Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, an important early achievement in the study of physiology. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals

Physiology (from Greek: φυσις, physis, “nature, origin”; and λόγος, logos, "speech" lit. grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion "to talk about the nature (of things)") is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.

Physiology has traditionally been divided between plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of Botany concerned with the function or Physiology, of Plants Closely related fields include Plant morphology Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells may also apply to human cells. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus

The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human animal species. Human physiology is the science of the mechanical physical and biochemical functions of Humans in good health their organs and the cells of which they are composed In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Plant physiology also borrows techniques from both fields. Its scope of subjects is at least as diverse as the tree of life itself. A tree of life is a mystical concept a Metaphor for common descent or a Motif in various world theologies and philosophies. Due to this diversity of subjects, research in animal physiology tends to concentrate on understanding how physiological traits changed throughout the evolutionary history of animals. This timeline of the evolution of life outlines the major events in the development Other major branches of scientific study that have grown out of physiology research include biochemistry, biophysics, paleobiology, biomechanics, and pharmacology. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Paleobiology (sometimes spelled palaeobiology) is a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the Natural science Biology Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on living organisms Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs

History

Physiology can trace its roots back more than two millennia to classical antiquity, to the Greek and Indian medical traditions. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. 126-199), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or The ancient Indian books of Ayurveda, the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, also had descriptions on human anatomy and physiology. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit text on Surgery, attributed to Sushruta, (6th century BCE the "father of Surgery" The Charaka Samhita Sutra is an ancient Indian Ayurvedic text on Internal medicine written by Charaka.

During the Middle Ages, the ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions were further developed by Muslim physicians, most notably Avicenna (980-1037), who introduced experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology in The Canon of Medicine. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Quantification has two distinct meanings In Mathematics and Empirical science, it refers to human acts known as Counting and Measuring The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian Many of the ancient physiological doctrines were eventually discredited by Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), who was the first physician to correctly describe the anatomy of the heart, the coronary circulation, the structure of the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the Blood vessels that supply Blood to and from the Heart muscle lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen -depleted Blood away from the heart to the Lungs, and Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the Circulatory system. ^[1] He was also the first to describe the relationship between the lungs and the aeration of the blood, the cause of pulsation,^[2] and an early concept of capillary circulation. Aeration is the Process by which Air is circulated through mixed with or dissolved in a Liquid or substance Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. Capillaries are the smallest of a body's Blood vessels measuring 5-10 μm in diameter which connect Arterioles and Venules and enable the interchange ^[3]

Following from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brought an increase of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Anatomist William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century,^[4] demonstrating the fruitful combination of close observations and careful experiments to learn about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration William Harvey ( April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English Physician who is credited with being the first in This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae' (1708). Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, most notably with Matthias Schleidan and Theodor Schwann's "Cell theory" which radically stated in 1838 that organisms are made up of units called cells, along with Claude Bernard's (1813-1878) many discoveries that ultimately led to his concept of, interieur (internal environment) which would later be taken up and championed as 'Homeostasis' by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871-1945). Not to be confused with army general Theodore Schwan. ---- Theodor Schwann ( December 7, 1810 &ndash January Claude Bernard ( July 12, 1813 – February 10, 1878) was a French Physiologist. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Walter Bradford Cannon ( October 19, 1871 &ndash October 19, 1945) was an American Physiologist, Professor and chairman

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology^[5] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Comparative physiology is a subdiscipline of Physiology that studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of Organisms Ecophysiology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ( September 24, 1915 - January 25, 2007) was a prominent figure in the field of Comparative physiology. George Bartholomew was an American inventor who is credited with the invention of Concrete pavement. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline. Evolutionary physiology is the study of physiological evolution, which is to say the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of ^[6]

See also

• Comparative physiology
• Ecophysiology
• Evolutionary physiology
• Physiome
• The Physiological Society

References

External links

• Scientific Discussion - Physiology
• Physiology.info
• The Physiological Society
• Developmental physiology
• The American Physiological Society