View From the Window at Le Gras (1826), Nicéphore Niépce. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of Generally considered the first successful permanent photograph.

A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) (pronounced "see-moss" siːmɔːs ˈsiːmɒs is a major class of Integrated circuits CMOS technology Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with The process of creating photographs is called photography. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing The word "photograph" coined 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φώς (phos), "light" + γραφίς (graphis), "stylus", "paintbrush" or γραφή (graphê), "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". Sir John Frederick William Herschel 1st Baronet KH, FRS ( March 7, 1792 &ndash May 11, 1871)was an Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly ^[1]

History

Main article: History of photography

The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by a French inventor, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, building on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): that a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. Modern photography began in the 1820s with the first permanent Photographs Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz ( 12 May 1687 &ndash 10 October 1744) was a German professor and Polymath Niépce and Louis Daguerre refined this process. Daguerre discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapor, before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image; bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. These ideas led to the famous daguerreotype. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly

The daguerreotype had its problems, notably the fragility of the resulting picture, and that it was a positive-only process and thus could not be re-printed. Inventors set about looking for improved processes that would be more practical. Several processes were introduced and used for a short time between Niépce's first image and the introduction of the collodion process in 1848. The collodion process is an early photographic process which was quickly replaced at the end of the 19th century with today's gelatin emulsion process Collodion-based wet-glass plate negatives with prints made on albumen paper remained the preferred photographic method for some time, even after the introduction of the even more practical gelatin process in 1871. The albumen print, also called albumen silver print, was invented in 1850 by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, and was the first commercially exploitable method The gelatin-silver process is the photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers Adaptations of the gelatin process have remained the primary black-and-white photographic process to this day, differing primarily in the film material itself, originally glass and then a variety of flexible films. Black-and-white is a number of Monochrome forms in Visual arts. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock.

Color photography is almost as old as black-and-white, with early experiments dating to John Herschel's experiments with Anthotype from 1842, and Lippmann plate from 1891. Sir John Frederick William Herschel 1st Baronet KH, FRS ( March 7, 1792 &ndash May 11, 1871)was an An Anthotype is a Image created using Photosensitive material from Plants. The Lippmann plate was an early form of Colour photography developed in 1891 by Gabriel Lippmann, a physicist Color photography became much more popular with the introduction of Autochrome Lumière in 1903, which was replaced by Kodachrome, Ilfochrome and similar processes. The Autochrome Lumière is an early Color photography process Kodachrome is the trademarked name of a brand of color reversal film sold by Eastman Kodak. Ilfochrome, (formerly known as Cibachrome) is a Dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of Slides on Photographic For many years these processes were used almost exclusively for transparencies (in slide projectors and similar devices), but color prints became popular with the introduction of the Chromogenic negative, which is the most-used system in the C-41 process. A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. Chromogenic refers to color Photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed and then later replaced with a colored Dye image C-41 is a Color print film developing process C-41 also known as CN-16 by Fuji CNK-4 by Konica and AP-70 by AGFA is the most popular film process in use with most photofinishing The needs of the movie industry have also introduced a host of special-purpose systems, perhaps the most well known being the now-rare Technicolor. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation

Types of photographs

Non-digital photographs are produced with a two-step chemical process. In the two-step process the light-sensitive film captures a negative image (colors and lights/darks are inverted). To produce a positive image, the negative is most commonly transferred ('printed') onto photographic paper. Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing usually on chemically processed sensitized paper, from a previously prepared photographic negative Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers Printing the negative onto transparent film stock is used to manufacture motion picture films.

Alternatively, the film is processed to invert the negative image, yielding positive transparencies. In Photography, a reversal film is a still positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means Such positive images are usually mounted in frames, called slides. Before recent advances in digital photography, transparencies were widely used by professionals due to their sharpness and accuracy of color rendition. Most photographs published in magazines were taken on color transparency film.

Originally all photographs were monochromatic, or hand-painted in color. Although methods for developing color photos were available as early as 1861, they did not become widely available until the 1940s or 50s, and even so, until the 1960s most photographs were taken in black and white. Since then, Color photography has dominated popular photography, although black and white is still used, being easier to develop than color. "Color film" redirects here For the motion picture equivalent see Color motion picture film.

Panoramic format images can be taken with cameras like the Hasselblad Xpan on standard film. In its most general sense a panorama is any wide view of a physical space Victor Hasselblad AB is a Swedish manufacturer of Medium-format Cameras and photographic equipment based in Gothenburg, Sweden Since the 1990s, panoramic photos have been available on the Advanced Photo System film. Advanced Photo System ( APS) is a Film format for still Photography. APS was developed by several of the major film manufacturers to provide a film with different formats and computerized options available, though APS panoramas were created using a mask in panorama-capable cameras, far less desirable than a true panoramic camera which achieves its effect through wider film format. APS has become less popular and is being discontinued.

The advent of the microcomputer and digital photography has led to the rise of digital prints. microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects Digital printing is the reproduction of Digital images on a physical surface These prints are created from stored graphic formats such as JPEG, TIFF, and RAW. Image file formats are standardized means of organising and storing images A raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a Digital camera or Image scanner. The types of printers used include inkjet printers, dye-sublimation printer, laser printers, and thermal printers. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a Computer printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper For the type of printer which uses sparks and aluminised paper (and is sometimes referred to as a "thermal printer" see Spark printer. Inkjet prints are sometimes given the coined name "Giclée". Giclée (ʒiːˈkleɪ "zhee-clay" or /dʒiːˈkleɪ from French ʒiˈkle is an invented name (i

Preservation

Paper folders

Ideal photograph storage involves placing each photo in an individual folder constructed from buffered, or acid-free paper. Acid-free paper is Paper that has a neutral or basic PH (7 or slightly greater ^[2] Buffered paper folders are especially recommended in cases when a photograph was previously mounted onto poor quality material or using an adhesive that will lead to even more acid creation. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are ^[3] Store photographs measuring 8x10 inches or smaller vertically along the longer edge of the photo in the buffered paper folder, within a larger archival box, and label each folder with relevant information in order to identify it. The rigid nature of the folder protects the photo from slumping or creasing, as long as the box is not packed too tightly or under filled. Folder larger photos or brittle photos stacked flat within archival boxes with other materials of comparable size. ^[4]

Polyester enclosures

The most stable of plastics used in photo preservation, polyester, does not generate any harmful chemical elements, but nor does it have any capability to absorb acids generated by the photograph itself. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Polyester sleeves and encapsulation have been praised for their ability to protect the photograph from humidity and environmental pollution, slowing the reaction between the item and the atmosphere. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in This is true, however the polyester just as frequently traps these elements next to the material it is intended to protect. This is especially risky in a storage environment that experiences drastic fluctuations in humidity or temperature, leading to ferrotyping, or sticking of the photograph to the plastic. ^[5] Photographs sleeved or encapsulated in polyester cannot be stored vertically in boxes because they will slide down next to each other within the box, bending and folding, nor can the archivist write directly onto the polyester to identify the photograph. An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value Therefore, it is necessary to either stack polyester protected photographs horizontally within a box, or bind them in a three ring binder. Stacking the photos horizontally within a flat box will greatly reduce ease of access, and binders leave three sides of the photo exposed to the effects of light^[6] and do not support the photograph evenly on both sides, leading to slumping and bending within the binder. The plastic used for enclosures has been manufactured to be as frictionless as possible in order to prevent abrading and scratching the photos during insertion to the sleeves. Unfortunately, the slippery nature of the enclosure generates a build-up of static electricity, which attracts dust and lint particles. Dust is a general name for minute Solid particles with Diameters less than 500 micrometers. The static can attract the dust to the inside of the sleeve, as well, where it can scratch the photograph. ^[7] Likewise, these components that aid in insertion of the photo, referred to as slip agents, can break down and transfer from the plastic to the photograph, where they deposit as an oily film, attracting further lint and dust. At this time, there is no test to evaluate the long-term effects of these components on photographs. In addition, the plastic sleeves can develop kinks or creases in the surface, which will scratch away at the emulsion during handling. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids ^[8]

Handling and care

It is best to leave photographs lying flat on the table when viewing them. Do not pick it up from a corner, or even from two sides and hold it at eye level. Every time the photograph bends, even a little, this can break down the emulsion. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids ^[9] The very nature of enclosing a photograph in plastic encourages users to pick it up; users tend to handle plastic enclosed photographs less gently than non-enclosed photographs, simply because they feel the plastic enclosure makes the photo impervious to all mishandling. As long as a photo is in its folder, there is no need to touch it; simply remove the folder from the box, lay it flat on the table, and open the folder. If for some reason the researcher or archivist does need to handle the actual photo, perhaps to examine the verso for writing, he or she can use gloves if there appears to be a risk from oils or dirt on the hands. An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value

Myths and beliefs

Photographs capture a life-like view of the subject whereas paintings were subject to the interpretations and level of skill of the painter. Thus, since daguerreotypes were rendered on a mirrored surface, many spiritualists also became practitioners of the new art form. Spiritualists would claim that the human image on the mirrored surface was akin to looking into one's soul. The spiritualists also believed that it would open their souls and let demons in. Aboriginies believed that taking one's picture took part of one's soul away.

Religious views

In Islam Wahhabi's rule that taking photographs (as well as painting and sculpting) of things that have souls which includes animals, humans. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to . . etc. -but not plants-, is forbidden, or Haraam. Haraam (حرام is an Arabic term meaning "forbidden"

See also

• Digital photography
• Largest photographs in the world
• Pseudo-photograph
• Photograph stability
• Photographic printing
• Archival science
• Photo slideshow

References

1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
2. ^ Albright, Gary. Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects Most of the photographs that are claimed to be the largest are usually stitched from smaller images A pseudo-photograph is an Image produced manually which is indistinguishable from a real Photograph produced using a camera Photograph stability refers the ability of a Photographic print or Photographic film to remain visibly unchanged over periods of time Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing usually on chemically processed sensitized paper, from a previously prepared photographic negative Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items A photo slideshow is a collection of a series of images to be displayed “Storage Enclosures for Photographic Materials. ” Northeast Document Conservation Center. 2007. 9 Feb. 2008. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_and_Handling/11StorageEnclosures.php.
3. ^ Norris, Debbie Hess. “Caring for Your Photographic Collections. ” Library of Congress. Feb. 9 2008. www. loc. gov/preserv/care/photo. html
4. ^ “How Should I Store my Photographic Prints?” Preservation and Archives Professionals. The National Archives and Records Administration. 9 Feb. 2008. www. archives. gov/preservation/family-archives/storing-photos. html
5. ^ Albright, Gary. “Storage Enclosures for Photographic Materials. ” Northeast Document Conservation Center. 2007. 9 Feb. 2008. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_and_Handling/11StorageEnclosures.php.
6. ^ International Organization for Standardization. ISO 18902:2001(E). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO Office, 2007.
7. ^ Albright, Gary. “Storage Enclosures for Photographic Materials. ” Northeast Document Conservation Center. 2007. 9 Feb. 2008. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_and_Handling/11StorageEnclosures.php.
8. ^ International Organization for Standardization. ISO 18902:2001(E). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO Office, 2007.
9. ^ Baggett, James L. “Handle with Care: Photos. ” Alabama Librarian. 54. 1 (2004): 5.