| Phrygian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Central Asia Minor | |
| Language extinction: | Fifth century | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Phrygian |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ine | |
| ISO 639-3: | xpg | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
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The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people of central Asia Minor. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language The Paleo-Balkan languages were the Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans in Ancient times. The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe Tocharian or Tokharian is one of the branches of the Indo-European language family. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European Modern Celts are those peoples who are speakers of Celtic languages, or who consider themselves or have been considered by others to participate in a Celtic culture This is a list of Germanic peoples. Classical philosophy The Greeks assigned names to populations they considered distinct based on the city-state ( The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Latin European peoples are those who speak Romance languages, descended from Vulgar Latin, spread during the time of the Roman Empire. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Ancient peoples of Italy are all those peoples that lived in Italy (including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia) before the Roman domination The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The Tocharians were the Tocharian -speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Indo-Aryan tribes mentioned in the Rigveda are described as semi- Nomadic pastoralists subdivided into temporary settlements ( vish, viś and headed Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the The society of the Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE existed during the Bronze Age (roughly fifth to fourth millennium BC and has been reconstructed The existence of similarities among the deities and religious practices of the Indo-European (IE peoples allows glimpses of a common Proto-Indo-European The question of the homeland ( Urheimat) of the Proto-Indo-European peoples and their Proto-Indo-European language has been a recurring topic in Indo-European The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe The Anatolian hypothesis is also called Renfrew's NDT; it proposes that the dispersal ( Discontinuity) of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto-Indo-European Urheimat, based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language The Out of India theory ( OIT, also called the Indian Urheimat Theory) is the proposition that the Indo-European language family originated in The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (or PCT,Italian La teoria della continuità) is a Hypothesis suggesting that the hypothetical Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies is a field of Linguistics dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black
Contents |
Inscriptions
Phrygian is attested by two corpora, one from around 800 BC and later (Paleo-Phrygian), and then after a period of several centuries from around the beginning of the Common Era (Neo-Phrygian). The Palaeo-Phrygian corpus is further divided (geographically) into inscriptions of Midas-city (M, W), Gordion, Central (C), Bithynia (B), Pteria (P), Tyana (T), Daskyleion (Dask), Bayindir (Bay), and "various" (Dd, documents divers). In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas (in Greek Μίδας is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into Gold Gordium (Greek Gordion, Turkish Gordiyon) was the capital of ancient Phrygia. Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius For the Genus of nolid Moths see Tyana (moth. Tyana (or Tyanna) was an ancient city of Anatolia The Mysian inscriptions seem to be in a separate dialect (in an alphabet with an additional letter, "Mysian s"). Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey)
It survived at least into the sixth century AD. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. [1]
We can reconstruct some words with the help of some inscriptions written with a script similar to the Greek. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early
Sources
Ancient historians and myths sometimes did associate Phrygian with Thracian and maybe even the Armenian, on grounds of classical sources. The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Herodotus recorded the Macedonian account that Phrygians emigrated into Asia Minor from Thrace (7. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe 73). Later in the text (7. 73), Herodotus states that the Armenians were colonists of the Phrygians, still considered the same in the time of Xerxes I. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. The earliest mention of Phrygian in Greek sources, in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, depicts it as different from Trojan: in the hymn, Aphrodite, disguising herself as a mortal to seduce the Trojan prince Anchises, tells him
Otreus of famous name is my father, if so be you have heard of him, and he reigns over all Phrygia rich in fortresses. The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns celebrating individual gods are a collection of ancient Greek Hymns "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the The language spoken by the Trojans in the Iliad is Homeric Greek. In Greek mythology, Anchises was a son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus son of Tros or Hieromneme, a Naiad. But I know your speech well beside my own, for a Trojan nurse brought me up at home.
Of Trojan, unfortunately, nothing is known. The language spoken by the Trojans in the Iliad is Homeric Greek.
Classification
The Phrygian language was most likely close to Thracian, Armenian and Greek. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In most cases the Phrygian language used an alphabet originating with the Phoenicians. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The available inscriptions in the Phrygian language have not yet been translated. Inscriptions which used a script close to the Greek, have been translated, and some of the Phrygian vocabulary identified. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early [2]
Grammar
Its structure, what can be recovered from it, was typically Indo-European, with nouns declined for case (at least four), gender (three) and number (singular and plural), while the verbs are conjugated for tense, voice, mood, person and number. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection No single word is attested in all its inflectional forms. In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice
Many words in Phrygian are very similar to the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). Phrygian seems to exhibit an augment, like Greek and Armenian, c. In Linguistics, the augment is a Syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek (the augment f. eberet, probably corresponding to PIE *e-bher-e-t (Greek epheret).
Vocabulary
A sizable body of Phrygian words are theoretically known; however, the meaning and etymologies and even correct forms of many Phrygian words (mostly extracted from inscriptions) are still being debated. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved
A famous Phrygian word is bekos, meaning "bread" . According to Herodotus (Histories 2. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash 9) Pharaoh Psammetichus I wanted to establish the original language. The origin of language ( glottogony) is a topic that has attracted considerable speculation throughout human history For this purpose, he ordered two children to be reared by a shepherd, forbidding him to let them hear a single word, and charging him to report the children's first utterance. After two years, the shepherd reported that on entering their chamber, the children came up to him, extending their hands, calling bekos. Upon enquiry, the pharaoh discovered that this was the Phrygian word for "wheat bread", after which the Egyptians conceded that the Phrygian nation was older than theirs. The word bekos is also attested several times in Palaeo-Phrygian inscriptions on funerary stelae. Many modern scholars suggest that it is cognate to English bake (PIE *bheHg-). [3]
Acccording to Clement of Alexandria, the Phrygian word bedu (βέδυ) meaning "water" (PIE *wed) appeared in Orphic ritual. Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most Orphism (more rarely Orphicism) is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices in the ancient Greek and Thracian world associated with literature [4] In the same source (quoting one Neanthus of Cyzicus), the Macedonians are said to have worshipped a god called Bedu, which they interpreted as "air". Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most
Other Phrygian words include:
- anar, 'husband', from PIE *ner- 'man';
-
- cf. Gk: anēr (ἀνήρ) "man, husband", Alb: njeri "man, person", Kur: nēr (nêr) "male". Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds.
- attagos, 'goat';
-
- cf. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Arm: tik "leather skin", Ger: Ziege "she-goat", Alb: dhi "she-goat", Wakhi tiγ "goat call", Ishkashmi dec "goatskin bag". Wakhi is an Indo-Iranian language in the sub-branch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages) The Pamir languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken by Pamiri people in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and
- Bagaios, "Zeus", from PIE *bheh2gos "apportioner";
-
- cf. Avestan baga "good fortune, share", Skt bhága "the apportioner", Toch A pāk "share, part", Toch B pāke "share, part".
- balaios, 'large, fast', from PIE *bel- 'strong';
- bedu 'water' from PIE *wed Gk: hudor , P-Slav: voda
- bekos 'bread' suggested that it is cognate to English bake, from PIE *bheh3g
- belte, 'swamp', from PIE *bhel-, 'to gleam';
-
- cognate to Gk: baltos (βάλτος) "swamp", Alb: baltë (silt, mud), Rom: baltă, Bulg: blato (Old Bulg: balta) "swamp", Lith: baltas "white", Rus: bledny and Bulg bleden "pale". Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group
- brater, 'brother', from PIE *bhrater-, 'brother';
-
- cognate to Gk: phrātēr (φρατήρ) "clansman, kin", Per: bratar, 'brother',Rus and Bulg: brat "brother", Kur: bra/bradar (bbra/brader) "brother". Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds.
- daket, 'does, causes', PIE *dhe-k-, 'to set, put';
- germe, 'warm', PIE *gwher-, 'warm';
-
- cognate to Gk: thermos (θερμός) "warm", Kur: germ "warm" , Per: garm "warm", Arm: ĵerm "warm", Alb: zjarm "warm". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds.
- kakon, 'harm, ill', PIE *kaka-, 'harm';
-
- cf. Gk: kakós (κακός) "bad", Alb: keq "bad, evil", Lith: keñti "to be evil".
- knoumane, 'grave', maybe from PIE *knu-, 'to scratch';
-
- cognate to Gk: knaō (κνάω) "to scratch", OHG: hnuo "notch, groove", nuoen "to smooth out with a scraper", Lith: knisti "to dig".
- manka, 'stela'. A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela
- mater, 'mother', from PIE *mater-, 'mother';
- meka, 'great', from PIE *meg-, 'great';
- zamelon, 'slave', PIE *dhghom-, 'earth';
-
- Gk: chamēlos (χαμηλός) "adj. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. on the ground, low", Srb/Cro: zèmlja and Bulg: zèmya/zèmlishte "earth/land", Lat: humilis "low". Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group
References
- ^ Peter Charanis, "Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13:23 (1959) at JSTOR
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Orient - Phrygia
- ^ The etymology is defended in O. Peter Charanis ( 1908 - 23 March 1985) was a well-known scholar of Byzantium and the Voorhees Professor of History at Rutgers University Panagl & B. Kowal, "Zur etymologischen Darstellung von Restsprachen", in: A. Bammesberger (ed. ), Das etymologische Wörterbuch, Regensburg 1983, 186-7. It is contested in Benjamin W. Fortson, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1405103167. p. 409.
- ^ Clement, Stromata 5. 8. 46-47
See also
- Paleo Balkan languages
- Ancient Macedonian language
- Thracian language
- Greek language
- Armenian language
- Alphabets of Asia Minor
External links
- Corpus of Phrygian inscriptions
- Lubotsky's Phrygian Etymological Database (incomplete)
- Phrygian language-Britannica. The Paleo-Balkan languages were the Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans in Ancient times. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Various Alphabetic writing systems were in use in Iron Age Anatolia to record Anatolian dialects and the Phrygian language. com
- Translation of Phrygian scripts-maravot. com/
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