Phosphoenolpyruvate
IUPAC name	2-phosphonooxyprop-2-enoic acid
Other names	Phosphoenolpyruvic acid, PEP
Identifiers
CAS number	[138-08-9]
PubChem	1005
SMILES	C=C(C(=O)O)OP(=O)(O)O
Properties
Molecular formula	C3H5O6P
Molar mass	168. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 042
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Phosphoenolpyruvate (synonyms: phosphoenolpyruvic acid, PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as It has the highest energy phosphate bond found (-61. 9 KJ/mol) in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such In plants, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation. Carbon fixation is a process found in Autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food usually driven by Photosynthesis, whereby Carbon dioxide is changed

Contents 1 In glycolysis 2 In gluconeogenesis 3 In plants 4 References

In glycolysis

PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Enolase also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase is a Metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of Chemical reaction that results in the formation of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP by the direct transfer of a Phosphate ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called

2-phospho-D-glycerate	Enolase		phosphoenolpyruvate	Pyruvate kinase		pyruvate
		H2O		ADP	ATP
		H2O
	Enolase			Pyruvate kinase

Compound C00631 at KEGG Pathway Database. Enolase also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase is a Metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Enolase also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase is a Metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Enzyme 4.2.1.11 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Compound C00074 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Enzyme 2.7.1.40 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Compound C00022 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals

In gluconeogenesis

PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of one guanosine triphosphate molecule. Decarboxylation is any Chemical reaction in which a Carboxyl group (-COOH is split off from a compound as Carbon dioxide (CO2 Oxaloacetic acid is an Organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(OCH2CO2H Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Guanosine-5'-triphosphate ( GTP) is a Purine Nucleotide. One role is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Not to be confused with Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (or PEPCK) is an Enzyme This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis:^[1]

GTP + oxaloacetate → GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO₂

In plants

PEP may be used for the synthesis of chorismate through the shikimate pathway. The rate-determining step (RDS is a Chemistry term for the slowest step in a Chemical reaction. Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is an important biochemical Intermediate in plants and microorganisms ^[2] Chorismate may then be metabolized into the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) and other aromatic compounds. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Phe redirects here For the BitTorrent feature see PHE. For the constellation see Phoenix (constellation. Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an Essential amino acid in the Human diet Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize

In addition, in C₄ plants, PEP serves as an important substrate in carbon fixation. C4 carbon fixation is one of three biochemical mechanisms along with C3 and CAM photosynthesis, functioning in land Plants to Carbon fixation is a process found in Autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food usually driven by Photosynthesis, whereby Carbon dioxide is changed The chemical equation, as catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase), is:

PEP + CO₂ → oxaloacetate

References

1. ^ InterPro: IPR008209 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, GTP-utilising. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (also known as PEP carboxylase, PEPCase, or PEPC; EC 4 Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
2. ^ BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli

See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized In Biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Variation across species Hexokinases have been found in every organism checked ranging from bacteria, Yeast, and Plants to humans and other Vertebrates Glucose 6-phosphate (also known as Robison ester) is Glucose sugar Phosphorylated on carbon 6 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, or phosphoglucose isomerase, is an Enzyme ( that catalyzes the conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate into Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate (also known as the Neuberg ester) is Fructose sugar Phosphorylated on carbon 6 (ie Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1 is the most important regulatory Enzyme ( of Glycolysis. Fructose 16-phosphate is Fructose sugar Phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (ie Aldolase A is an Enzyme which catalyses one of the Aldol reactions: The substrate, Fructose 16-bisphosphate (F-16-BP is broken down into Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions from the Calvin cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP or PGAL Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM is an Enzyme ( that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the Triose phosphate Isomers Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP or PGAL Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated as GAPDH or less commonly as G3PDH ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step of Overview Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM is an Enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of Glycolysis. In Enzymology, a phosphopyruvate hydratase ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Chemical reaction 2-phospho-D-glycerate \rightleftharpoons Enolase also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase is a Metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 is the first component Enzyme of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions Coenzyme A ( CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a Coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of Fatty acids

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