  26. ^ Jette, Diane U. ; Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk (2003-09). "Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 83 (9): 786–805. PMID 12940766.  
  27. ^ Newham, D. "PracticalResearch". Physiotherapy 80: 337–339.  
  28. ^ a b Schreiber, J (2005-10). "A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice 3 (4).  
  29. ^ World Confederation for Physical Therapy (2008-01-25). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Declarations of Principle - Evidence Based Practice. World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  30. ^ American Physical Therapy Association. Evidence-Based Practice. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  31. ^ Schreiber, J. ; P. Stern (2005-10). "A Review of the Literature on Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice 3 (4).  
  32. ^ Bridges PH, Bierema LL, Valentine T (2007). "The propensity to adopt evidence-based practice among physical therapists". BMC Health Serv Res 7 (103). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-103. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17615076.  

See also

External links

Journals and publications

Physical therapists have access to a wide range of publications and journals. The 'Bobath Concept' is an important approach to rehabilitation in the care of patients with injuries to the Brain (anatomy The Brunnstorm Approach, developed by the Swedish Physical therapist Signe Signe Brunnstrom emphasises the synergetic pattern of movement which develops during recovery from Geriatrics is the branch of Medicine that focuses on health care of the elderly Joint manipulation is a type of passive movement of a skeletal Joint. Occupational Therapy, often abbreviated "OT", is the "use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically cognitively or Phonophoresis is the use of Ultrasound to enhance the delivery of Topically applied drugs Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R or physiatry, is a branch of Medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private [1] Some are dedicated solely to physiotherapy topics, while others (e. g. , various orthopedic and surgical journals) cover a broader range of health-improvement topics, including physiotherapy. Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of Surgery concerned with injuries to or conditions involving the Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental

Dictionary

physiotherapy

-noun

  1. therapy that uses physical techniques such as massage and exercise
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