- This article is about the grape phylloxera. For the genus, see Phylloxera (genus). A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic
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Cartoon from Punch, 6 Sep. Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 1890)
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae), commonly just called Phylloxera, is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. These tiny, pale yellow sap-sucking insects, related to aphids, feed on the roots of grapevines. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described In Vitis vinifera, the resulting deformations ("nodosities" and "tuberosities") and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are not found on vines grown in California. In Biology, a nymph is the immature form of some Insects which undergoes incomplete metamorphosis ( Hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult Galls or plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of Plant tissues and can be caused by various Parasites from Fungi and bacteria, to Insects
Fighting the "phylloxera plague"
In the late 1800s the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for wine grapes in Europe, most notably in France. The Great French Wine Blight was a severe Blight of the mid-19th century that destroyed many of the Vineyards in France and laid to waste the Wine Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is The Great French Wine Blight was a severe Blight of the mid-19th century that destroyed many of the Vineyards in France and laid to waste the Wine Phylloxera was inadvertently introduced to Europe in the 1860s, possibly on imported North American vinestocks or plants. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Because Phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species there are at least partially resistant. By contrast, the European wine grape Vitis vinifera is very susceptible to the aphid. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and The epidemic devastated most of the European wine growing industry. In 1863, the first vines began to deteriorate in the southern Rhône region of France. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The problem spread rapidly across the continent. In France alone, total wine production fell from 84. 5 million hectolitres in 1875 to only 23. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. 4 million hectolitres. Some estimates hold that between two-thirds and nine-tenths of all European vineyards were destroyed.
In France, some grape growers were so desperate that they buried a toad under each vine. Areas with sandy soils were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually the aphid spread across the continent. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel A huge amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the Phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: hybridization and resistant rootstocks. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A rootstock is a Plant, and sometimes just the Stump, which already has an established healthy root system, used for Grafting a cutting or
Hybridization was the breeding of Vitis vinifera with resistant species. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Native American grapes Vitis labrusca are naturally Phylloxera resistant but have aromas that are off-putting to palates accustomed to European grapes. Vitis labrusca ( Fox grape) is a Species of Grape native to the eastern United States. The intent of the cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to Phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the native grape. Ironically, the hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to Phylloxera, although they are much more hardy with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new hybrid varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones. In the EU they are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in quality wine, although they are still in widespread use in much of North America, such as Missouri, Ontario, and upstate New York, where they yield commercially acceptable wines. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Use of a resistant, or tolerant rootstock, developed by Charles Valentine Riley in collaboration with J. E. Planchon and promoted by T. V. Munson, involved grafting a Vitis vinifera scion onto the roots of a resistant Vitis labrusca or other American native species. Charles Valentine Riley (September 19 1843 London - September 14, 1895) was an Entomologist and Artist. Jules Émile Planchon ( March 21, 1823 – April 1, 1888) was a French Botanist. Thomas Volney Munson (1843–1913 often referred to simply as T Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Vitis labrusca ( Fox grape) is a Species of Grape native to the eastern United States. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes, and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor. Unfortunately not all rootstocks are equally resistant. Between the 1960s and the 1980s in California, many growers used a rootstock called AxR1. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. A rootstock is a Plant, and sometimes just the Stump, which already has an established healthy root system, used for Grafting a cutting or Even though it had already failed in many parts of the world by the early twentieth century, it was thought to be resistant by growers in California. Although Phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, within twenty years, mutation and selective pressures within the Phylloxera population began to overcome this rootstock, resulting in the eventual failure of most vineyards planted on AxR1. The replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today. Many have suggested that this failure was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible V. vinifera cultivar. But the transmission of Phylloxera tolerance is more complex, as is demonstrated by the continued success of 41B, an F1 hybrid of Vitis berlandieri and Vitis vinifera. F1 hybrid is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial Generation seeds/plants or animal Vitis berlandieri is a Species of Grape native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and The full story of the planting of AxR1 in California, its recommendation, the warnings, financial consequences, and subsequent recriminations remains to be told. Modern Phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately, and choose to plant ungrafted vines rather than wait for grafted vines to be available.
The use of resistant American rootstock to guard against Phylloxera also brought about a debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant wherever Phylloxera exists. Had American rootstock not been available and used, there would be no V. vinifera wine industry in Europe or most other places other than Chile, Washington State, and most of Australia. Cyprus avoided the Phylloxera plague, and thus its wine stock has not been grafted for phylloxera resistant purposes.
The only European grape that is natively resistant to Phylloxera is the Assyrtiko grape which grows on the volcanic island of Santorini, Greece, although it is not clear whether the resistance is due to the rootstock itself or the volcanic ash on which it grows. Assyrtiko or Asyrtiko is a white Greek wine Grape indigenous to the island of Santorini.
References
- Boubals, Denis, "Sur les attaques de Phylloxera des racines dans le monde", Progres Agricole et Viticole, Montpellier, 110:416-421, 1993.
- Campbell, Christy, "The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World", Algonquin Books, 2005.
- Ordish, George, "The Great Wine Blight", Pan Macmillan, 1987.
External links
- Life cycle of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae and its characteristic injuries described.
- WineMag History of Wine - Phylloxera Epidemic
- Grape Phylloxera: the world’s worst grapevine pest
- Web page of the Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia
- Italian vine online shop
Dictionary
phylloxera
-noun
- An aphid, of the genus Phylloxera, that is very destructive to grape vines
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