Phonology (Greek φωνή (phōnē), voice, sound + λόγος (lógos), word, speech, subject of discussion), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language or set of languages. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Theoretical linguistics is the branch of Linguistics that is most concerned with developing models of linguistic knowledge Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the In Linguistics, lexis (in Greek λέξις = word describes the storage of language in our mental Lexicon as prefabricated patterns ( Lexical units Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from Lexical semantics is a subfield of linguistic Semantics. It is the study of how and what the words of a language denote (Pustejovsky 1995 Statistical Semantics is the study of "how the statistical patterns of human word usage can be used to figure out what people mean at least to a level sufficient for information access" Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements Prototype Theory is a mode of graded Categorization in Cognitive science, where some members of a category are more central than others Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies investigates and offers solutions to language-related real life problems One hotly debated issue is whether the biological contribution includes capacities specific to language acquisition often referred to as Universal grammar. Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable Humans to acquire use Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Linguistic anthropology is that branch of Anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems linking the analysis of Semiotic Generative linguistics is a school of thought within Linguistics that makes use of the concept of a Generative grammar. In Linguistics and Cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation learning and usage Computational linguistics is an Interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of Natural language from a computational Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how Language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past by a group of people in a speech community Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Stylistics is the study of varieties of Language whose properties position that language in context. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used Corpus linguistics is the Study of language as expressed in Samples ( corpora) or "real world" text See also History of grammar Linguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of Language. A linguist in the academic sense is a person who studies Linguistics. This article discusses currently unsolved problems in Linguistics. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Whereas phonetics is about the physical production and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information.

An important part of phonology is studying which sounds are distinctive units within a language. In English, for example, /p/ and /b/ are distinctive units of sound, (i. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States e. , they are phonemes / the difference is phonemic, or phonematic). The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU This can be seen from minimal pairs such as "pin" and "bin", which mean different things, but differ only in one sound. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone On the other hand, /p/ is often pronounced differently depending on its position relative to other sounds, yet these different pronunciations are still considered by native speakers to be the same "sound". A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth For example, the /p/ in "pin" is aspirated while the same phoneme in "spin" is not. Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed In some other languages, for example Thai and Quechua, this same difference of aspiration or non-aspiration does differentiate phonemes. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America.

In addition to the minimal meaningful sounds (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, such as the /p/ in English described above, and topics such as syllable structure, stress, accent, and intonation. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word In Linguistics, an accent is a manner of Pronunciation of a language In Linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch whilst speaking which is not used to distinguish words

The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of sign languages, even though the phonological units do not consist of sounds. A sign language (also signed language) is a Language which instead of acoustically conveyed Sound patterns uses visually transmitted sign patterns The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. In Semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which the Information is to be encoded for Presentation to humans i

Representing phonemes

The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonological point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short a, i and u is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.

The writing systems of some languages are based on the phonemic principle of having one letter (or combination of letters) per phoneme and vice-versa. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. A phonemic orthography is a Writing system where the written Graphemes correspond to Phonemes the spoken sounds of the language Ideally, speakers can correctly write whatever they can say, and can correctly read anything that is written. (In practice, this ideal is never realized. ) However in English, different spellings can be used for the same phoneme (e. g. , rude and food have the same vowel sounds), and the same letter (or combination of letters) can represent different phonemes (e. g. , the "th" consonant sounds of thin and this are different). In order to avoid this confusion based on orthography, phonologists represent phonemes by writing them between two slashes: " / / " (but without the quotes). On the other hand, the actual sounds are enclosed by square brackets: " [ ] " (again, without quotes). While the letters between slashes may be based on spelling conventions, the letters between square brackets are usually the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) or some other phonetic transcription system. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic

Phoneme inventories

Doing a phoneme inventory

The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. Note that the two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language are made by speakers of the other.

Part of the phonological study of a language involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. Transcription is the conversion into written typewritten or printed form of a Spoken language source such as the proceedings of a court hearing A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Even though a language may make distinctions between a small number of phonemes, speakers actually produce many more phonetic sounds. Thus, a phoneme in a particular language can be pronounced in many ways.

Looking for minimal pairs forms part of the research in studying the phoneme inventory of a language. A minimal pair is a pair of words from the same language, that differ by only a single sound, and that are recognized by speakers as being two different words. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone When there is a minimal pair, the two sounds represent separate phonemes. However, since it is often impossible to detect all phonemes with this method, other approaches are used as well.

Phonemic distinctions or allophones

If two similar sounds do not belong to separate phonemes, they are called allophones of the same underlying phoneme. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. For instance, voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) can be aspirated. In English, voiceless stops at the beginning of a stressed syllable (but not after /s/) are aspirated, whereas after /s/ they are not aspirated. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed This can be seen by putting the fingers right in front of the lips and noticing the difference in breathiness in saying 'pin' versus 'spin'. There is no English word 'pin' that starts with an unaspirated p, therefore in English, aspirated [pʰ] (the [ʰ] means aspirated) and unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme /p/.

The /t/ sounds in the words 'tub', 'stub', 'but', 'butter', and 'button' are all pronounced differently in American English, yet are all perceived as "the same sound", therefore they constitute another example of allophones of the same phoneme in English.

Another example: in English and many other languages, the liquids /l/ and /r/ are two separate phonemes (minimal pair 'life', 'rife'); however, in Korean these two liquids are allophones of the same phoneme, and the general rule is that [ɾ] comes before a vowel, and [l] does not (e. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system g. Seoul, Korea). A native speaker will tell you that the [l] in Seoul and the [ɾ] in Korean are in fact the same sound. Theoretically, what happens is that a native Korean speaker's brain recognises the underlying phoneme /l/, and, depending on the phonetic context (whether before a vowel or not), expresses it as either [ɾ] or [l]. Another Korean speaker will hear both sounds as the underlying phoneme and think of them as the same sound. This is one reason why most people have a marked accent when they attempt to speak a language that they did not grow up hearing; their brains sort the sounds they hear in terms of the phonemes of their own native language.

There are different methods for determining why allophones should fall categorically under a specified phoneme. Counter-intuitively, the principle of phonetic similarity is not always used. This tends to make the phoneme seem abstracted away from the phonetic realities of speech. It should be remembered that, just because allophones can be grouped under phonemes for the purpose of linguistic analysis, this does not necessarily mean that this is an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. On the other hand, it could be pointed out that some sort of analytic notion of a language beneath the word level is usual if the language is written alphabetically. So one could also speak of a phonology of reading and writing.

Change of a phoneme inventory over time

The particular sounds which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v] were allophones in English, but these later changed into separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change

Other topics in phonology

Phonology also includes topics such as assimilation, elision, epenthesis, vowel harmony, tone, non-phonemic prosody and phonotactics. Assimilation is a common Phonological process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier In Phonology, epenthesis (/əˈpɛnθəsɪs/ Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις - epenthesis from epi "on" + en "in" Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words In Linguistics, prosody (from Greek προσωδία) is the Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech Phonotactics (in Greek phone = voice and tactic = course is a branch of Phonology that deals with restrictions in a Language on the Prosody includes topics such as stress and intonation. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word In Linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch whilst speaking which is not used to distinguish words

Development of the field

In ancient India, the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini (c. This article is about the kingdoms as reflected in Sanskrit literature Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient 520–460 BC) in his text of Sanskrit phonology, the Shiva Sutras, discusses something like the concepts of the phoneme, the morpheme and the root. Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule The Shiva Sutras ( Sanskrit: Maheśvara sūtra sa महेश्वर सूत्र contain the system of phonemic notation which was used to organize The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents The Shiva Sutras describe a phonemic notational system in the fourteen initial lines of the Aṣṭādhyāyī. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient The notational system introduces different clusters of phonemes that serve special roles in the morphology of Sanskrit, and are referred to throughout the text. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words Panini's grammar of Sanskrit had a significant influence on Ferdinand de Saussure, the father of modern structuralism, who was a professor of Sanskrit. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze

The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) coined the word phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. Jan Niecisław Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay ( March 13, 1845 - November 3, 1929) was a Polish linguist and Slavist Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski, ( Russianized, Nikolay Vyacheslavovich Krushevsky Николай Вячеславович Крушевский) (1851–1887 was a The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU He worked not only on the theory of the phoneme but also on phonetic alternations (i. e. , what is now called allophony and morphophonology). In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of Linguistics which studies The phonological structure His influence on Ferdinand de Saussure was also significant. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist

Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy's posthumously published work, the Principles of Phonology (1939), is considered the foundation of the Prague School of phonology. Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetzkoy (also Trubetskoy) ( Russian: Николай Сергеевич Трубецкой ( Moscow, April 15, The Prague Linguistic Circle or " Prague school " ( French Cercle linguistique de Prague, Czech Pražský lingvistický kroužek Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of morphophonology, though morphophonology was first recognized by Baudouin de Courtenay. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of Linguistics which studies The phonological structure Trubetzkoy split phonology into phonemics and archiphonemics; the former has had more influence than the latter. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Another important figure in the Prague School was Roman Jakobson, who was one of the most prominent linguists of the twentieth century. Roman Osipovich Jakobson, (Russian Роман Осипович Якобсон) ( 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for Generative Phonology. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Morris Halle, né Pinkowitz is a Latvian-American Jewish linguist and an Institute Professor and professor Emeritus of linguistics The Sound Pattern of English (frequently referred to as SPE is a work on Phonology (a branch of Linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Generative linguistics is a school of thought within Linguistics that makes use of the concept of a Generative grammar. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. In Linguistics (specifically Phonetics and Phonology) the term segment may be defined as "any discrete unit that can be identified either In Linguistics, a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle. Carl Gunnar Michael Fant (born October 8 1919) is professor emeritus at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH in Stockholm. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set, and have the binary values + or -. There are at least two levels of representation: underlying representation and surface phonetic representation. In Morphophonology, the underlying representation (UR or underlying form (UF of a Morpheme is the abstract form the morpheme is postulated to have before Ordered phonological rules govern how underlying representation is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so called surface form). In Morphophonology, the underlying representation (UR or underlying form (UF of a Morpheme is the abstract form the morpheme is postulated to have before An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the Generativists folded morphophonology into phonology, which both solved and created problems.

Natural Phonology was a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on distinctive features within prosodic groups. In Linguistics, a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously (though the output of one process may be the input to another). The second-most prominent Natural Phonologist is Stampe's wife, Patricia Donegan; there are many Natural Phonologists in Europe, though also a few others in the U. S. , such as Geoffrey Pullum. Professor Geoffrey K Pullum (born March 8, 1945 in Irvine, Scotland) is a linguist specialising in the study of English The principles of Natural Phonology were extended to morphology by Wolfgang U. Dressler, who founded Natural Morphology. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words

In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Anton Goldsmith (born 1951 is the Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, with appointments in Linguistics and Autosegmental phonology is the name of a framework of phonological analysis proposed by John Goldsmith in his PhD thesis in 1976 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Augosegmental phonology later evolved into Feature Geometry, which became the standard theory of representation for the theories of the organization of phonology as different as Lexical Phonology and Optimality Theory. Optimality Theory (OT is a linguistic model originally proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993

Government Phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. Government phonology ( GP) is a theoretical framework of Linguistics and more specifically of Phonology. For the term in chemistry see Principle (chemistry. Not to be confused with Principal. In Mathematics, Statistics, and the mathematical Sciences a parameter ( G auxiliary measure) is a quantity that defines certain characteristics That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, John Harris, and many others.

In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed Optimality Theory — an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints which is ordered by importance: a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. Alan Sanford Prince (born 1946) is a professor of Linguistics at Rutgers University. Paul Smolensky (born May 5, 1955) is a professor of Cognitive Science at the Johns Hopkins University. Optimality Theory (OT is a linguistic model originally proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993 The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become the dominant trend in phonology. John McCarthy (born 1953 in Medford Massachusetts) is a linguist and professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst Alan Sanford Prince (born 1946) is a professor of Linguistics at Rutgers University. Though this usually goes unacknowledged, Optimality Theory was strongly influenced by Natural Phonology; both view phonology in terms of constraints on speakers and their production, though these constraints are formalized in very different ways.

Broadly speaking Government Phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas Optimality Theory is predominant in North America. Government phonology ( GP) is a theoretical framework of Linguistics and more specifically of Phonology. Optimality Theory (OT is a linguistic model originally proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993

See also

• Absolute neutralisation
• Phoneme
• Morphophonology
• Phonological hierarchy
• Prosody (linguistics)
• English phonology

External links

• SIL: What is phonology?
• SIL: What is autosegmental phonology?
• SIL: What is generative phonology?
• SIL: What is lexical phonology?
• SIL: What is metrical phonology?
• SIL: What is a phonological derivation?
• SIL: What is phonological hierarchy?
• SIL: What is phonological symmetry?
• SIL: What is a phonological universal?
• Lexicon of linguistics: Metrical phonology
• Generative phonology: Its origins, its principles, and its successors (by John Goldsmith)
• On-line phonology course (of English)
• Another on-line phonology course dealing with English using large amounts of Macromedia Flash interaction. In Phonology, absolute neutralisation is a phenomenon in which a segment of the Underlying representation of a Morpheme is not realized in any of its The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of Linguistics which studies The phonological structure Phonological hierarchy describes a series of increasingly smaller regions of a phonological utterance In Linguistics, prosody (from Greek προσωδία) is the Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech English phonology is the study of the Phonology (ie the sound system of the English language. John Anton Goldsmith (born 1951 is the Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, with appointments in Linguistics and English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Adobe Flash (previously called Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash) is a set of Multimedia software created by Macromedia and currently
• Variation in the English Indefinite Article: A humorous article demonstrating the importance of phonology (as opposed to merely syntax and semantics) in linguistic analysis.

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• Trager, George L. ; and Bloch, Bernard. (1941). The syllabic phonemes of English. Language, 17, 223-246.
• Trubetzkoy, Nikolai. (1939). Grundzüge der Phonologie. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7.
• Twaddell, William F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language monograph no. 16. Language.

Some phonologists

• Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
• Leonard Bloomfield
• Franz Boas
• Noam Chomsky
• George N. Clements
• Patricia Donegan
• John Rupert Firth
• John Goldsmith
• Morris Halle
• Joan B. Hooper
• Roman Jakobson
• Daniel Jones
• Jonathan Kaye (Linguist)
• Michael Kenstowicz
• Paul Kiparsky
• Mikołaj Kruszewski
• Jerzy Kuryłowicz
• André Martinet
• John McCarthy
• David Odden
• Kenneth Pike
• Alan Prince
• Jerzy Rubach
• Edward Sapir
• Ferdinand de Saussure
• Paul Smolensky
• David Stampe
• Henry Sweet
• Nikolai Trubetzkoy

Textbooks

• Introducing Phonology, David Odden, 2005, Cambridge. Jan Niecisław Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay ( March 13, 1845 - November 3, 1929) was a Polish linguist and Slavist Leonard Bloomfield ( April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist, whose influence dominated the development Franz Boas ( July 9, 1858 &ndash December 21, 1942) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political John Rupert Firth (1890 Keighley, Yorkshire &ndash 1960 commonly known as J John Anton Goldsmith (born 1951 is the Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, with appointments in Linguistics and Morris Halle, né Pinkowitz is a Latvian-American Jewish linguist and an Institute Professor and professor Emeritus of linguistics Joan L Bybee (Hooper is an American linguist. She is a Distinguished Professor at the University of New Mexico. Roman Osipovich Jakobson, (Russian Роман Осипович Якобсон) ( 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian For the Silverchair frontman see Daniel Johns. Daniel Jones is the name of Daniel Jones (phonetician (1881&ndash1967 Linguistically a Dialect refers to "a variety of a language that is distinguished from other varieties of the same language by features of Phonology, grammar and vocabulary René Paul Viktor Kiparsky (born January 28, 1941, Helsinki, Finland) is a professor of Linguistics at Stanford University Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski, ( Russianized, Nikolay Vyacheslavovich Krushevsky Николай Вячеславович Крушевский) (1851–1887 was a Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895-1978 was a Polish linguist who studied Indo-European languages. André Martinet ( Saint-Alban-des-Villards, 12 April 1908 - Châtenay-Malabry, 16 July 1999) was a French linguist John McCarthy (born 1953 in Medford Massachusetts) is a linguist and professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst David A Odden ( is professor of Linguistics at Ohio State University. Kenneth Lee Pike ( June 9 1912 &ndash December 31 2000) also known during his life as Ken Pike, was an American linguist Alan Sanford Prince (born 1946) is a professor of Linguistics at Rutgers University. Jerzy Jan Rubach (born 1948 is a Polish and American linguist who specializes in Phonology. Edward Sapir (səˈpɪər ( January 26 1884 &ndash February 4 1939) was a Jewish German - American Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist Paul Smolensky (born May 5, 1955) is a professor of Cognitive Science at the Johns Hopkins University. Henry Sweet (1845-1912 was an English philologist, phonetician and Grammarian As a philologist he specialized in the Germanic languages Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetzkoy (also Trubetskoy) ( Russian: Николай Сергеевич Трубецкой ( Moscow, April 15,
• The Handbook of Phonological Theory, John Goldsmith (ed. ), Blackwell.

Phonology conferences

• the Manchester Phonology Meeting