see Phosphorus (morning star) for the Greek name of the morning star. In Greek mythology, Hesperus ( Greek grc Ἓσπερος Hesperos) (Roman equivalent Vesper cf

15 silicon ← phosphorus → sulfur N ↑ P ↓ As Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	phosphorus, P, 15
Chemical series	nonmetals
Group, period, block	15, 3, p
Appearance	waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless/ yellow
Standard atomic weight	30.973762(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 5
Density (near r.t.)	(white) 1. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 823 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(red) 2. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 34 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(black) 2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 69 g·cm−3
Melting point	(white) 317. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 3 K (44. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 2 °C, 111. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 6 °F)
Boiling point	550 K (277 °C, 531 °F)
Heat of fusion	(white) 0. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 66 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	12. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 4 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) (white) 23. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 824 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure (white) P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 279 307 342 388 453 549
Vapor pressure (red) P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 455 489 529 576 635 704
Oxidation states	5, 4, 3, 2 [1], 1 [2], -3 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 19 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 1011. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 8 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1907 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2914. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 1 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	100 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	98 pm
Covalent radius	106 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) (white) 0. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 236 W·m−1·K−1
Bulk modulus	11 GPa
CAS registry number	7723-14-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of phosphorus iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 31P 100% 31P is stable with 16 neutrons 32P syn 14. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Although Phosphorus ( P) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P as such it is considered a monoisotopic element Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 28 d β- 1. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 709 32S 33P syn 25. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 3 d β- 0. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 249 33S
References
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Phosphorus, (IPA: /ˈfɒsfərəs/), is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton The name comes from the Greek: φώς (meaning "light") and φόρος (meaning "bearer"). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate rocks. In Chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of Chemical bonds formed by the Atoms Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the Phosphate minerals are those Minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated Phosphate (PO43- Anion along with the freely substituting

Due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element in nature on Earth. One form of phosphorus (white phosphorus) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen — hence its Greek derivation, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), the planet Venus as "Morning Star". Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University In Greek mythology, Hesperus ( Greek grc Ἓσπερος Hesperos) (Roman equivalent Vesper cf

Phosphorus is a component of DNA and RNA and an essential element for all living cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called The most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant

Phosphorus compounds are also widely used in explosives, nerve agents, friction matches, fireworks, pesticides, toothpaste, and detergents. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Nerve agents (also being referred to as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature are a class of Phosphorus -containing organic chemicals A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Toothpaste is a Paste or Gel Dentifrice used to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of Teeth. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning.

Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Allotropes 1.2 Glow 1.3 Isotopes 1.4 Occurrence 2 Compounds 2.1 As an exception to the octet rule 3 Applications 4 Biological role 5 History 5.1 Spelling and etymology 6 Precautions 6.1 DEA List I status 7 References 8 External links

Characteristics

Allotropes

Main article: Allotropes of phosphorus

Phosphorus is an excellent example of an element that exhibits allotropy, as its various allotropes have strikingly different properties. Elemental Phosphorus can exist in several allotropes; the most common of which are white and red Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different

The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus. A third form, scarlet phosphorus, is obtained by allowing a solution of white phosphorus in carbon disulfide to evaporate in sunlight. A fourth allotrope, black phosphorus, is obtained by heating white phosphorus under very high pressures (12,000 atmospheres). In appearance, properties and structure it is very like graphite, being black and flaky, a conductor of electricity and has puckered sheets of linked atoms. Another allotrope is diphosphorus - which is highly reactive. Diphosphorus, P2 is the Diatomic form of Phosphorus. Unlike its Nitrogen group neighbour Nitrogen which forms a stable N2

White phosphorus (P₄) exists as individual molecules made up of four atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement, resulting in very high ring strain and instability. This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. Ring strain is an Organic chemistry term that describes the destabilization of a cyclic Molecule —such as a Cycloalkane —due to the non-favorable high It contains 6 single bonds.

White phosphorus is a white, waxy transparent solid. This allotrope is thermodynamically unstable at normal condition and will gradually change to red phosphorus. This transformation, which is accelerated by light and heat, makes white phosphorus almost always contain some red phosphorus and appear yellow. For this reason, it is also called yellow phosphorus. It glows greenish in the dark (when exposed to oxygen), is highly flammable and pyrophoric (self-igniting) upon contact with air as well as toxic (causing severe liver damage on ingestion). Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. A pyrophoric substance will ignite spontaneously that is its Autoignition temperature is below Room temperature. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism The infamous incendiary bomb Napalm relies, among others, on this principle to spontaneously ignite. Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic smell, and samples are commonly coated with white "(di)phosphorus pentoxide", which consists of P₄O₁₀ tetrahedra with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices. Phosphorus pentoxide is a Chemical compound with formula P 2 O 5 White phosphorus is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide.

The white allotrope can be produced using several different methods. In one process, calcium phosphate, which is derived from phosphate rock, is heated in an electric or fuel-fired furnace in the presence of carbon and silica^[1]. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula This process is similar to the first synthesis of phosphorus from calcium phosphate in urine.

Red phosphorus may be formed by heating white phosphorus to 250°C (482°F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. Phosphorus after this treatment exists as an amorphous network of atoms which reduces strain and gives greater stability; further heating results in the red phosphorus becoming crystalline. An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are Red phosphorus does not catch fire in air at temperatures below 240°C, whereas white phosphorus ignites at about 30°C.

In 1865 Hittorf discovered that when phosphorus was recrystallized from molten lead, a red/purple form is obtained. Johann Wilhelm Hittorf ( March 27, 1824 &ndash November 28, 1914) was a German Physicist who was born in Bonn, and died Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly This purple form is sometimes known as "Hittorf's phosphorus. " In addition, a fibrous form exists with similar phosphorus cages. Below is shown a chain of phosphorus atoms which exhibits both the purple and fibrous forms.

One of the forms of red/black phosphorus is a cubic solid. ^[2]

Black phosphorus has an orthorhombic structure (C_mca) and is the least reactive allotrope. In Crystallography, the orthorhombic Crystal system is one of the seven Lattice Point groups Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching It consists of many six-membered rings which are interlinked. Each atom is bonded to three other atoms. ^[3][4] A recent synthesis of black phosphorus using metal salts as catalysts has been reported. ^[5]

The diphosphorus allotrope (P₂) can be obtained normally only under extreme conditions (for example, from P₄ at 1100 kelvin). Nevertheless, some advancements were obtained in generating the diatomic molecule in homogeneous solution, under normal conditions with the use by some transitional metal complexes (based on, for example, tungsten and niobium). Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 ^[6]

Glow

The glow from phosphorus was the attraction of its discovery around 1669, but the mechanism for that glow was not fully described until 1974. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ^[7] It was known from early times that the glow would persist for a time in a stoppered jar but then cease. Robert Boyle in the 1680s ascribed it to "debilitation" of the air; in fact, it is oxygen being consumed. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry By the 18th century, it was known that in pure oxygen phosphorus does not glow at all;^[8] there is only a range of partial pressure at which it does. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume Heat can be applied to drive the reaction at higher pressures. ^[9]

In 1974, the glow was explained by R. J. van Zee and A. U. Khan. ^[7] A reaction with oxygen takes place at the surface of the solid (or liquid) phosphorus, forming the short-lived molecules HPO and P₂O₂ that both emit visible light. The reaction is slow and only very little of the intermediates is required to produce the luminescence, hence the extended time the glow continues in a stoppered jar.

Although the term phosphorescence is derived from phosphorus, the reaction which gives phosphorus its glow is properly called luminescence (glowing by its own reaction, in this case chemoluminescence), not phosphorescence (re-emitting light that previously fell on it). Phosphorescence is a specific type of Photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Chemiluminescence (sometimes " chemoluminescence " is the emission of Light ( Luminescence) with limited emission of heat as the result of a chemical

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of phosphorus

Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus include

• ³²P; a beta-emitter (1. Although Phosphorus ( P) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P as such it is considered a monoisotopic element Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Beta particles are high-energy high-speed Electrons or Positrons emitted by certain types of Radioactive nuclei such as Potassium -40 71 MeV) with a half-life of 14. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 3 days which is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e. Isotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. The northern blot is a technique used in Molecular biology research to study Gene expression. A Southern blot is a method routinely used in Molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any ³²P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the Unites States, and similar institutions in other developed countries require that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with ³²P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes. The cornea is the transparent front part of the Eye that covers the iris, Pupil, and Anterior chamber. A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. A white coat or laboratory coat (abbreviated lab coat) is a knee-length overcoat/ Smock worn by professionals in the medical field or by those A rubber glove is a Glove made out of Rubber. Its primary purpose is protection of the hands while performing tasks involving chemicals Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction, Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the eye area in order to prevent particulates water or chemicals from Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e. Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is the science of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of Ionizing radiation g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as Bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Bremsstrahlung ( pronounced, from German de ''bremsen'' "to brake" and de ''Strahlung'' "radiation" i Bremsstrahlung ( pronounced, from German de ''bremsen'' "to brake" and de ''Strahlung'' "radiation" i Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e. g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. ^[10]
• ³³P; a beta-emitter (0. 25 MeV) with a half-life of 25. 4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing.

Occurrence

See also Phosphate minerals.

Due to its reactivity with air and many other oxygen-containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature but it is widely distributed in many different minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific

Phosphate rock, which is partially made of apatite (an impure tri-calcium phosphate mineral), is an important commercial source of this element. About 50 per cent of the global phosphorus reserves are in the Arab nations. [3] Large deposits of apatite are located in China, Russia, Morocco, Florida, Idaho, Tennessee, Utah, and elsewhere. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Albright and Wilson in the United Kingdom and their Niagara Falls plant, for instance, were using phosphate rock in the 1890s and 1900s from Connetable, Tennessee and Florida; by 1950 they were using phosphate rock mainly from Tennessee and North Africa^[1]. Albright and Wilson was founded in 1856 as a United Kingdom manufacturer of Potassium chlorate and white Phosphorus for the Match industry The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario A constable is a person holding a particular office most commonly in law enforcement. In the early 1990s Albright and Wilson's purified wet phosphoric acid business was being affected by phosphate rock sales by China and the entry of their long standing Moroccan phosphate suppliers into the purified wet phosphoric acid business. ^[11]

At today's rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus is estimated to run out in 345 years. ^[12]

Compounds

See also Phosphorus compounds

As an exception to the octet rule

For more details on this topic, see Octet rule. Hydride is the name given to the negative Ion of Hydrogen, H− Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine. A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less Phosphorus pentabromide is a reactive yellow solid of formula P[[Bromine Br]]5 which has the structure PBr4+ Br − Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula P[[Bromine Br]]3 Phosphorus trichloride (formula P[[Chlorine Cl]]3 is the most important of the three Phosphorus chlorides. Phosphorus triiodide (PI3 is an unstable red solid which reacts violently with water An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Phosphorus trioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula P4O6 Phosphorus pentoxide is a Chemical compound with formula P 2 O 5 The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Phosphorus pentasulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula P4S10 Phosphorus sesquisulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula 43 In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Ammonium phosphate - Molecular Mass = 14912g/mol The normal Ammonium Phosphate, (NH43PO4 is obtained as a crystalline powder ΔfH0liquid -9998 kJ / mol ΔfH0solid Iron(III phosphate, also ferric orthophosphate, or ferric phosphate, FePO4 is a Phosphate of Iron. Iron(II phosphate, also ferrous phosphate, Fe3(PO42 is a Phosphate of Iron. Trisodium phosphate (TSP available at most hardware stores in white powder form is a cleaning agent stain remover and Degreaser, commonly used to prepare surfaces for Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (also called mono-calcium orthophosphate) Ca(H2PO42 is a chemical compound Monopotassium phosphate (also potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KDP, or monobasic potassium phosphate, MKP) -- 24 -- In chemistry a phosphide is a compound of Phosphorus with a less electronegative element or elements Calcium phosphide ( CP, Ca3P2 is a chemical that has uses in Incendiary bombs It has the appearance of red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps Gallium phosphide () a Phosphide of Gallium, is a compound Semiconductor material with an indirect Band gap Zinc phosphide ( Zn3[[Phosphorus P2]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. Organophosphorus compounds are Chemical compounds containing Carbon - Phosphorus bonds. An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for Esters of Phosphoric acid. Lawesson's reagent, or LR, is a Chemical compound used in Organic synthesis as a Thiation agent Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion, is an Organophosphate compound. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Alternative names Soman is occasionally referred to by names other than soman or GD: Phosphonofluoridic acid methyl- 1 2 2-trimethylpropyl ester Effects of overexposure The exact symptoms of overexposure are similar to those created by all Nerve agents Tabun like all nerve agents is toxic even in minute doses Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to VX (S--O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. The octet rule is a simple chemical Rule of thumb that states that Atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight Electrons in

The simple Lewis structure for the trigonal bipyramidal PCl₅ molecule contains five covalent bonds, implying a hypervalent molecule with ten valence electrons contrary to the octet rule. Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams are diagrams that show the bonding between Atoms of a In Chemistry a trigonal bipyramid formation is a Molecular geometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a Triangular dipyramid Phosphorus pentachloride is the Chemical compound with the formula PCl5 A hypervalent molecule is a Molecule that contains one or more typical elements ( group 1 2 13-18 formally bearing more than eight Electrons in their The octet rule is a simple chemical Rule of thumb that states that Atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight Electrons in

An alternate description of the bonding, however, respects the octet rule by using 3-center-4-electron (3c-4e) bonds. The 3-center-4-electron bond is a model used to explain bonding in Hypervalent molecules such as Phosphorus pentafluoride, Sulfur hexafluoride, the In this model the octet on the P atom corresponds to six electrons which form three Lewis (2c-2e) bonds to the three equatorial Cl atoms, plus the two electrons in the 3-centre Cl-P-Cl bonding molecular orbital for the two axial Cl electrons. The two electrons in the corresponding nonbonding molecular orbital are not included because this orbital is localized on the two Cl atoms and does not contribute to the electron density on P. Electron density is the measure of the Probability of an Electron being present at a specific location

However, it should always be remembered that the octet rule is a not some universal rule of chemical bonding, and while many compounds obey it, there are many elements (the majority, in fact) to which it just does not apply.

Applications

• Phosphorous being an essential plant nutrient find its major use as a constituent of fertilizers for agriculture and farm production in the form of concentrated phosphoric acids, which can consist of 70% to 75% P₂O₅. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Global demand for fertilizers led to large increase in phosphate (PO₄^3-) production in the second half of the 20th century. A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid.
• Phosphorus is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds, through the intermediates phosphorus chlorides and the two phosphorus sulfides: phosphorus pentasulfide, and phosphorus sesquisulfide. Organophosphorus compounds are Chemical compounds containing Carbon - Phosphorus bonds. There are three series of binary phosphorus halides, containing Phosphorus in the Oxidation states +5 +3 and +2 Phosphorus pentasulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula P4S10 Phosphorus sesquisulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula 43 ^[1] Organophosphorus compounds have many applications, including in plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, extraction agents, and water treatment. Plasticizers are additives that increase the Plasticity or Fluidity of the material to which they are added these include plastics cement concrete wallboard and Flame retardants are materials that inhibit or resist the spread of Fire. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest.
• Phosphorus is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Phosphor bronze is an Alloy of Copper with 35 to 10% of Tin and a significant Phosphorus content of up to 1%
• Phosphates are utilized in the making of special glasses that are used for sodium lamps. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light
• Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is used in the production of fine china. Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of Minerals containing Calcium Ions (Ca2+ together with orthophosphates (PO43-
• Sodium tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in several countries, and banned for this use in others. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP sometimes STP or sodium triphosphate or TPP 2Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10
• Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as soda beverages. The acid is also a starting point to make food grade phosphates. ^[1] These include mono-calcium phosphate which is employed in baking powder and sodium tripolyphosphate and other sodium phosphates^[1]. Baking powder is a dry chemical Leavening agent used in cooking mainly baking Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP sometimes STP or sodium triphosphate or TPP 2Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 Among other uses these are used to improve the characteristics of processed meat and cheese. Others are used in toothpaste. ^[1] Trisodium phosphate is used in cleaning agents to soften water and for preventing pipe/boiler tube corrosion. Trisodium phosphate (TSP available at most hardware stores in white powder form is a cleaning agent stain remover and Degreaser, commonly used to prepare surfaces for A water softener reduces the dissolved Calcium, Magnesium, and to some degree Manganese and Ferrous iron ion concentration in Hard water Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings
• White phosphorus is used in military applications as incendiary bombs, for smoke-screening as smoke pots and smoke bombs, and in tracer ammunition. This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are Bombs designed to start Fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as Napalm, Thermite For the Transformers character see Smokescreen (Transformers A smoke screen is a release of Smoke in order to mask the movement A smoke bomb is a Firework designed to produce Smoke upon ignition Tracer ammunition ( tracers) are special Bullets that are modified to accept a small Pyrotechnic charge in their base
• Red phosphorus is essential for manufacturing matchbook strikers, flares,^[1] safety matches, pharmaceutical grade and street methamphetamine, and is used in cap gun caps. A cap gun or cap pistol is a toy gun that creates a loud sound akin to a gunshot and a puff of smoke when the trigger is pulled
• Phosphorus sesquisulfide is used in heads of strike-anywhere matches. ^[1]
• In trace amounts, phosphorus is used as a dopant for N-type semiconductors. A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical An N-type semiconductor (N for Negative) is obtained by carrying out a process of doping, that is by adding an impurity of valence -five elements to
• ³²P and ³³P are used as radioactive tracers in biochemical laboratories (see Isotopes).

Biological role

Phosphorus is a key element in all known forms of life. Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO₄^3- plays a major role in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural framework of these molecules. Living cells also use phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phosphorylation is the addition of a Phosphate (PO4 group to a Protein molecule or a small molecule Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate Calcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones. Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of Minerals containing Calcium Ions (Ca2+ together with orthophosphates (PO43- Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce

An average adult human contains a little less than 1 kg of phosphorus, about 85% of which is present in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder inside cells in soft tissues. A well-fed adult in the industrialized world consumes and excretes about 1-3 g of phosphorus per day in the form of phosphate. Only about 0. 1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, but this amount reflects the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells.

In medicine, low phosphate syndromes are caused by malnutrition, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes which draw phosphate from the blood or pass too much of it into the urine. All are characterized by hypophosphatemia (see article for medical details). Hypophosphatemia is an Electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of Phosphate in the Blood. Symptoms of low phosphate include muscle and neurological dysfunction, and disruption of muscle and blood cells due to lack of ATP.

Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in soil conservation in order to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Soil conservation is set of management strategies for prevention of Soil being eroded from the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse In ecological terms, phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient in many environments; i. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment e. the availability of phosphorus governs the rate of growth of many organisms. In ecosystems an excess of phosphorus can be problematic, especially in aquatic systems, see eutrophication and algal blooms. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system

History

Phosphorus (Greek phosphoros was the ancient name for the planet Venus, but in Greek mythology, Hesperus and Eosphorus could be confused with Phosphorus) was discovered by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669 through a preparation from urine, which contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates from normal metabolism. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Hennig Brand(t (c 1630 – c 1710) was a merchant and amateur alchemist in Hamburg Germany who discovered Phosphorus around 1669 Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Working in Hamburg, Brand attempted to create the imfamous Philosopher's stone through the distillation of some salts by evaporating urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark and burned brilliantly. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The philosopher's stone (lapis philosophorum Greek: Chrysopoeia) is a Legendary substance supposedly capable of turning inexpensive Metals Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Since that time, phosphorescence has been used to describe substances that shine in the dark without burning.

Phosphorus was recognized as a chemical element at the emergence of the atomic theory that gradually occurred in the late part of the 18th century and the early 19th century, and was formulated by John Dalton. This article focuses on the historical models of the atom For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules see History of the molecule. John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 &ndash 27 July 1844 was an English Chemist, Meteorologist and Physicist.

Phosphorus was first made commercially, for the match industry, in the 19th century, by distilling off phosphorus vapor from precipitated phosphates heated in a retort. In a Chemistry laboratory a retort is a glassware device used for Distillation or Dry distillation of substances ^[1] The precipitated phosphates were made from ground-up bones that had been de-greased and treated with strong acids. ^[1] This process became obsolete in the late 1890s when the electric arc furnace was adapted to reduce phosphate rock. An electric arc furnace (EAF is a Furnace that heats charged material by means of an Electric arc. ^[1]

Early matches used white phosphorus in their composition, which was dangerous due to its toxicity. Murders, suicides and accidental poisonings resulted from its use. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by (An apocryphal tale tells of a woman attempting to murder her husband with white phosphorus in his food, which was detected by the stew giving off luminous steam). ^[7] In addition, exposure to the vapours gave match workers a necrosis of the bones of the jaw, the infamous "phossy jaw. Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Phossy jaw, formally phosphorus necrosis of the jaw is a deadly occupational hazard for those who work with White phosphorus without proper safeguards " When a safe process for manufacturing red phosphorus was discovered, with its far lower flammability and toxicity, laws were enacted, under a Berne Convention, requiring its adoption as a safer alternative for match manufacture. The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal

The electric furnace method allowed production to increase to the point where phosphorus could be used in weapons of war. ^[7][1] In World War I it was used in incendiaries, smoke screens and tracer bullets. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For the Transformers character see Smokescreen (Transformers A smoke screen is a release of Smoke in order to mask the movement ^[1] A special incendiary bullet was developed to shoot at hydrogen-filled Zeppelins over Britain (hydrogen being highly inflammable if it can be ignited). Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. ^[1] During World War II, Molotov cocktails of benzene and phosphorus were distributed in Britain to specially selected civilians within the British resistance operation, for defence; and phosphorus incendiary bombs were used in war on a large scale. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Molotov cocktail, also known as the booze bomb, alcohol bomb or Molotov bomb, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Burning phosphorus is difficult to extinguish and if it splashes onto human skin it has horrific effects (see precautions below). People covered in it have been known to commit suicide due to the torment.

Today phosphorus production is larger than ever. It is used as a precursor for various chemicals,^[13] in particular the herbicide glyphosate sold under the brand name Roundup. Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl glycine is a non-selective Systemic Herbicide, absorbed through the leaves injected into the bole or applied to the stump of Roundup is the brand name of a systemic broad-spectrum Herbicide produced by the U Production of white phosphorus takes place at large facilities and it is transported heated in liquid form. Some major accidents have occurred during transportation, train derailments at Brownston, Nebraska and Miamisburg, Ohio led to large fires. Miamisburg (mye-AM-iz-burg is a city in Montgomery County Ohio, United States. The worst accident in recent times was an environmental one in 1968 when phosphorus spilled into the sea from a plant at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Placentia is a town on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador, consisting of the amalgamated communities

Spelling and etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary the correct spelling of the element is phosphorus. The word phosphorous is the adjectival form of the P³⁺ valency: so, just as sulfur forms sulfurous and sulfuric compounds, phosphorus forms phosphorous compounds (see e. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 g. phosphorous acid) and P⁵⁺ valency phosphoric compounds (see e. Phosphorous acid is the compound described by the formula H3PO3 g. Phosphoric acids and phosphates). This article compares various kinds of phosphoric acids and phosphates.

Precautions

Organic compounds of phosphorus form a wide class of materials, some of which are extremely toxic. Fluorophosphate esters are among the most potent neurotoxins known. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels A wide range of organophosphorus compounds are used for their toxicity to certain organisms as pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores ) and weaponized as nerve agents. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Most inorganic phosphates are relatively nontoxic and essential nutrients. For environmentally adverse effects of phosphates see eutrophication and algal blooms. Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system

The white phosphorus allotrope should be kept under water at all times as it presents a significant fire hazard due to its extreme reactivity with atmospheric oxygen, and it should only be manipulated with forceps since contact with skin can cause severe burns. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Chronic white phosphorus poisoning leads to necrosis of the jaw called "phossy jaw". Phossy jaw, formally phosphorus necrosis of the jaw is a deadly occupational hazard for those who work with White phosphorus without proper safeguards Ingestion of white phosphorus may cause a medical condition known as "Smoking Stool Syndrome". ^[14]

When the white form is exposed to sunlight or when it is heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is transmuted to the red form, which does not phosphoresce in air. The red allotrope does not spontaneously ignite in air and is not as dangerous as the white form. Nevertheless, it should be handled with care because it reverts to white phosphorus in some temperature ranges and it also emits highly toxic fumes that consist of phosphorus oxides when it is heated. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element

Upon exposure to elemental phosphorus, in the past it was suggested to wash the affected area with 2% copper sulfate solution to form harmless compounds that can be washed away. Copper(II sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula Cu[[Sulfur S]] O 4 According to the recent US Navy's Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2 Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, "Cupric (copper(II)) sulfate has been used by U. S. personnel in the past and is still being used by some nations. However, copper sulfate is toxic and its use will be discontinued. Copper sulfate may produce kidney and cerebral toxicity as well as intravascular hemolysis. "^[15]

The manual suggests instead "a bicarbonate solution to neutralize phosphoric acid, which will then allow removal of visible WP. Particles often can be located by their emission of smoke when air strikes them, or by their phosphorescence in the dark. In dark surroundings, fragments are seen as luminescent spots. " Then, "Promptly debride the burn if the patient's condition will permit removal of bits of WP which might be absorbed later and possibly produce systemic poisoning. DO NOT apply oily-based ointments until it is certain that all WP has been removed. Following complete removal of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns. " As white phosphorus readily mixes with oils, any oily substances or ointments are not recommended until the area is thoroughly cleaned and all white phosphorus removed.

Further warnings of toxic effects and recommendations for treatment can be found in the Emergency War Surgery NATO Handbook: Part I: Types of Wounds and Injuries: Chapter III: Burn Injury: Chemical Burns And White Phosphorus injury. ^[16]

DEA List I status

Phosphorus can reduce elemental iodine to hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Hydrogen iodide (HI is a Diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a Strong acid. Ephedrine (EPH is a Sympathomimetic Amine commonly used as a Stimulant, appetite suppressant concentration aid Decongestant, and to treat Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE is a sympathomimetic Amine commonly used as a Decongestant. ^[17] For this reason, two allotropes of elemental phosphorus—red phosphorus and white phosphorus—were designated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as List I precursor chemicals under 21 CFR 1310.02 effective November 17, 2001. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA maintains lists regarding not only the classification of Illicit drugs (see DEA Schedules) The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the ^[18] As a result, in the United States, handlers of red phosphorus or white phosphorus are subject to stringent regulatory controls pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act in order to reduce diversion of these substances for use in clandestine production of controlled substances. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control ^[18][19][20]

References

External links

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Phosphorus
• WebElements.com: Phosphorus
• Entrez PubMed: Acute Yellow Phosphorus Poisoning
• eMedicine.com: Article on White Phophorus as used as weapon
• Website of the Technische Universität Darmstadt and the CEEP about Phosphorus Recovery

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