Assault landing One of the first waves at Omaha Beach as photographed by Robert F. Sargent. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Professional journalism is a form of news reporting which developed in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century along with formal schools of journalism News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth Reportage sometimes refers to the total body of media coverage of a particular topic or event including news reporting and analysis " the extensive reportage of recent News style (also journalistic style or news writing) is the particular Prose style used for News reporting (ie Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of Ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by professional Journalists Historically Objectivity is a significant principle of Journalistic professionalism. News values, sometimes called "news criteria" determine how much prominence a news story is given by a media outlet and the attention it is given by the audience In Journalism, a source is a person publication or other record or document that gives information Editorial independence is the freedom of editors to make decisions without interference from the owners of a publication A journalism school is a School or department usually part of an established University, where Journalists are trained List of Journalism topics This page aims to list all topics related to the field of Journalism. Arts journalism is a branch of Journalism concerned with the reporting and discussion of the arts Business journalism is the branch of journalism that tracks records analyses and interprets the economic changes that take place in a society Entertainment journalism is an umbrella term used to describe all forms of Journalism that focus on the Entertainment business and its products Environmental journalism is the collection verification production distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events trends issues and people that are associated Fashion journalism is an umbrella term used to describe all aspects of published Fashion media Political journalism is a broad branch of Journalism that includes coverage of all aspects of Politics and Political science, although the term usually Science journalism is a relatively new branch of Journalism, which uses the art of Reporting to convey information about Science topics to a public forum Sports journalism is a form of Journalism that reports on Sports topics and events While the sports department within some Newspapers has been Tech journalism is a relatively new branch of Journalism, which uses the art of Reporting to convey information about Tech topics to a public forum Trade journalism reports on the movements and developments of the Business world by way of articles or analysis A traffic report is an element of a Radio program or TV news broadcast that informs listeners about general traffic conditions Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location Advocacy journalism is a Genre of Journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non-objective viewpoint usually for some social Citizen journalism, also known as public or participatory journalism or democratic journalism, is the act of citizens "playing an active role in the The civic journalism movement (also known as public journalism is according to professor David K Community journalism is locally oriented coverage that typically focuses on city neighborhoods or individual suburbs rather than metropolitan state national or world news "Gonzo" redirects here For other uses see Gonzo (disambiguation Gonzo journalism is a style of Journalism which is written Investigative journalism is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest often involving crime Political corruption, or some other Scandal Docufiction (often understood as Docudrama) is a Neologism which refers to a cinematographic work in a Genre mixing Fiction and Narrative journalism is the interpretation of a story and the way in which the journalist portrays it be it fictional or non-fictional New Journalism was a style of 1960s and 1970s News writing and Journalism which used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time Opinion journalism is Journalism that makes no claim of objectivity. Visual journalism is the practice of strategically combining words and images to convey information Watchdog journalism refers to forms of Activist journalism aimed at holding accountable public personalities and institutions whose functions impact social and political life The term Fourth Estate refers to the press, both in its explicit capacity of advocacy and in its implicit ability to frame political issues Fifth Estate is any class or group in society other than the Clergy ( First Estate) the Nobility ( Second Estate) the Commoners ( Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press Infotainment (a Portmanteau of information and entertainment refers to a general type of media broadcast program which provides a combination of current Media bias in the United States News propaganda is Covert Propaganda packaged as credible News without transparency as to source and motivation Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Yellow journalism is Journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally News agency (alternative A news agency is an organization of Journalists established to supply News reports to organizations in the News trade Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are "broadcast" that is published by electrical methods instead of the older methods such as printed newspapers Online journalism is defined as the Reporting of facts produced and distributed via the Internet. Alternative media are media (newspapers radio television movies Internet etc Video blogging, sometimes shortened to vlogging is a form of Blogging for which the medium is Video. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. Editing Language, Images or Sound through correction condensation organization and other modifications in various media A columnist is a Journalist who writes material on a regular basis for publication in a series A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Robert F Sargent was a Chief Photographer's Mate in the United States Coast Guard.

Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, and in some cases to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by the qualities of:

• Timeliness — the images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Documentary photography usually refers to a type of Professional Photojournalism, but it may also be an Amateur or student pursuit Street photography is a type of Documentary photography that features subjects in candid situations within public places such as Streets Parks Celebrity photography is a subset of Photojournalism. Its subject matter is the lives of Celebrities in the arts sports and sometimes politics

• Objectivity — the situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone.

• Narrative — the images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level.

Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles (physical danger, weather, crowds). A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos.

History

Foundations

The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred between 1880 and 1897. While newsworthy events were photographed as early as the 1850s, printing presses could only publish from engravings until the 1880s. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Early news photographs required that photos be re-interpreted by an engraver before they could be published.

The first photojournalist was Carol Szathmari who did pictures in the Crimean War(1853 to 1856). The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year His albums were sent to European royals houses^{Reference required}. Just a few of his photography survived. The next ones were British press reporters,in the same war. William Simpson of the Illustrated London News and Roger Fenton were published as engravings. William Simpson (b Glasgow 1823 &ndash d 1899 was a British Artist and War correspondent. The Illustrated London News was a Magazine founded by Herbert Ingram and his friend Mark Lemon, the editor of Punch Roger Fenton ( March 20, 1819 - August 8, 1869) was a pioneering British photographer, one of the first war photographers Similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harper's Weekly. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" Harper's Weekly ( A Journal of Civilization) was an American political Magazine based in New York City. Because the public craved more realistic representations of news stories, it was common for newsworthy photographs to be exhibited in galleries or to be copied photographically in limited numbers.

On March 4, 1880, The Daily Graphic (New York) ^[1] published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Daily Graphic An Illustrated Evening Newspaper was the first American newspaper with daily illustrations Halftone is the Reprographic technique that simulates Continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size Further innovations followed. In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling journalists such as Jacob Riis to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark work How the Other Half Lives^[2]. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Flash powder is a Pyrotechnic composition, a mixture of Oxidizer and metallic Fuel which burns quickly and if confined will produce a loud report Jacob August Riis (May 3 1849 - May 26 1914 a Danish -American Muckraker Journalist, Photographer, and social reformer was born in How the Other Half Lives Studies Among the Tenements of New York (1890 was a pioneering work of Photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting the squalid By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[3]

Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational newspaper and magazine stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 (see Yellow Journalism) were illustrated with engravings. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Yellow journalism is Journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers In 1921, the wirephoto made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Wirephoto or telephotography is the sending of Pictures by Telegraph or Telephone. However, it was not until development of the commercial 35mm Leica camera in 1925, and the first flash bulbs between 1927 and 1930 that all the elements were in place for a "golden age" of photojournalism. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Leica Camera AG is a leading German optical company that has been designing and developing Cameras since 1913 and manufacturing them in series production since Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A flash is a device used in Photography that produces an instantaneous flash of artificial Light Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Golden age

In the "golden age" of photojournalism (1930s–1950s), some magazines (Picture Post (London), Paris Match (Paris), Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (Berlin), Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (Berlin), Life (USA), Sports Illustrated (USA)) and newspapers (The Daily Mirror (London), The New York Daily News (New York)) built their huge readerships and reputations largely on their use of photography, and photographers such as Robert Capa, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White and W. Eugene Smith became well-known names. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Picture Post was a prominent photojournalistic magazine published in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1957. Paris match (band is also a Japanese musical group Paris Match is a French weekly Magazine. for other papers of similar title see Arbeiter-Zeitung Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung or AIZ (in English The Workers Pictorial Sports Illustrated is an American Sports Magazine owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 Robert Capa ( Budapest, October 22 1913 &ndash May 25 1954) was a 20th century combat Photographer who covered five different Alfred Eisenstaedt ( December 6 1898 &ndash August 24 1995) was a German American photographer and Photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White (ˌbɜrkˈʍaɪt June 14, 1904 &ndash August 27, 1971) was an American photographer and William Eugene Smith (1918-1978 was an American photojournalist known for his refusal to compromise professional standards and his brutally vivid World War II

Henri Cartier-Bresson is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism, although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as Erich Salomon, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s

In Migrant Mother Dorothea Lange produced the seminal image of the Great Depression. Henri Cartier-Bresson ( August 22, 1908 &ndash August 3 2004) was a French Erich Salomon ( April 28, 1886 &ndash July 7, 1944) was a German-born news Photographer known for his pictures in the diplomatic and Dorothea Lange ( May 25 1895 &ndash October 11 1965) was an influential American documentary Photographer The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression.

Soldier Tony Vaccaro is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of World War II. Tony Vaccaro (b December 20, 1922) also known as Michael A Vaccaro, is an American photographer who is best known for his photos taken in World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including His images taken with the modest Argus C3 captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's soldier being shot. The Argus C3 was a low-priced Rangefinder camera mass-produced from 1939 to 1966 by Argus in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Capa himself was on Omaha beach on D-Day and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944.

Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century “letterpress” technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality “newsprint” paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The Wall Street Journal adopted stippled hedcuts in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Stippling is the technique of using small dots to simulate varying degrees of solidity or shading Hedcut is a style of Drawing, primarily of people pioneered and used by The Wall Street Journal. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Not until the 1980s had a majority of newspapers switched to “offset” presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper.

By contrast Life, one of America’s most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. Life often published a United Press International (UPI) or Associated Press (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio

In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. Life became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today’s photo books celebrate “photojournalism” as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers.

The Best of Life (1973), for example, opens with a two-page (1960) group shot of 39 justly famous Life photographers. But 300 pages later, photo credits reveal that scores of the photos among Life’s “best” were taken by anonymous UPI and AP photographers.

Thus even during the golden age, because of printing limitations and the UPI and AP syndication systems, many newspaper photographers labored in relative obscurity.

Farm Security Administration

From 1935 to 1942, the Farm Security Administration and its predecessor the Resettlement Administration were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, and were designed to address agricultural problems and rural poverty associated with the Great Depression. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Initially created as the Resettlement Administration in 1935 as part of the New Deal, the Farm Security Administration was an effort during the Depression to The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D A special photographic section of the agency, headed by Roy Stryker, was intended merely to provide public relations for its programs, but instead produced what some consider one of the greatest collections^[4] of documentary photographs ever created in the U. Roy Emerson Stryker ( November 5, 1893 - September 27, 1975) was an American economist government official and photographer Documentary photography usually refers to a type of Professional Photojournalism, but it may also be an Amateur or student pursuit S. Whether this effort can be called "photojournalism" is debatable, since the FSA photographers had more time and resources to create their work than most photojournalists usually have.

Acceptance by the art world

Since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Documentary photography usually refers to a type of Professional Photojournalism, but it may also be an Amateur or student pursuit Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist Luc Delahaye, VII Photo Agency and Chien-Chi Chang are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries. Luc Delahaye (born 1962 is a French photographer known for his large-scale color works depicting conflicts world events or social issues The VII Photo Agency, is an international photographic cooperative with offices located in New York Paris and Los Angeles Chien-Chi Chang (張乾琦 (born 1961 is a Taiwanese Photographer and member of the Magnum Photos agency

Professional organizations

The Danish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in Denmark by six press photographers in Copenhagen. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city ^[5] Today it has over 800 members.

The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U. NPPA is the acronym for the National Press Photographers Association founded in 1947. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. , and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway). ^[6]

News organisations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year^[7]

Ethical and legal considerations

Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to shoot, how to frame and how to edit are constant considerations.

Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used.

The emergence of digital photography offers whole new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved.

The U. S. National Press Photographers Association, and other professional organizations, maintain codes of ethics to specify approaches to these issues. ^[8]

Major ethical issues are often inscribed with more or less success into law. Laws regarding photography can vary significantly from nation to nation. The legal situation is further complicated when one considers that photojournalism made in one country will often be published in many other countries.

The impact of new technologies

Smaller, lighter cameras greatly enhanced the role of the photojournalist. Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length, as thousands of images can be stored on a single microdrive or memory card. Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. The Microdrive is a Brand name for a miniature 1-inch Hard disk designed to fit in a CompactFlash (CF Type II slot A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital

Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. As recently as 15 years ago, nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. Video phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth. A videophone, also known by the trademarked name Picturephone, is a Telephone which is capable of both audio and Video Duplex transmission This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite.

There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses. There is also concern that fewer print publications are commissioning serious photojournalism on timely issues.

See also

• List of photojournalists
• Magnum Photos
• VII Photo Agency
• The Associated Press

References

Further reading

• Kenneth Kobre, Photojournalism : The Professional's Approach 6th edition Focal Press, 2008.
• [1], Carol Szathmari
• Don McCullin. Donald McCullin FRPS CBE (b October 9, 1935, London, England) is an internationally-regarded British photojournalist Hearts of Darkness (1980 - much reprinted).
• Zavoina, Susan C. , and John H. Davidson, Digital Photojournalism (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). ISBN 0-205-33240-4
• The Photograph, Graham Clarke, ISBN 0-19-284200-5

External links

• La Bruja, Cuba - an example of photojournalism
• An example of ethics guidelines for photo-journalism by DigitalCustom
• Independent photojournalism watchdog organization
• Photojournalism. Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-06-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.