Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Photos composited and manipulated in an image editing program
Photos composited and manipulated in an image editing program

Photo manipulation is the application of image editing techniques to photographs in order to create an illusion or deception (in contrast to mere enhancement or correction), through analog or digital means[1]. Image editing encompasses the processes of altering Images whether they be digital photographs traditional analog photographs or Illustrations A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic An illusion is a distortion of the senses revealing how the Brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for Its uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns have made it a subject of interest beyond the technical process and skills involved.

For more details on the technical processes involved, see Image editing. Image editing encompasses the processes of altering Images whether they be digital photographs traditional analog photographs or Illustrations

Contents

Types of photo manipulation

In digital editing, photographs are usually taken with a digital camera and input directly into a computer. Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Transparencies, negatives or printed photographs may also be digitized using a scanner, or images may be obtained from stock photography databases. In Photography, a reversal film is a still positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related Stock photography consists of existing Photographs that can be licensed for specific uses With the advent of computers, graphics tablets, and digital cameras, the term image editing encompasses everything that can be done to a photo, whether in a darkroom or on a computer. A graphics tablet (or digitizing tablet, graphics pad, drawing tablet) is a computer Input device that allows one to hand-draw images and graphics A darkroom is a workspace usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle made dark to allow Photographers to use Light -sensitive materials to develop film Photo manipulation is often much more explicit than subtle alterations to color balance or contrast and may involve overlaying a head onto a different body or changing a sign's text, for example. Image editing software can be used to apply effects and warp an image until the desired result is achieved. The resulting image may have little or no resemblance to the photo (or photos in the case of compositing) from which it originated.

History

Before computers, photo manipulation was achieved by retouching with ink, paint, double-exposure, piecing photos or negatives together in the darkroom, or scratching Polaroids. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid A darkroom is a workspace usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle made dark to allow Photographers to use Light -sensitive materials to develop film Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H Land. It is most famous for its Instant film Cameras which reached the market in 1948 and The 1980s saw the advent of digital retouching with Quantel computers running Paintbox being used professionally. Quantel is a company based in the United Kingdom and founded in 1973 that designs and manufactures Digital production equipment for the broadcast The Quantel Paintbox is a dedicated Computer graphics Workstation for composition of Broadcast television Video and graphics Silicon Graphics computers running Barco Creator became available in the late 1980s which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by Adobe Photoshop running on the Apple Macintosh. Silicon Graphics Inc (commonly initialised to SGI, historically sometimes referred to as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) is a company Barco Creator was an image manipulation program targeted at the repro and print shop markets Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc

Political and ethical issues

Before
After
Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov, before and after retouching. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Biography His character Yezhov was born in Saint Petersburg according to his official Soviet biography though he stated he was born in Mariiampole Lithuania

Photo manipulation is as old as photography itself; the idea of a photo having inherent verisimilitude is a social construct. Verisimilitude in its literary context is defined as the fact or quality of being verisimilar the appearance of being true or real likeness or resemblance of the truth reality or a fact’s Photo manipulation has been regularly used to deceive or persuade viewers, or for improved story-telling and self-expression. As early as the American Civil War, photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative.

Joseph Stalin made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party [2] On May 5, 1920 his predecessor Lenin held a speech for Soviet troops that Leon Trotsky attended. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. Nikolai Yezhov, an NKVD leader photographed alongside Stalin in at least one photograph, was shot in 1940 and subsequently edited out of the photograph. Biography His character Yezhov was born in Saint Petersburg according to his official Soviet biography though he stated he was born in Mariiampole Lithuania The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat See images altered by Soviet censors for more information. Joseph Stalin rose to power in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and became Soviet leader, he initiated a number of purges that eliminated perceived

In the 1930s, John Heartfield used a type of photo manipulation known as the photomontage to critique Nazi propaganda. John Heartfield ( June 19, 1891 – April 26, 1968) is the anglicized name of the German Photomontage artist Photomontage is the process (and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was Bernarr Macfadden and his composograph in the mid-1920s. Bernarr Macfadden ( 16 August 1868 &ndash 12 October 1955) was an influential exponent of Physical culture, a combination of Composograph refers to a retouched photographic collage popularized by publisher and Physical culture advocate Bernarr Macfadden in his New York Graphic

The style and techniques of modern digital photomontage were anticipated as early as the late 1960s, particularly by the surreal album cover photography of the British design group Hipgnosis. Hipgnosis was a British art design group that specialized in creating cover art for the Albums of rock musicians and bands most notably

Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation[3] Aude Oliva theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as a manipulation. In Image Act Theory,[4] Carson Reynolds extended speech act theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations. Speech act is a technical term in Linguistics and the Philosophy of language. In How to Do Things with Pictures,[5] William Mitchell details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically.

Use in journalism

OJ Simpson magazine covers
OJ Simpson magazine covers

A notable case of a controversial photo manipulation was a 1982 National Geographic cover in which editors photographically moved two Egyptian pyramids closer together so that they would fit on a vertical cover. The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. This case triggered a debate about the appropriateness of photo manipulation in journalism; the argument against editing was that the magazine depicted something that did not exist, and presented it as fact. There were several cases since the National Geographic case of questionable photo manipulation, including editing a photo of Cher on the cover of Redbook to change her smile and her dress. Cher ( IPA: /ʃɛr/ born Cherilyn Sarkisian, May 20 1946 For other uses see Red Book. Redbook is an American women's magazine published by the Hearst Corporation. Another example occurred in early 2005, when Martha Stewart's release from prison was featured on the cover of Newsweek; her face was placed on a slimmer woman's body to suggest that she will have lost weight while in prison. Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra; August 3, 1941) is an American Business magnate, Television host, author Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. [6]

Another famous instance of controversy over photo manipulation, this time concerning race, arose in the summer of 1994. After O.J. Simpson was arrested for allegedly murdering his wife and her friend, multiple publications carried his mugshot. Orenthal James "O J" Simpson (born July 9 1947 who has also been called The Juice, is a retired American football player, A mug shot (also known as a mugshot, head shot, or booking photograph) is a Photographic Portrait taken after one is Arrested Notably, TIME Magazine published an edition featuring an altered mugshot, removing the photograph's color saturation (which some accused of making Simpson's skin darker), burning the corners, and reducing the size of the prisoner ID number. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and In Colorimetry and Color theory, colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are related but distinct concepts referring to the perceived intensity Dodging and burning are terms used in Photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s on a Photographic This appeared on newsstands right next to an unaltered picture by Newsweek. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City.

There is a growing body of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in photojournalism. Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell In the United States, for example, the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) have set out a Code of Ethics promoting the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images [. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the NPPA is the acronym for the National Press Photographers Association founded in 1947. . . ] that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects. "[7] Infringements of the Code are taken very seriously, especially regarding digital alteration of published photographs, as evidenced in a recent case in which a Pulitzer prize-nominated photographer resigned his post following the revelation that a number of his photographs had been manipulated. Allan Detrich is an American professional Photographer. He is a native of Attica Ohio, and attended the Ohio Institute of Photography in Dayton Ohio. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, [8]

Photoshopping

Digitally manipulated image used in an "early computing" hoax by Fark.com.
Digitally manipulated image used in an "early computing" hoax by Fark.com.
See also: Photoshop contest

"Photoshopping" or just "Shopping" is slang for the digital editing of photos. A Photoshop contest, or sometimes photochop contest, is an Online game in which a Website or user of an Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. [9][10] The term originates from Adobe Photoshop, the image editor most commonly used by professionals for this purpose; however, other programs, such as Paint Shop Pro, Corel Photopaint, Paint.NET, or the GIMP, may be used. Paint Shop Pro ( PSP) is a Raster graphics editor and later in the series a Vector graphics editor for computers running the Microsoft Windows Corel PHOTO-PAINT is a Raster graphics editor created by Corel. PaintNET is a raster graphics editing program for Windows, developed on the. The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs [11] Adobe Systems, the publisher of Adobe Photoshop, discourages use of the term "photoshop" as a verb out of concern that it may undermine the company's trademark. Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California A genericized trademark (also known as a generic trademark or proprietary eponym) is a Trademark or Brand name that has become the colloquial [12]

Despite this, photoshop is widely used as a verb, both colloquially and academically, to refer to retouching, compositing, and color correction carried out in the course of graphic design, commercial publishing, and image editing. Photo manipulation is the application of Image editing techniques to Photographs in order to create an Illusion or Deception (in contrast to mere Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene Color correction by using Color gels or filters is a process used in Stage lighting, Photography, Television, Cinematography The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Image editing encompasses the processes of altering Images whether they be digital photographs traditional analog photographs or Illustrations [13][14]

In popular culture, the term photoshopping is sometimes associated with montages in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on the fark.com website and in MAD Magazine. Photomontage is the process (and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs Mad is a monthly American Humor Magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952 Images may be propagated memetically via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that [15][16] An example of the latter category is "Helicopter Shark," which was widely circulated as a so-called "National Geographic Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax. Helicopter Shark is a composition of two photographs that gives the impression that a Great White shark is leaping out of the water attacking military personnel climbing a suspended Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural [17]

References

  1. ^ Webster's Dictionary 2006 edition
  2. ^ King, D. (1997) The Commissar Vanishes: the falsification of photographs and art in Stalin's Russia. Metropolitan Books, New York.
  3. ^ Ethics in image manipulation (Video presentations from this panel session are available on the citation page).
  4. ^ Reynolds, C. (2007) Image Act Theory. Seventh International Conference of Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry. July 12-14, 2007, San Diego, California, USA. http://www.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/members/carson/papers/reynolds_cepe2007.pdf
  5. ^ Mitchell: How to Do Things with Pictures
  6. ^ http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/03/newsweek.html NPPA Calls Newsweek's Martha Stewart Cover "A Major Ethical Breach"
  7. ^ http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/ethics.html NPPA Code of Ethics webpage
  8. ^ Blade Editor: Detrich Submitted 79 Altered Photos This Year
  9. ^ Geelan, David (2006). Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism And Research in Education. Sense Publisher, pp. 146. ISBN 9-077-87431-3.  
    "And with digital photography, there is also the possibility of photoshopping – digitally editing the representation to make it more aesthetically pleasing, or to change decisions about framing. "
  10. ^ Laurence M. Deutsch (2001). Medical Records for Attorneys. ALI-ABA.  
  11. ^ Dictionary.com entry
  12. ^ Proper use of the Photoshop trademark. Adobe Systems Incorporated (2006-06-21). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6.
  13. ^ David Blatner of MacWorld on professional photoshopping
  14. ^ Peachpit Press
  15. ^ Jenn Shreve (Nov. 19 2001). Photoshop: It's All the Rage. Wired Magazine.
  16. ^ Corrie Pikul (July 1, 2004). The Photoshopping of the President. Salon. com Arts & Entertainment.
  17. ^ Shark "Photo of the Year" Is E-Mail Hoax from National Geographic News, retrieved on 20 May, 2006

See also

External links

Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic