A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to oxygen or energized particles such as electrons). Monochrome monitors are a type of computer display which were very common in the early days of computing from the 1960s through the 1980s before the color monitors became popular An optical phenomenon is any observable event which results from the interaction of Light and Matter. Phosphorescence is a specific type of Photoluminescence related to fluorescence. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J

The chemical element phosphorus (Greek. Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly phosphoros, meaning "light bearer") was discovered by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hennig Brand(t (c 1630 – c 1710) was a merchant and amateur alchemist in Hamburg Germany who discovered Phosphorus around 1669 Working in Hamburg, Brand attempted to distill some kind of "life essence" from his urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Since that time, the term phosphorescence has been used to describe substances that shine in the dark without burning.

Phosphorus itself is not a phosphor; it is highly reactive and gives-off a faint chemiluminescent glow upon uniting with oxygen. Chemiluminescence (sometimes " chemoluminescence " is the emission of Light ( Luminescence) with limited emission of heat as the result of a chemical Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The glow observed by Brand was actually caused by the very slow burning of the phosphorus, but as he saw no flame nor felt any heat he did not recognize it as burning.

Phosphors are transition metal compounds or rare earth compounds of various types. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely The most common uses of phosphors are in CRT displays and fluorescent lights. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. CRT phosphors were standardized beginning around World War II and designated by the letter "P" followed by a number. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Contents 1 Materials 1.1 Glow-in-the-dark toys 1.2 Radioactive light sources 1.3 Electroluminescence 1.4 White LEDs 1.5 Cathode ray tubes 1.6 Fluorescent lamps 1.7 Various 2 See also 3 External links

Materials

Phosphors are usually made from a suitable host material, to which an activator is added. The best known type is a copper-activated zinc sulfide and the silver-activated zinc sulfide (zinc sulfide silver).

The host materials are typically oxides, sulfides, selenides, halides or silicates of zinc, cadmium, manganese, aluminum, silicon, or various rare earth metals. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation The selenide Ion is Se2&minus A selenide is a chemical compound in which Selenium serves as an Anion with Oxidation number A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less For the Artificial intelligence Androids of the 1990s Science fiction series Space Above and Beyond, see Silicate (AI Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. WikipediaNaming Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely The activators prolong the emission time (afterglow). In turn, other materials (eg. nickel) can be used to quench the afterglow and shorten the decay part of the phosphor emission characteristics. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28

Glow-in-the-dark toys

• Calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth as activator, (Ca,Sr)S:Bi, yields blue light with glow times up to 12 hours, [1] red and orange are modifications of the zinc sulfide formula. Calcium sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula CaS Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 Red color can be obtained from strontium sulfide.

• Zinc sulfide with about 5 ppm of a copper activator is the most common phosphor for the glow-in-the-dark toys and items. Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 It is also called GS phosphor.

• Mix of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide emit color depending on their ratio; increasing of the CdS content shifts the output color towards longer wavelengths; its persistence ranges between 1-10 hours. Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is yellow in colour and is a semiconductor

• Strontium aluminate activated by europium, SrAl₂O₄:Eu:Dy, is a newer material with higher brightness and significantly longer glow persistence; it produces green and aqua hues, where green gives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. Strontium aluminate ( SRA, SrAl, 24 is a solid odorless nonflammable pale yellow powder heavier than water Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 SrAl₂O₄:Eu:Dy is about 10 times brighter, 10 times longer glowing, and 10 times more expensive than ZnS:Cu. The excitation wavelengths for strontium aluminate range from 200 to 450 nm. The wavelength for its green formulation is 520 nm, its blue-green version emits at 505 nm, and the blue one emits at 490 nm. Colors with longer wavelengths can be obtained from the strontium aluminate as well, though for the price of some loss of brightness.

In these applications, the phosphor is directly added to the plastic from which the toys are molded, or mixed with a binder for use as paints. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products

ZnS:Cu phosphor is used in glow-in-the-dark cosmetic creams frequently used for Halloween make-ups. Halloween, or Hallowe’en, is a Holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. [2]

Generally, the persistence of the phosphor increases as the wavelength increases. .

See also lightstick for chemiluminescence-based glowing items. A glow stick is a single-use translucent Plastic tube containing isolated substances which when combined are capable of producing Light through a Chemical reaction Chemiluminescence (sometimes " chemoluminescence " is the emission of Light ( Luminescence) with limited emission of heat as the result of a chemical

Radioactive light sources

Mixtures of zinc sulfide with radioactive materials, where the phosphor was excited by the alpha- and beta-decaying isotopes, were used to paint dials of watches and instruments. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. The formula used on watch dials between 1913 and 1950 was a mix of radium-228 and radium-226 with a scintillator made of zinc sulfide and silver (ZnS:Ag). Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 A scintillator is a substance that absorbs high-energy (ie Ionizing) electromagnetic or charged Particle radiation then in response fluoresces [3] However, zinc sulfide undergoes degradation of its crystal lattice structure, leading to gradual loss of brightness significantly faster than the depletion of radium.

The ZnS:Ag phosphor yields greenish glow. It is not suitable to be used in layers thicker than 25 mg/cm², as the self-absorption of the light then becomes a problem. ZnS:Ag coated screens were used by Ernest Rutherford in his experiments discovering atomic nucleus. Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom

Copper-activated zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) is the most common phosphor used. It yields blue-green light.

Copper and magnesium activated zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu,Mg) yields yellow-orange light.

Trasers are light producing devices composed of a sealed borosilicate glass tube with inner coat of a phosphor, filled with tritium. Self-powered lighting is a generic term describing devices that emit light continuously without an external power source Borosilicate glass is a type of Glass with the main glass-forming constituents Silica and Boron oxide. Tritium (ˈtɹɪtiəm symbol or, also known as Hydrogen-3) is a radioactive Isotope of Hydrogen. Betalights use tritium as energy source as well. Self-powered lighting is a generic term describing devices that emit light continuously without an external power source

Electroluminescence

Main article: Electroluminescence

Electroluminescence can be exploited in light sources. Electroluminescence (EL is an Optical phenomenon and Electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to an Electric current passed through Electroluminescence (EL is an Optical phenomenon and Electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to an Electric current passed through Such sources typically emit from a large area, which makes them suitable for backlights of eg. LCD displays. The excitation of the phosphor is usually achieved by application of high-intensity electric field, usually with suitable frequency. In Physics, the space surrounding an Electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying Magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can Current electroluminescent light sources tend to degrade with use, resulting in their relatively short operation lifetimes.

• ZnS:Cu was the first formulation successfully displaying electroluminescence, tested at 1936 by Georges Destriau in Madame Marie Curie laboratories in Paris.

Indium tin oxide (ITO, also known under trade name IndiGlo) composite is used in some Timex watches, though as the electrode material, not as a phosphor itself. Uses ITO is mainly used to make transparent conductive coatings for Liquid crystal displays Flat panel displays Plasma displays touch panels "Californeon" is another trade name of an electroluminescent material, used in electroluminescent light strips.

See also a history of electroluminescent displays.

White LEDs

White light-emitting diodes are usually blue InGaN LEDs with a coating of a suitable material. Indium gallium nitride ( InGaN, x1-x is a Semiconductor material made of a mix of Gallium nitride (GaN and Indium nitride Cerium(III)-doped YAG (YAG:Ce³⁺, or Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce³⁺) is often used; it absorbs the light from the blue LED and emits in a broad range from greenish to reddish, with most of output in yellow. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 YAG redirects here For the IATA airport code see Fort Frances Municipal Airport. The pale yellow emission of the Ce³⁺:YAG can be tuned by substituting the cerium with other rare earth elements such as terbium and gadolinium and can even be further adjusted by substituting some or all of the aluminium in the YAG with gallium. Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 However, this process is not one of phosphorescence. The yellow light is produced by a process known as scintillation, the complete absence of an afterglow being one of the characteristics of the process.

White LEDs can also be made by coating near ultraviolet (NUV) emitting LEDs with a mixture of high efficiency europium based red and blue emitting phosphors plus green emitting copper and aluminium doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu,Al). Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor.

Cathode ray tubes

Cathode-ray tubes produce signal-generated light patterns in a (typically) round or rectangular format. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or Bulky CRTs were used in the black-and-white household television ("TV") sets that became popular in the 1950s, as well as first-generation, tube-based color TVs, and most earlier computer monitors. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive CRTs have also been widely used in scientific and engineering instrumentation, such as oscilloscopes, usually with a single phosphor color, typically green. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated to scope or O-scope) is a type of Electronic test equipment that allows signal Voltages to be viewed

White (in black-and-white): The mix of zinc cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide silver, the ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag is the white P4 phosphor used in black and white television CRTs. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic

Red: Yttrium oxide-sulfide activated with europium is used as the red phosphor in color CRTs. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 The development of color TVs took a long time due to the long search for a red phosphor.

Yellow: When mixed with cadmium sulfide, the resulting zinc cadmium sulfide (Zn,Cd)S:Ag, provides strong yellow light. Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is yellow in colour and is a semiconductor

Green: Combination of zinc sulfide with copper, the P31 phosphor or ZnS:Cu, provides green light peaking at 531 nm, with long glow. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29

Blue: Combination of zinc sulfide with few ppm of silver, the ZnS:Ag, when excited by electrons, provides strong blue glow with maximum at 450 nm, with short afterglow with 200 nanosecond duration. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen It is known as the P22B phosphor. [4] This material, zinc sulfide silver, is still one of the most efficient phosphors in cathode ray tubes. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or It is used as a blue phosphor in color CRTs.

The phosphors are usually poor electrical conductors. This may lead to deposition of residual charge on the screen, effectively decreasing the energy of the impacting electrons due to electrostatic repulsion (an effect known as "sticking"). To eliminate this, a thin layer of aluminium is deposited over the phosphors and connected to the conductive layer inside the tube. This layer also reflects the phosphor light to the desired direction, and protects the phosphor from ion bombardment resulting from an imperfect vacuum.

• ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag (P4), white phosphor for black and white TV screens and display tubes
• ZnS:Cu,Al (P22G), green phosphor for TV screens
• ZnS:Ag+Co-on-Al₂O₃ (P22B), blue phosphor for TV screens
• ZnS:Ag,Cl or ZnS:Zn (P11, BE), blue (460 nm), 0. Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic 01-1 ms persistence, for display tubes and vacuum fluorescent displays
• (Zn,Cd)S:Ag or (Zn,Cd)S:Cu (P20, KA), yellow-green, 1-100 ms persistence, for display tubes
• (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl (P28, KE), yellow, for display tubes
• ZnS:Cu or ZnS:Cu,Ag (P31, GH), yellowish-green, 0. A vacuum fluorescent display (VFD is a Display device used commonly on consumer-electronics equipment such as Video cassette recorders Car radios 01-1 ms persistence, for oscilloscopes
• ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Cu (P40, GA), white, for display tubes
• ZnS:Ag,Al (P55, BM), blue (450 nm), for projection tubes
• ZnS:Ag, blue (450 nm)
• ZnS:Cu,Al or ZnS:Cu,Au,Al, green (530 nm)
• (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Cl, white
• ZnS:Ag+ZnS:Cu+Y₂O₂S:Eu, white, Cd-free replacement for P4, black and white CRT tubes, display tubes

• Zn₂SiO₄:Mn (P1, GJ), yellowish-green (525 nm), 1-100 ms persistence, for display tubes
• Zn₂SiO₄:Mn,As (P39, GR), green (525 nm), for display tubes
• Y₂SiO₅:Ce (P47, BH), blue (400 nm), for beam index tubes
• Y₂SiO₅:Tb, green (545 nm), for projection tubes

• ZnO:Zn (P24, GE), green (505 nm), 1-10 µs persistence, for vacuum fluorescent displays

• Gd₂O₂S:Tb (P43, GY), yellow-green (545 nm), for display tubes
• Y₂O₂S:Eu+Fe₂O₃ (P22R), red phosphor for TV screens
• Y₂O₂S:Tb (P45, WB), white (545 nm), for viewfinders
• Y₂O₂S:Tb, green (545 nm), for display tubes
• Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (P46, KG), green (530 nm), for beam index tubes
• Y₃(Al,Ga)₅O₁₂:Ce, green (520 nm), for beam index tubes
• Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Tb (P53, KJ), yellow-green (544 nm), for projection tubes
• Y₃(Al,Ga)₅O₁₂:Tb, yellow-green (544 nm), for projection tubes

• MgF₂:Mn (P33, LD), orange (590 nm), over 1 second persistence, for radar screens
• (KF,MgF₂):Mn (P19, LF), yellow (590 nm), for radar screens
• (KF,MgF₂):Mn (P26, LC), orange (595 nm), over 1 second persistence, for radar screens
• (Zn,Mg)F₂:Mn (P38, LK), orange (590 nm), for radar screens

• InBO₃:Tb, yellow-green (550 nm)
• InBO₃:Eu, yellow (588 nm)
• InBO₃:Tb+InBO₃:Eu, amber
• InBO₃:Tb+InBO₃:Eu+ZnS:Ag, white

Fluorescent lamps

• (Ba,Eu)Mg₂Al₁₆O₂₇, blue phosphor for trichromatic fluorescent lamps
• (Ce,Tb)MgAl₁₁O₁₉, green phosphor for trichromatic fluorescent lamps
• Ce_{0. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated to scope or O-scope) is a type of Electronic test equipment that allows signal Voltages to be viewed Hemimorphite, is a sorosilicate Mineral which has been mined from days of old from the upper parts of Zinc and Lead Ores chiefly Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs Gadolinium oxysulfide ( Gd 2 O 2 S) also called gadolinium sulfoxylate or GOS, is an Inorganic compound Magnesium fluoride (MgF2 is a white crystalline Salt composed of one Magnesium Ion and two Fluoride ions and is used in the Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. 67}Tb_{0. 33}MgAl₁₁O₁₉:Ce,Tb, green (543 nm), for trichromatic lamps
• BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu,Mn, blue-green (456/514 nm)
• BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu,Mn, blue (450 nm), for trichromatic lamps
• BaMg₂Al₁₆O₂₇:Eu(II), blue (452 nm)
• BaMg₂Al₁₆O₂₇:Eu(II),Mn(II), blue (450+515 nm)
• (Ce,Tb)MgAl₁₁O₁₉, green

• Zn₂SiO₄:Mn, green (528 nm)
• Zn₂SiO₄:Mn,Sb₂O₃, green (528 nm)
• CaSiO₃:Pb,Mn, orange-pink (615 nm)

• MgWO₄, pale blue (473 nm), wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component
• CaWO₄ (Scheelite), blue (417 nm)
• CaWO₄:Pb, blue (433 nm), wide bandwidth

• (Sr,Eu,Ba,Ca)₅(PO₄)₃Cl, blue phosphor for trichromatic fluorescent lamps
• (La,Ce,Tb)PO₄, green phosphor for trichromatic fluorescent lamps
• (La,Ce,Tb)PO₄:Ce,Tb, green (546 nm), for trichromatic lamps
• (Ba,Ti)₂P₂O₇:Ti, blue-green (494 nm), wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component
• Sr₂P₂O₇:Sn, blue (460 nm), wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component
• Ca₅F(PO₄)₃:Sb, blue (482 nm), wide bandwidth
• Sr₅F(PO₄)₃:Sb,Mn, blue-green (509 nm), wide bandwidth
• LaPO₄:Ce,Tb, green phosphor (544 nm), for trichromatic blends
• (Sr,Ca,Ba)₁₀(PO₄)₆Cl₂:Eu, blue phosphor (453 nm) for trichromatic blends
• (Ca,Zn,Mg)₃(PO₄)₂:Sn, orange-pink (610 nm), wide bandwidth, blend component
• (Sr,Mg)₃(PO₄)₂:Sn, orange-pinkish white (626 nm), wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component
• Ca₅F(PO₄)₃:Sb,Mn, yellow, for Lite-white blend
• Ca₅(F,Cl)(PO₄)₃:Sb,Mn, warm white to cool white or blue or daylight
• (Ca,Sr,Ba)₃(PO₄)₂Cl₂:Eu, blue (452 nm)
• 3 Sr₃(PO₄)₂. Hemimorphite, is a sorosilicate Mineral which has been mined from days of old from the upper parts of Zinc and Lead Ores chiefly Calcium silicates are a set of four compounds obtained by reacting Calcium oxide and silica in various ratios Scheelite is a Calcium Tungstate Mineral with the Chemical formula Ca[[tungsten W]] O 4 Scheelite is a Calcium Tungstate Mineral with the Chemical formula Ca[[tungsten W]] O 4 SrF₂:Sb,Mn, blue (502 nm)
• (Zn,Sr)₃(PO₄)₂:Mn, orange-red (625 nm)
• (Sr,Mg)₃(PO₄)₂:Sn(II), orange-red (630 nm)

• (Y,Eu)₂O₃, red phosphor for trichromatic fluorescent lamps
• Y₂O₃:Eu, red phosphor (611 nm), for trichromatic blends
• Y₂O₃:Eu(III), red (611 nm), for trichromatic lamps

• Mg₄(F)GeO₆:Mn, red (658 nm)
• Mg₄(F)(Ge,Sn)O₆:Mn, red (658 nm)
• Sr₅Cl(PO₄)₃:Eu(II), blue (447 nm)
• Sr₆P₅BO₂₀:Eu, blue-green (480 nm)

• Y(P,V)O₄:Eu, orange-red (619 nm)
• Y₂O₂S:Eu, red (626 nm)
• 3. Strontium fluoride, SrF2, also called strontium difluoride and strontium(II fluoride, is a Fluoride of Strontium. A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. Yttrium oxide is Y 2 O 3 It is an air-stable white substance Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both 5 MgO . Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source 0. 5 MgF₂ . Magnesium fluoride (MgF2 is a white crystalline Salt composed of one Magnesium Ion and two Fluoride ions and is used in the GeO₂ :Mn, red (655 nm)
• Mg₅As₂O₁₁:Mn, red (660 nm)
• Ca₃(PO₄)₂. Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an Inorganic compound, an Oxide of Germanium. Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of Minerals containing Calcium Ions (Ca2+ together with orthophosphates (PO43- CaF₂:Ce,Mn, yellow (568 nm)

• SrAl₂O₇:Pb, ultraviolet (313 nm)
• BaSi₂O₅:Pb, ultraviolet (355 nm)
• SrFB₂O₃:Eu(II), ultraviolet (366 nm)
• SrB₄O₇:Eu, ultraviolet (368 nm)

• MgGa₂O₄:Mn(II), blue-green, used in black light displays

Various

Some other phosphors commercially available, for use as X-ray screens, neutron detectors, alpha-particle scintillators, etc, are:

• Gd₂O₂S:Tb (P43), green (peak at 545 nm), 1. Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. 5 ms decay to 10%, low afterglow, high X-ray absorption, for X-ray, neutrons and gamma
• Gd₂O₂S:Eu, red (627 nm), 850 µs decay, afterglow, high X-ray absorption, for X-ray, neutrons and gamma
• Gd₂O₂S:Pr, green (513 nm), 7 µs decay, no afterglow, high X-ray absorption, for X-ray, neutrons and gamma
• Gd₂O₂S:Pr,Ce,F, green (513 nm), 4 µs decay, no afterglow, high X-ray absorption, for X-ray, neutrons and gamma

• Y₂O₂S:Tb (P45), white (545 nm), 1. 5 ms decay, low afterglow, for low-energy X-ray
• Y₂O₂S:Eu (P22R), red (627 nm), 850 µs decay, afterglow, for low-energy X-ray
• Y₂O₂S:Pr, white (513 nm), 7 µs decay, no afterglow, for low-energy X-ray

• Zn(0. 5)Cd(0. 4)S:Ag (HS), green (560 nm), 80 µs decay, afterglow, efficient but low-res X-ray
• Zn(0. 4)Cd(0. 6)S:Ag (HSr), red (630 nm), 80 µs decay, afterglow, efficient but low-res X-ray

• CdWO₄, blue (475 nm), 28 µs decay, no afterglow, intensifying phosphor for X-ray and gamma
• CaWO₄, blue (410 nm), 20 µs decay, no afterglow, intensifying phosphor for X-ray
• MgWO₄, white (500 nm), 80 µs decay, no afterglow, intensifying phosphor

• Y₂SiO₅:Ce (P47), blue (400 nm), 120 ns decay, no afterglow, for electrons, suitable for photomultipliers
• YAlO₃:Ce (YAP), blue (370 nm), 25 ns decay, no afterglow, for electrons, suitable for photomultipliers
• Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (YAG), green (550 nm), 70 ns decay, no afterglow, for electrons, suitable for photomultipliers
• Y₃(Al,Ga)₅O₁₂:Ce (YGG), green (530 nm), 250 ns decay, low afterglow, for electrons, suitable for photomultipliers

• CdS:In, green (525 nm), <1 ns decay, no afterglow, ultrafast, for electrons
• ZnO:Ga, blue (390 nm), <5 ns decay, no afterglow, ultrafast, for electrons
• ZnO:Zn (P15), blue (495 nm), 8 µs decay, no afterglow, for low-energy electrons

• (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al (P22G), green (565 nm), 35 µs decay, low afterglow, for electrons
• ZnS:Cu,Al,Au (P22G), green (540 nm), 35 µs decay, low afterglow, for electrons
• ZnCdS:Ag,Cu (P20), green (530 nm), 80 µs decay, low afterglow, for electrons

• ZnS:Ag (P11), blue (455 nm), 80 µs decay, low afterglow, for alpha particles and electrons
• anthracene, blue (447 nm), 32 ns decay, no afterglow, for alpha particles and electrons
• plastic (EJ-212), blue (400 nm), 2. Anthracene is a solid Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused Benzene rings derived from Coal-tar. 4 ns decay, no afterglow, for alpha particles and electrons

• Zn₂SiO₄:Mn (P1), green (530 nm), 11 ms decay, low afterglow, for electrons

• ZnS:Cu (GS), green (520 nm), decay in minutes, long afterglow, for X-rays

• NaI:Tl, for X-ray, alpha, and electrons
• CsI:Tl, green (545 nm), 5 µs decay, afterglow, for X-ray, alpha, and electrons

• ⁶LiF/ZnS:Ag (ND), blue (455 nm), 80 µs decay, for thermal neutrons
• ⁶LiF/ZnS:Cu,Al,Au (NDg), green (565 nm), 35 µs decay, for neutrons

See also

• photoluminescence
• cathodoluminescence
• laser

External links

• Display and LED Phosphors,
• Fluorescence, Phosphorescence
• AST/Phosphors
• CRT Phosphor Characteristics (P numbers)
• Composition of CRT phosphors
• Phosphor coatings
• Phosphors for fluorescent lamps

Sodium iodide is a white Crystalline Salt with Chemical formula Na[[Iodine I]] used in radiation detection treatment of Iodine deficiency Caesium iodide (CsI is an Ionic compound often used as the input Phosphor of an X-ray image intensifier tube found in Fluoroscopy equipment Lithium fluoride is a Chemical compound of Lithium and Fluorine. Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is a process in which a substance absorbs Photons (electromagnetic radiation and then re-radiates photons Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electrical Phenomenon whereby a beam of Electrons is generated by an Electron gun (e A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission.

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