Photography (IPA: [fә'tɒgrәfi] or IPA: [fә'tɑːgrәfi]^[1]) is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects expose a sensitive silver halide based chemical or electronic medium during a timed exposure, usually through a photographic lens in a device known as a camera that also stores the resulting information chemically or electronically. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between Silver and one of the Halogens &mdash Silver bromide (AgBr chloride In Photography, exposure is the total amount of Light allowed to fall on the photographic medium ( Photographic film or Image sensor) during the A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. Photography has many uses for both business and pleasure. It is often the basis of advertising and in fashion print. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Photography can also be viewed as a commercial and artistic endeavor.

Lens and mounting of a large-format camera

A handheld digital camera.

A modern DSLR camera, the Canon EOS 40D

The word "photography" comes from the French photographie which is based on the Greek φώς (phos) "light" + γραφίς (graphis) "stylus", "paintbrush" or γραφή (graphê) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light. A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism The Canon EOS 40D is a 101- Megapixel semi-professional Digital single-lens reflex camera. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly " Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph, commonly shortened to photo. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic

Photographic cameras

The camera or camera obscura is the image-forming device, and photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the sensing medium. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital electronic or magnetic memory.

Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film) to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. A latent image on Photographic film is an invisible image produced by the exposure of the film to Light. Modern digital cameras replace film with an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) (pronounced "see-moss" siːmɔːs ˈsiːmɒs is a major class of Integrated circuits CMOS technology The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film.

The controls usually include but are not limited to the following:

• Focus of the lens
• Aperture of the lens – adjustment of the iris, measured as f-number, which controls the amount of light entering the lens. In Optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening ( Aperture) at its centre Aperture also has an effect on focus and depth of field, namely, the smaller the opening [aperture], the less light but the greater the depth of field--that is, the greater the range within which objects appear to be sharply focused. In Optics, particularly as it relates to Film and Photography, the depth of field (DOF is the portion of a scene that appears sharp in the image
• Shutter speed – adjustment of the speed (often expressed either as fractions of seconds or as an angle, with mechanical shutters) of the shutter to control the amount of time during which the imaging medium is exposed to light for each exposure. In Photography, shutter speed is the length of time a shutter is Shutter speed may be used to control the amount of light striking the image plane; 'faster' shutter speeds (that is, those of shorter duration) decrease both the amount of light and the amount of image blurring from subject motion or camera motion.
• White balance – on digital cameras, electronic compensation for the color temperature associated with a given set of lighting conditions, ensuring that white light is registered as such on the imaging chip and therefore that the colors in the frame will appear natural. In Photography and Image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red green and blue Primary colors Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields On mechanical, film-based cameras, this function is served by the operator's choice of film stock. This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. In addition to using white balance to register natural coloration of the image, photographers may employ white balance to aesthetic end, for example white balancing to a blue object in order to obtain a warm color temperature. Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields
• Metering – measurement of exposure at a midtone so that highlights and shadows are exposed according to the photographer's wishes. Many modern cameras feature this ability, though it is traditionally accomplished with the use of a separate light metering device. A light meter is a device used to measure the amount of Light.
• ISO speed – traditionally used to set the film speed of the selected film on film cameras, ISO speeds are employed on modern digital cameras as an indication of the system's gain from light to numerical output and to control the automatic exposure system. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to Light. In Electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a circuit (often an Amplifier) to increase the power or Amplitude of a A correct combination of ISO speed, aperture, and shutter speed leads to an image that is neither too dark nor too light.
• Auto-focus point – on some cameras, the selection of a point in the imaging frame upon which the auto-focus system will attempt to focus. Many Single-lens reflex cameras (SLR) feature multiple auto-focus points in the viewfinder. The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging

Many other elements of the imaging device itself may have a pronounced effect on the quality and/or aesthetic effect of a given photograph; among them are:

• Focal length and type of lens (telephoto or "long" lens, macro, wide angle, fisheye, or zoom)
• Filters or scrims placed between the subject and the light recording material, either in front of or behind the lens
• Inherent sensitivity of the medium to light intensity and color/wavelengths. Macro photography is close-up Photography; the classical definition is that the Image projected on the "film plane" (i In Photography, a fisheye lens is a Wide-angle lens that takes in an extremely wide hemispherical image A zoom lens is a mechanical assembly of lens elements with the ability to vary its Focal length (and thus Angle of view) as opposed to a fixed focal
• The nature of the light recording material, for example its resolution as measured in pixels or grains of silver halide. A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between Silver and one of the Halogens &mdash Silver bromide (AgBr chloride

Controlling the photographic exposure and rendering

Camera controls are inter-related. The total amount of light reaching the film plane (the "exposure") changes with the duration of exposure, aperture of the lens, and focal length of the lens (which changes as the lens is zoomed). Changing any of these controls alters the exposure. Many cameras may be set to adjust most or all of these controls automatically. This automatic functionality is useful in many situations, and in most situations to occasional photographers.

The duration of an exposure is referred to as shutter speed, often even in cameras that don't have a physical shutter, and is typically measured in fractions of a second. Aperture is expressed by an f-number or f-stop (derived from focal ratio), which is proportional to the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of the aperture. If the f-number is decreased by a factor of , the aperture diameter is increased by the same factor, and its area is increased by a factor of 2. The f-stops that might be found on a typical lens include 2. 8, 4, 5. 6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, where going up "one stop" (using lower f-stop numbers) doubles the amount of light reaching the film, and stopping down one stop halves the amount of light.

Exposures can be achieved through various combinations of shutter speed and aperture. For example, f/8 at 8 ms (=1/125th of a second) and f/5. 6 at 4 ms (=1/250th of a second) yield the same amount of light. The chosen combination has an impact on the final result. In addition to the subject or camera movement that might vary depending on the shutter speed, the aperture (and focal length of the lens) determine the depth of field, which refers to the range of distances from the lens that will be in focus. For example, using a long lens and a large aperture (f/2. 8, for example), a subject's eyes might be in sharp focus, but not the tip of the nose. With a smaller aperture (f/22), or a shorter lens, both the subject's eyes and nose can be in focus. With very small apertures, such as pinholes, a wide range of distance can be brought into focus. A' pinhole camera' is a very simple Camera with no lens and a single very small Aperture.

Image capture is only part of the image forming process. Regardless of material, some process must be employed to render the latent image captured by the camera into the final photographic work. This process consists of two steps, development, and printing.

During the printing process, modifications can be made to the print by several controls. Many of these controls are similar to controls during image capture, while some are exclusive to the printing process. Most controls have equivalent digital concepts, but some create different effects. For example, dodging and burning controls are different between digital and film processes. Dodging and burning are terms used in Photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s on a Photographic Other printing modifications include:

• Chemicals and process used during film development
• Duration of exposure — equivalent to shutter speed
• Printing aperture — equivalent to aperture, but has no effect on depth of field
• Contrast
• Dodging — reduces exposure of certain print areas, resulting in lighter areas
• Burning — increases exposure of certain areas, resulting in darker areas
• Paper quality — glossy, matte, etc
• Paper size

Uses of photography

Photography gained the interest of many scientists and artists from its inception. In Photography, shutter speed is the length of time a shutter is Contrast is the difference in visual properties that makes an object (or its representation in an image distinguishable from other objects and the background Dodging and burning are terms used in Photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s on a Photographic Dodging and burning are terms used in Photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s on a Photographic Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers List of optical topics Gloss is an Optical property which is based on the interaction of light with physical characteristics of a surface There have been many standard sizes of Paper at different times and in different countries but today there are two widespread systems in use the international standard (A4 Scientists have used photography to record and study movements, such as Eadweard Muybridge's study of human and animal locomotion in 1887. Eadweard J Muybridge ( April 9, 1830 &ndash May 8, 1904) was an English photographer, known primarily for his early use Artists are equally interested by these aspects but also try to explore avenues other than the photo-mechanical representation of reality, such as the pictorialist movement. Pictorialism was a photographic movement in vogue from around 1885 following the widespread introduction of the dry-plate process Military, police, and security forces use photography for surveillance, recognition and data storage. Photography is used to preserve memories of favorite times, to capture special moments, to tell stories, to send messages, and as a source of entertainment.

Commercial advertising relies heavily on photography and has contributed greatly to its development.

History of photography

Main article: History of photography

Nicéphore Niépce's earliest surviving photograph, c. Modern photography began in the 1820s with the first permanent Photographs Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries 1826. This image required an eight-hour exposure, which resulted in sunlight being visible on both sides of the buildings.

Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries. Long before the first photographs were made, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera,^[2] Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment A' pinhole camera' is a very simple Camera with no lens and a single very small Aperture. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography. Tiphaigne de la Roche, Charles-François, ( Montebourg, Cotentin, February 19, 1722 &ndash August 11, 1774)

Photography as a usable process goes back to the 1820s with the development of chemical photography. The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of However, the picture took eight hours to expose, so he went about trying to find a new process. In Photography, exposure is the total amount of Light allowed to fall on the photographic medium ( Photographic film or Image sensor) during the Working in conjunction with Louis Daguerre, they experimented with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz ( 12 May 1687 &ndash 10 October 1744) was a German professor and Polymath Niépce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work, eventually culminating with the development of the daguerreotype in 1837. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Eventually, France agreed to pay Daguerre a pension for his formula, in exchange for his promise to announce his discovery to the world as the gift of France, which he did in 1839.

Meanwhile, Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process in 1832, naming it Photographie, and William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (1804– March 27, 1879) was a French-Brazilian painter and Inventor, known as the isolate inventor of Photography William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877 was the inventor of the negative / positive photographic process the precursor to most photographic processes of After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot refined his process so that it might be fast enough to take photographs of people. By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process, which creates negative images. Calotype or talbotype is an early Photographic process introduced in 1841 by Henry Fox Talbot, using Paper coated with Silver iodide In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related John Herschel made many contributions to the new methods. Sir John Frederick William Herschel 1st Baronet KH, FRS ( March 7, 1792 &ndash May 11, 1871)was an He invented the cyanotype process, now familiar as the "blueprint". Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He discovered sodium thiosulphate solution to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery in 1839 that it could be used to "fix" pictures and make them permanent. He made the first glass negative in late 1839.

In March of 1851, Frederick Scott Archer published his findings in "The Chemist" on the wet plate collodion process. For people named Fred Archer (including the unrelated 20th-century photographer see Fred Archer. Collodion is a solution of Nitrocellulose in ether or Acetone, sometimes with the addition of Alcohols Its generic name is pyroxylin solution This became the most widely used process between 1852 and the late 1880s when the dry plate was introduced. There are three subsets to the Collodion process; the Ambrotype (positive image on glass), the Ferrotype or Tintype (positive image on metal) and the negative which was printed on Albumen or Salt paper. The ambrotype process (from Greek ambrotos, "immortal" or amphitype is a photographic process that creates a positive photographic Tintype, also melainotype and ferrotype, is a Photographic process first described by Adolphe-Alexandre Martin in France in 1853 and patented Albumen redirects here For other uses see Albumen (disambiguation.

Many advances in photographic glass plates and printing were made in through the nineteenth century. In 1884, George Eastman developed the technology of film to replace photographic plates, leading to the technology used by film cameras today. George Eastman ( July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented Roll film, helping to This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Photographic plates preceded Photographic film as a mean of photography

Photography types

(wratten #25) to enhance or diminish the rendering of certain light wavelengths. Wratten numbers are a labeling system for Optical filters usually for photographic use.

Black-and-white photography

All photography was originally monochrome, or black-and-white. Black-and-white is a number of Monochrome forms in Visual arts. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look. It is important to note that some monochromatic pictures are not always pure blacks and whites, but also contain other hues depending on the process. The Cyanotype process produces an image of blue and white for example.

Many photographers continue to produce some monochrome images. Some full color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black and whites, and some cameras have even been produced to exclusively shoot monochrome. (See also Monochrome Photography). Monochrome photography implies the act of recording light in a single color or Wavelength.

Color photography

Main article: Color photography

Color photography was explored beginning in the mid 1800s. "Color film" redirects here For the motion picture equivalent see Color motion picture film. "Color film" redirects here For the motion picture equivalent see Color motion picture film. Early experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist.

Early color photograph taken by Prokudin-Gorskii (1915)

One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky ( August 31, 1863, Murom  &ndash September 27, 1944, Paris) was a Russian Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. In Photography, a filter is a Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a darkroom or processing plant. A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. A darkroom is a workspace usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle made dark to allow Photographers to use Light -sensitive materials to develop film Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii developed another technique, with three color plates taken in quick succession. Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky ( August 31, 1863, Murom  &ndash September 27, 1944, Paris) was a Russian

Practical application of the technique was held back by the very limited color response of early film; however, in the early 1900s, following the work of photo-chemists such as H. W. Vogel, emulsions with adequate sensitivity to green and red light at last became available.

The first color plate, Autochrome, invented by the French Lumière brothers, reached the market in 1907. The Autochrome Lumière is an early Color photography process It was based on a 'screen-plate' filter made of dyed dots of potato starch, and was the only color film on the market until German Agfa introduced the similar Agfacolor in 1932. Agfacolor is a series of color photographic products produced by Agfa of Germany In 1935, American Kodak introduced the first modern ('integrated tri-pack') color film, Kodachrome, based on three colored emulsions. Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment Kodachrome is the trademarked name of a brand of color reversal film sold by Eastman Kodak. This was followed in 1936 by Agfa's Agfacolor Neue. Agfacolor is a series of color photographic products produced by Agfa of Germany Unlike the Kodachrome tri-pack process, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neue were integral with the emulsion layers, which greatly simplified the film processing. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on the Agfacolor Neue technology. Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Instant film is a Photographic film that is designed to be used in an Instant camera (and with accessory hardware with many professional film cameras Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H Land. It is most famous for its Instant film Cameras which reached the market in 1948 and

Color photography may form images as a positive transparency, intended for use in a slide projector or as color negatives, intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photoprinting equipment.

Digital photography

Main article: Digital photography

See also: Digital versus film photography

Nikon dSLR and scanner, which converts film images to digital

Traditional photography burdened photographers working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities, and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed. Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects Digital versus film photography is a topic sometimes debated by photographers ( also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo Japan specializing in Optics A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism A film scanner is a device made for Scanning Photographic film directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking This is a list of notable Photographers who already have articles Photo journalists at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Mavica was a brand of Sony Cameras which used removable disks as the main recording media While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. In 1990, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. The Kodak Professional Digital Camera System (unofficially named the DCS 100 was the first DSLR camera Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born. Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects

Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal The primary difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications.

Digital point-and-shoot cameras have become widespread consumer products, outselling film cameras, and including new features such as video and audio recording. A point-and-shoot camera, also called a compact camera, is a Still camera designed primarily for simple operation Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Digital audio uses Digital signals for Sound reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, storage Kodak announced in January 2004 that it would no longer sell reloadable 35 mm cameras in western Europe, Canada and the United States after the end of that year. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Kodak was at that time a minor player in the reloadable film cameras market. In January 2006, Nikon followed suit and announced that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras: the low-end Nikon FM10, and the high-end Nikon F6. ( also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo Japan specializing in Optics The Nikon F6 is a 35 mm film -based Single-lens reflex camera body that became commercially available in 2004 and is the sixth top-of-the-line professional film On May 25, 2006, Canon announced they will stop developing new film SLR cameras. is a Japanese Multinational corporation that specializes in imaging and optical products including Cameras photocopiers and Computer printers ^[3]

According to a survey made by Kodak in 2007, 75 percent of professional photographers say they will continue to use film, even though some embrace digital. ^[4]

According to the U. S. survey results, more than two-thirds (68 percent) of professional photographers prefer the results of film to those of digital for certain applications including:

• film’s superiority in capturing more information on medium and large format films (48 percent);
• creating a traditional photographic look (48 percent);
• capturing shadow and highlighting details (45 percent);
• the wide exposure latitude of film (42 percent); and
• archival storage (38 percent)

Because photography is popularly synonymous with truth ("The camera doesn't lie. "), digital imaging has raised many ethical concerns. Many photojournalists have declared they will not crop their pictures, or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make "illustrations," passing them as real photographs. Many courts will not accept digital images as evidence because of their inherently manipulative nature. Today's technology has made picture editing relatively simple for even the novice photographer.

Photography styles

Commercial photography

Manual shutter control and exposure settings can achieve unusual results

Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography to which money exchanges hands. In Photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of exposing Photographic film or a light-sensitive In Photography, exposure is the total amount of Light allowed to fall on the photographic medium ( Photographic film or Image sensor) during the In this light money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. Wholesale, retail, and professional uses of photography would fall under this definition. The commercial photographic world could include:

• Advertising photography: photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images are generally done with an advertising agency, design firm or with an in-house corporate design team. An advertising agency or ad agency is a service Business dedicated to creating planning and handling Advertising (and sometimes other forms of promotion
• Fashion and glamour photography: This type of photography usually incorporates models. Fashion photography emphasizes the clothes or product, glamour emphasizes the model. Fashion photography is a genre of Photography devoted to displaying Clothing and other Fashion items Glamour photography is popular in advertising and in men's magazines. Models in glamour photography may be nude, but this is not always the case. Glamour photography is the photographing of a model with the emphasis on the subject
• Crime Scene Photography: This type of photography consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an infrared camera may be used to capture specific details.
• Still life photography usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life photography is the depiction of inanimate subject matter most typically a small grouping of objects that are either human-made or "natural
• Food photography can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is a Still life specialization of commercial photography Food photography is similar to still life photography, but requires some special skills.
• Editorial photography: photographs made to illustrate a story or idea within the context of a magazine. These are usually assigned by the magazine.
• Photojournalism: this can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.
• Portrait and wedding photography: photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images. Portrait photography (also known as portraiture) is the capture by means of Photography of the likeness of a person or a small group of people in which Wedding photography is a major commercial endeavor that supports the bulk of the efforts for many photography studios or independent photographers
• Fine art photography: photographs made to fulfill a vision, and reproduced to be sold directly to the customer. Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist
• Landscape photography: photographs of different locations made to be sold to tourists as postcards
• Conceptual photography: Photography that turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Conceptual photography is a Photography genre in which the artists makes a Photograph of a Concept or Idea. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.
• Wildlife photography that demonstrates life of the animals. Nature photography refers to a wide range of Photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as Landscapes Wildlife,
• Pornography: explicit depiction of sexual subject matter, especially with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer using a variety of media including photography. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer See History of erotic photography. Erotic photography is a style of Art photography of an Erotic, sexually suggestive and even sexually provocative nature
• Photo sharing: publishing or transfer of a user's digital photos online. Photo sharing is the publishing or transfer of a user's digital photos online thus enabling the user to share them with others (whether publicly or privately

The market for photographic services demonstrates the aphorism "one picture is worth a thousand words," which has an interesting basis in the history of photography. Magazines and newspapers, companies putting up Web sites, advertising agencies and other groups pay for photography.

Many people take photographs for self-fulfillment or for commercial purposes. Organizations with a budget and a need for photography have several options: they can employ a photographer directly, organize a public competition, or obtain rights to stock photographs. Stock photography consists of existing Photographs that can be licensed for specific uses Photo stock can be procured through traditional stock giants, such as Getty Images or Corbis; smaller microstock agencies, such as Fotolia; or web marketplaces, such as Cutcaster. Getty Images Inc ( is a stock photo agency, based in Seattle Washington, USA Corbis Corporation is a buyer/seller of high-quality photography and film footage and related rights based in Seattle Washington. Microstock photography, also known as micropayment photography, is an offshoot of traditional Stock photography. Fotolia is a Microstock photography agency that is based in New York, New York

Photography as an art form

Classic Alfred Stieglitz photograph, The Steerage shows unique aesthetic of black and white photos. Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable

During the twentieth century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist Documentary photography usually refers to a type of Professional Photojournalism, but it may also be an Amateur or student pursuit An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, and Edward Weston, spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable Edward Steichen (March 27 1879 – March 25 1973 was an American photographer, painter, and Art gallery and Museum curator born John Szarkowski ( December 18, 1925 &ndash July 7, 2007) was an influential Photographer, Curator, historian and critic Edward Henry Weston ( March 24 1886 &ndash January 1 1958) was an American photographer, and co-founder At first, fine art photographers tried to imitate painting styles. This movement is called Pictorialism, often using soft focus for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston, Ansel Adams, and others formed the f/64 Group to advocate 'straight photography', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else. Ansel Easton Adams (February 20 1902 – April 22 1984 was a legendary American Photographer and Environmentalist, best known for his Black-and-white

The aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of

Clive Bell in his classic essay Art states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art. Arthur Clive Heward Bell ( September 16, 1881 &ndash September 18, 1964) was an English Art critic, associated with the

On February 14th 2006 Sotheby’s London sold the 2001 photograph "99 Cent II Diptychon" for an unprecedented $3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder making it the most the most expensive of all time.

Technical photography

The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (eclipses for example) and small creatures when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in photomicroscopy). A micrograph, microphotograph or photomicrograph is a Photograph or similar image taken through a Microscope or similar device to show The camera also proved useful in recording crime scenes and the scenes of accidents, one of the first uses being at the scene of the Tay Rail Bridge disaster of 1879. A crime scene is a location where an illegal act took place and comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by trained law enforcement The Tay Bridge (sometimes unofficially the Tay Rail Bridge) is a Railway Bridge approximately two and a quarter miles (three and a half kilometres The set of accident photographs was used in the subsequent court of inquiry so that witnesses could identify pieces of the wreckage, and the technique is now commonplace in courts of law.

Other photographic image forming techniques

Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a photocopy or xerography machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic film, hence the term electrophotography. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Xerography (or electrophotography) is a Photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and Patented on October 6 Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. Xerography (or electrophotography) is a Photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and Patented on October 6 Photograms are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. A photogram is a photographic image made (without a Camera) by placing objects directly onto the surface of a photo-sensitive material such as photographic paper Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an image scanner to produce digital pictures. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at

References and additional reading

Cited references

General references

• Tom Ang (2002). Tom Ang is a photographer author traveller and academic A specialist in travel and digital photography he has photographed extensively in Central Asia Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer. Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0817437894.  
• Freeman Patterson, Photography and The Art of Seeing, 1989, Key Porter Books, ISBN 1-55013-099-4.
• The Oxford Companion to the Photograph, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005
• "Image Clarity - High Resolution Photography" by John B. Williams, Focal Press 1990, ISBN 0-240-80033-8

See also

External links

• World History of Photography From The History of Art. In Photography, angle of view describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a Camera. Color temperature is a characteristic of Visible light that has important applications in lighting photography videography publishing and other fields In Optics, particularly as it relates to Film and Photography, the depth of field (DOF is the portion of a scene that appears sharp in the image Depth of focus is a lens Optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane (the Film plane in a camera in relation to the lens Digital versus film photography is a topic sometimes debated by photographers In Photography, a multiple exposure is an exposure in which the sensitivity to light is reduced and then increased at least once during the total exposure time In Photography, exposure is the total amount of Light allowed to fall on the photographic medium ( Photographic film or Image sensor) during the A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on Photographic film, for either stills or movies Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to Light. In Photography and Cinematography, perspective distortion describes one of two phenomena – the appearance of a part of the subject as abnormally large relative Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing usually on chemically processed sensitized paper, from a previously prepared photographic negative This page list various photographic processes. Color Chromogenic positive ( Ektachrome) E-4 process A' pinhole camera' is a very simple Camera with no lens and a single very small Aperture. The red-eye effect in Photography is the common appearance of Red Pupils in color Photographs of Eyes It occurs when using a photographic The rule of thirds is a compositional Rule of thumb in Photography and other visual arts such as Painting and Design. Science of photography refers to the use of science such as Chemistry and Physics, in all aspects of photography In Photography, shutter speed is the length of time a shutter is The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Early Architectural Photographers: Roger Fenton Francis Frith (Middle East and UK pictures Samuel Bourne (India Candid photography is photography that focuses on spontaneity rather than technique on the immersion of a camera within events rather than focusing on setting up a staged situation or Cloudscape photography is Photography of Clouds or sky An early cloudscape photographer Belgian photographer Léonard Misonne (1870-1943 was noted Documentary photography usually refers to a type of Professional Photojournalism, but it may also be an Amateur or student pursuit Erotic photography is a style of Art photography of an Erotic, sexually suggestive and even sexually provocative nature Fashion photography is a genre of Photography devoted to displaying Clothing and other Fashion items Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist Fire photography is the act of taking photographs of Firefighting operations Forensic photography (sometimes referred to as forensic imaging or crime scene photography) is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a Crime scene Food photography is a Still life specialization of commercial photography Glamour photography is the photographing of a model with the emphasis on the subject A headshot is a photographic technique where the focus of the Photograph is a person's face For the art of designing external spaces see Landscape architecture. Macro photography is close-up Photography; the classical definition is that the Image projected on the "film plane" (i Miksang is a Tibetan word meaning "good eye" and represents a form of contemplative Photography based on the Dharma Art teachings of Chögyam Trungpa, in Nature photography refers to a wide range of Photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as Landscapes Wildlife, Nude photography is a style of Art photography which depicts the nude human body as a study Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell Portrait photography (also known as portraiture) is the capture by means of Photography of the likeness of a person or a small group of people in which Sports photography refers to the genre of Photography that covers all types of Sports In the majority of cases it is a branch of Photojournalism Still life photography is the depiction of inanimate subject matter most typically a small grouping of objects that are either human-made or "natural Stock photography consists of existing Photographs that can be licensed for specific uses Street photography is a type of Documentary photography that features subjects in candid situations within public places such as Streets Parks Travel photography is a subcategory of Photography involving the documentation of an area's landscape people cultures customs and history Trash the dress refers to Photographs that contrasts elegant clothing with an environment in which it is completely out of place Underwater photography is the process of taking Photographs while under water Vernacular photography refers to the creation of photographs by amateur or unknown photographers who take everyday life and common things as subjects VR photography, or Virtual reality Photography, is a technique which allows the interactive viewing of wide angle panoramic photographs. Wildlife photography is the act of taking photographs of Wildlife. Aerial photography is the taking of Photographs of the ground from an elevated position Astrophotography is a specialized type of Photography that entails making photographs of astronomical objects in the sky such as the Moon, Sun, Planets This article is about the photographic usage of the term "Bokeh" Contre-jour, French for 'against Daylight ' refers to Photographs taken when the Camera is pointing directly toward the source of light Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to xpro) is the procedure of deliberately processing Photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print Digiscoping is a method of obtaining photos using a Digital camera through a spotting scope Telescope or less often Binoculars. Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the The Harris Shutter is a bit of a Misnomer, being a technique rather than a piece of photographic equipment Kinetic photography ( Kinetic meaning “caused by motion”) is an Experimental photographic Technique in which the photographer uses movement Kite aerial photography (KAP is a Hobby and a type of Photography. In Photography, Filmography and other visual arts lead room, or sometimes nose room, is the space in front and in the direction of moving or stationary Light painting, also known as light drawing is a photographic technique in which exposures are made usually at night or in a darkened room by moving A lith print is a photographic printing process that uses standard Black-and-white, photographic paper with lithographic developer to produce a grainy print with dark Macro photography is close-up Photography; the classical definition is that the Image projected on the "film plane" (i Monochrome photography implies the act of recording light in a single color or Wavelength. Motion blur is the apparent streaking of rapidly moving objects in a still image or a sequence of images such as a movie or Animation. Night photography refers to Photographs taken outdoors between dusk and dawn Panoramic photography is a format of Photography that aims to create images with exceptionally wide fields of view, but has also come to refer to any photograph that A photogram is a photographic image made (without a Camera) by placing objects directly onto the surface of a photo-sensitive material such as photographic paper In the field of photographic imaging a photographic mosaic (also known under the term Photomosaic, a Portmanteau of photo and Mosaic, trademarked In Photography, toning is a photographic process carried out on silver-based ( Black-and-white) photographic prints to change their colour In Photography, push printing and push developing refer to a process where a picture is printed as if it were a Film speed higher than intended by Push processing is a term from Photography, referring to a development technique that increases the speed of the film being processed Rephotography is the act of repeat Photography of the same site with a time lag between the two images a "then and now" view of a particular area Rollout photography, a type of Peripheral photography, is a process used to create a two dimensional photographic image of a three dimensional object Sabattier effect redirects here For other uses of the terms Sabattier or Sabatier, see Sabatier (disambiguation. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual Sun Printing can be done through three processes most commonly it is a Photographic process in which the final print is produced by conventional lithographic printing processes Ultraviolet photography is a photographic process of recording Images by using Light from the Ultraviolet (UV Spectrum only Limits to focus in imaging Focus is relative to spatial depth Time-lapse photography is a Cinematography technique whereby each Film frame is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back Zoom burst is a photographic technique attainable with Zoom lenses with a manual zoom ring This is a list of notable Photographers who already have articles This is a list of the highest prices paid for photographs (in US dollars unless otherwise stated The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Timeline of Photography Technology 1826 - Nicéphore Niépce takes the first permanent Photograph, a landscape A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. In Color -related fields a color chart is a physical arrangement of standardized color samples used for color comparisons and measurements such as in checking the color reproduction Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism A Dry box is a container that is used to keep material dry Nitrogen Dry Box A Nitrogen dry box is a completely enclosed chamber and its designed to make This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. A film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the Photosensitive Emulsion that lies atop it A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on Photographic film, for either stills or movies A film holder is a device which holds one or more pieces of Photographic film for insertion into a Camera or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner A film scanner is a device made for Scanning Photographic film directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. In Photography, a filter is a Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path A flash is a device used in Photography that produces an instantaneous flash of artificial Light Gray cards are used together with reflective Light meters as a way to produce consistent images in film and photography This article is about photographic lenses for single-lens reflex '''film''' cameras (SLRs and '''digital''' single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs. For the creature from Naturalis Historia and The Chronicles of Narnia, see Monopod (creature. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a Rangefinder: a range-finding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. A Still camera is a type of Camera used to take Photographs Traditional cameras capture light onto Photographic film. Toy cameras are simple inexpensive film box Cameras made almost entirely out of Plastic, often including the lens. In Photography, a tripod is a three-legged stand for a Camera, used to stabilize and elevate the camera The view camera is a type of Camera first developed in the era of the Daguerreotype and still in use today though with many refinements A zone plate is a device used to focus light Unlike lenses however zone plates use Diffraction instead of Refraction. This list of photographic equipment makers lists companies that manufacture (or license manufacture from other companies equipment for Photography. The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment In the Visual arts — in particular Painting, Graphic design, Photography and Sculpture — composition is the placement or arrangement The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography The Diana camera is a simple low-quality plastic-bodied box Camera. Early photographers of York whose pre-1900 photos have been reproduced in a recent book include Fox Talbot Roger Fenton The gelatin-silver process is the photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers Gum printing is a way of making photographic reproductions without the use of Silver Halides The process used salts of Dichromate in common with a number Hand-colouring refers to any of a number of methods of manually adding colour to a Black-and-white Photograph or other image to heighten its realism Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the Kirlian photography refers to a form of Photogram made with a high Voltage. Lomography is the commercial Trademark of Lomographische AG Austria for products and services related to Photography. Post-mortem photography (also known as memorial portraiture or memento mori) is the practice of photographing the recently deceased The North American Nature Photography Association or NANPA is an organization dedicated to Photography of nature A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Print permanence refers to the longevity of printed material especially Photographs, and preservation issues In Photography and Optics, vignetting is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation at the Periphery compared to the image center
• Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
• Judging the authenticity of Photographs: 1800s to Today Guide for collectors and historians
• Rarities of the USSR photochronicles Pioneers of Soviet Photography.
• Aperture A not-for-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of photography.
• "Every Picture Has a Story" - uses pictures from the Smithsonian's collections to show the development of the technology through the nineteenth century.
• Shades of Light (Australian Photography 1839 - 1988) the online version of the original Shades of Light published 1998, Gael Newton, National Gallery of Australia.
• The Royal Photographic Society Promotes the art and science of photography in the U. K.
• PhotoQuotes.com Quotations from the world of photography.
• Lens Culture International contemporary photography archives, including audio interviews with photographers