Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biological sciences. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.

Contents 1 Basic principles of the physical sciences 1.1 Basic principles of astronomy 1.2 Basic principles of chemistry 1.3 Basic principles of earth science 1.4 Basic principles of physics 2 Notable physical scientists

Basic principles of the physical sciences

The foundations of the physical sciences rests upon key concepts and theories, each of which explains and/or models a particular aspect of the behavior of nature. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion.

Basic principles of astronomy

Astronomy is the science of celestial bodies and their interactions in space. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another Its studies includes the following:

• The life and characteristics of stars and galaxies
• Origins of the universe. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system consisting of Stars an Interstellar medium of gas and dust, and Dark matter Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Physical science uses the Big Bang theory as the commonly accepted scientific theory of the origin of the universe
• A heliocentric solar system. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System. Ancient and primitive cultures saw the earth as the center of the solar system or universe (geocentrism). In Astronomy, the geocentric model of the Universe is the superseded theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus advanced the ideas of heliocentrism, recognizing the sun as the center of the solar system. In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System.
• The structure of the solar system, planets, comets, asteroids, and meteors
• The shape and structure of Earth (roughly spherical, see also Spherical Earth)
• Earth in the Solar System
• Time measurement
• The composition and features of the Moon
• Interactions of the Earth and Moon

(Note: Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, which assumes that people's destiny and human affairs in general are correlated to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky -- although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers embrace the scientific method, while astrologers do not. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC in ancient Greek philosophy and possibly ancient Indian philosophy. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena )

Basic principles of chemistry

Chemistry is the science of matter mainly at the micro-level. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. Chemistry can be called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology. Its studies include the following:

• Atomic theory
  • Principles of quantum mechanics
  • The discovery and classification of pure elements
  • Dmitri Mendeleev's creation of The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements showing the relationship of chemical elements
  • Properties of groups, especially metals, and nonmetals
• Water and its properties
  • Structure of the water molecule
  • Properties of water solutions, such as acids, bases, acid-base reaction theories, and salts
• Chemical elements, chemical reactions, and energy transformations
  • Chemical bonds
  • Chemical formula based on chemical notation developed by Jöns Jakob Berzelius's
  • Chemical compounds
  • Chemical equations
  • Chemical thermodynamics
• Nuclear chemistry
  • The nature of the atomic nucleus
  • Characterization of radioactive decay, originally discovered by Henri Becquerel
• Organic chemistry, considered to have started in 1828 with the synthesis of urea by Friedrich Woehler
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Hydrocarbon derivatives
  • Organic chemistry functional groups

Basic principles of earth science

Earth science is the science of the planet Earth, the only known life-bearing planet. This article focuses on the historical models of the atom For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules see History of the molecule. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a Chemical reaction. In Thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics is the mathematical study of the interrelation of Heat and work with Chemical reactions or with a Nuclear chemistry is a subfield of Chemistry dealing with Radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 &ndash 25 August 1908 was a French Physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of Radioactivity Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Its studies include the following:

• Rocks and minerals
• The water cycle and the process of transpiration
• Freshwater, surface water, groundwater
• Oceanography
• Geology
  • Weathering and erosion
  • Rocks
• Soil science
  • Pedogenesis
  • Soil fertility
• Earth's tectonic structure
• Geomorphology and geophysics
  • Seismology: Stress, strain, and earthquakes
  • Characteristics of mountains and volcanoes
• Characteristics and formation of fossils
• Atmosphere of earth
  • Atmospheric pressure and winds
  • Evaporation, condensation, and humidity
  • Fog and clouds
• Meteorology, weather, climatology, and climate
  • Hydrology, clouds and precipitation
  • Air masses and weather fronts
  • Major storms: thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes

• • Major climate groups

Basic principles of physics

Physics is the "fundamental science" because the other natural sciences (biology, chemistry, geology, etc. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above Transpiration is the Evaporation of water from the aerial parts of Plants especially leaves but also stems Flowers and Roots Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved For Water masses on the surface of the world ocean see Surface water (ocean. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation is the process by which Soil is created Soil fertility is the characteristic of soil that supports abundant plant life This article discusses the geologic usage for the philosophical or architectural usage see Architectonics ' Or see Plate tectonics. Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere, its processes the effects other systems have on the atmosphere and the effects of the atmosphere Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground Stratus clouds are usually the only clouds that touch the ground A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric For airmass in Astronomy, see Airmass. In Meteorology, an air mass is a large volume of Air that A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena. A tornado is a violent rotating column of air which is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a Cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases the base of a Cumulus A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit ) deal with systems that obey the laws of physics. The physical laws of matter, energy, and the forces of nature govern the interactions between particles (such as molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles). Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an Effect upon one another In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. Some basic principles of physics are:

• Describing and measuring motion
  • Newton's laws of motion
  • Forces, weight, and mass
  • Momentum and conservation of momentum
• The theory of gravity
• Energy, work, and power
  • Motion, position, and energy
• Energy forms
  • Energy conservation, conversion, and transfer. In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. In Physics, power (symbol P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted or the amount of energy required or expended for In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of Energy in an isolated system remains constant and cannot be created although it may In Physics and Engineering, energy transformation or energy conversion, is any process of transforming one form of Energy to another
  • Energy sources
• Kinetic Molecular Theory
  • Phases of matter and phase changes
  • Temperature and thermometers
  • Energy and heat
  • Heat flow: conduction, convection, and radiation
  • The Three Laws of thermodynamics
• The principles of waves and sound
• The principles of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetism
• The principles, sources, and properties of light

Notable physical scientists

• Abu Rayhan al-Biruni - a Persian scientist who is regarded as the father of geodesy, has been described as the "first anthropologist", and is considered one of the earliest geologists. Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sufficient Primary energy sources and secondary Energy forms to meet civilization's needs Kinetic theory (or kinetic theory of gases) attempts to explain Macroscopic properties of Gases such as pressure temperature or volume by considering In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties In Thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Heat conduction or thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter from a region of higher Temperature to a region of lower Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i Thermal radiation is Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object which is due to the object's Temperature. The laws of thermodynamics, in principle describe the specifics for the transport of Heat and work in Thermodynamic processes. A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit
• Alhazen - an Iraqi scientist who wrote the Book of Optics, is regarded as the father of optics and the pioneer of the scientific method, and has been described as the "first scientist". TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Book of Optics ( Arabic: Kitab al-Manazir, Latin: De Aspectibus or Opticae Thesaurus Alhazeni Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices
• Archimedes - is considered to be the first mathematical physicist on record. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning He established the laws of statics, buoyancy, and center of gravity. Statics is the branch of Mechanics concerned with the analysis of loads ( Force, torque/moment) on Physical systems in Static equilibrium In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is
• Aristotle - the last of the three great influential ancient Greek philosophers, although not considered to be a scientist by today's standards, nevertheless, he influenced the development of the later scientific method by espousing the view that knowledge should be based on empiricism instead of intuition or faith. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Intuition is apparent ability to acquire knowledge without a clear inference or the use of reason Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in
• Aryabhata - Aryabhata was the first in the line of brilliant mathematician-astronomers of classical Indian mathematics, whose major work was the Aryabhatiya and the Aryabhatta-siddhanta. Āryabhaṭa ( Devanāgarī: आर्यभट (AD 476 &ndash 550 is the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics Āryabhatīya, an astronomical treatise is the Magnum opus and only extant work of the 5th century Indian mathematician Aryabhata. Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries.
• Bacon, Francis - an Elizabethan philosopher, is credited with the philosophical advocation for the Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method. Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena
• Boyle, Robert - an Irish natural philosopher, is regarded as the "father of modern chemistry" due to his distinction between chemistry and alchemy. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of His namesake is Boyle's Law of an ideal gas, which he discovered, but his contributions to physical science include the definition of a chemical element, the propagation of sound, among others. Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte law) is one of several Gas laws and a special case of the Ideal gas law. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus.
• Copernicus, Nicolaus - a Polish mathematician and economist, is considered by many to be the "father of modern astronomy" due to his detailed explanation of the heliocentric (Sun-centered) solar system. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity.
• Curie, Marie (maiden name: Sklodowska) - a Polish-born French chemist, was the first female Nobel laureate, the first two-time Nobel laureate, and one of only two individuals to receive the Nobel prize in two different fields. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature She and her husband, Pierre Curie discovered the two elements Polonium and Radium. Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 &ndash 19 April 1906 was a French physicist, a pioneer in Crystallography, Magnetism, Piezoelectricity Polonium (pəˈloʊniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Po and Atomic number 84 discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88
• Einstein, Albert - a theoretical physicist, is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning He proposed the theory of relativity and was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics, among other accomplishments.
• Euler, Leonhard - Swiss mathematician and physicist, considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all times. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. His contributions to science includes the Euler-Bournoulli beam equation and Euler equations. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding
• Galilei, Galileo - an astronomer and physicist, is considered the "father of modern physics," "father of modern science", and "father of science" due, in large part, to his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church over the authority of science. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding However, he has equally impressive scientific contributions to the fields of mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study
• Geber - an Arab chemist regarded as the father of chemistry, due to his introduction of an experimental method in the field, and for freeing it from superstition and turning it into a science. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or
• Hutton, James - a Scottish geologist, is considered to be the "father of modern geology," for his formulation of uniformitarianism, that the same geological processes operating today operated in the distant past. James Hutton MD (3 June 1726 OS (14 June 1726 NS) Edinburgh 26 March 1797 was a Scottish Geologist, The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system Based upon that assumption, he maintained that the age of the earth must be much older than a few thousand years.
• Newton, Sir Isaac - a scientist and mathematician, is most renowned for his description of the laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Newton 's law of universal Gravitation is a physical law describing the gravitational attraction between bodies with mass
• Pauling, Linus - an American quantum chemist and biochemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Quantum chemistry is a branch of Theoretical chemistry, which applies Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory to address issues and problems in Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as A pioneer in the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry, and one of the founders of molecular biology. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level
• Thales of Miletus - a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, is considered to be the father of science becaused he first encouraged naturalistic explanations of the world, without the supernatural. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic