- see comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology". Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to
Philology, derived from the Greek φιλολογία (philologia[1], from the terms φίλος philos meaning "loved, beloved, dear, friend" and λόγος logos "word, articulation, reason") is a branch of the human sciences dealing with language and literature, specifically a literary canon, combining aspects of grammar, rhetoric, historical linguistics (etymology and language change), interpretation of authors, textual criticism and the critical traditions associated with a given language. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Human science (also moral science and human sciences as typical in the UK is a term applied to the investigation of human life and activities by a Rational A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time In Logic an interpretation gives meaning to an artificial or Formal language or to a sentence of such a language by assigning a denotation (extension Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across
Philology considers both form and meaning in linguistic expression, combining linguistics and literary studies. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words This article is about meaning as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature.
Classical philology is the philology of the Greek and Latin and languages. Classical Philology is the study of the language systems of Latin, specifically ancient Latin and of Ancient Greek. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Classical philology is historically primary, originating in European Renaissance Humanism, but was soon joined by philologies of other languages both European (Germanic, Celtic, Slavic etc. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century This article is about the history of the discipline for linguistic phenomena see Germanic languages and the navigation template below Celtic Studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celtic people Slavic studies or Slavistics is the Academic field of Area studies concerned with Slavic areas Slavic languages, literature history ) and non-European (Sanskrit, Oriental languages such as Persian or Arabic, Chinese etc. The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures languages peoples history and archaeology in recent Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China but especially in the American academic context refers more strictly to the study of classical language ) Indo-European studies involves the philology of all Indo-European languages in comparison. Indo-European studies is a field of Linguistics dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct
Any classical language can be studied philologically, and indeed describing a language as "classical" is to imply the existence of a philological tradition associated with it. A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly
Because of its focus on historical development (diachronic analysis), philology came to be used as a term contrasting with linguistics. Theoretical linguistics is the branch of Linguistics that is most concerned with developing models of linguistic knowledge This is due to a 20th century development triggered by Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, and the later emergence of post-structuralism and Chomskian linguistics with its heavy emphasis on spoken language (performance) and syntax. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Linguistic performance is one of the two elements in Chomsky's performance/competence distinction In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the
Contents |
The term
The term philology itself enters the English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie, in the sense of "love of literature". Middle French (le moyen français is a historical division of the French language which covers the period from (roughly 1340 to 1611. The Latin term philologia could mean "love of learning", like the original Greek term, φιλολογία, which described love of learning, of literature as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting range of activities included under the notion of λόγος. grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion
The adjective φιλόλογος meant "fond of discussion or argument, talkative", in Hellenistic Greek also implying an excessive ("sophistic") preference of argument over the love of true wisdom, φιλόσοφος. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language
As an allegory of literary erudition, Philologia appears in 5th century post-classical literature (Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii), an idea revived in Late Medieval literature (Chaucer, Lydgate). An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation "Martianus" redirects here For the beetle Genus, see Martianus (beetle. Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. John Lydgate of Bury (c 1370 – c 1451 was a Monk and Poet, born in Lidgate Suffolk, England.
The meaning of "love of learning and literature" was narrowed to "the study of the historical development of languages" (historical linguistics) in 19th century usage of the term due to the rapid progresses made in understanding sound laws and language change, the "golden age of philology", taken to last throughout the 19th century, or "from Friedrich Schlegel to Nietzsche". Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Sound change includes any processes of Language change that affect pronunciation ( phonetic change) or sound system structures ( Phonological change Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (later von) Schlegel ( March 10, 1772 - January 12, 1829) was a German Poet Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist [2] In British English usage, and in British academia, "philology" remains largely synonymous with "historical linguistics", while in US English, and US academia, the wider meaning of "study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition" remains more widespread. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. [3]
Branches of philology
Comparative philology
One branch of philology is comparative linguistics, which studies the relationship between languages. Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to Similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first noted in the early 16th century[4] and led to the speculation of a common ancestor language from which all of these descended — now named Proto-Indo-European. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. Philology's interest in ancient languages led to the study of what were in the 18th century "exotic" languages for the light they could cast on problems in understanding and deciphering the origins of older texts.
Textual philology and text editing
Philology also includes the close study of texts and their history. Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in It includes elements of textual criticism, trying to reconstruct an author's original text based on variant manuscript copies. Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in This branch of research arose in Biblical studies and has a long tradition, dating back to the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants that have come down to us. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This method was then applied to Classical Studies and to medieval texts for the reconstruction of the author's original. This method produced so-called critical editions which provided a reconstructed text accompanied by a critical apparatus, i. e. footnotes listing the various manuscript variants available, thus enabling scholars to gain insight into the entire manuscript tradition and argue about variants.
A related study method, known as higher criticism, which studies the authorship, date, and provenance of texts, places a text in a historical context. Historical criticism or higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that investigates the origins of a text as applied in Biblical studies it naturally These philological issues are often inseparable from issues of interpretation, and thus there is no clear-cut boundary between philology and hermeneutics. Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts As such, when the content of the text has a significant political or religious influence (such as the reconstruction of Biblical texts), it is difficult to find 'objective' conclusions.
As a result, some scholars avoid all critical methods of textual philology. Especially in historical linguistics it is important to study the actually recorded materials. The movement known as New Philology has rejected textual criticism because it injects editorial interpretations into the text and destroys the integrity of the individual manuscript readings, hence damaging the reliability of the data. New Philology is a school within Ethnohistory that seeks to describe the History of colonized people largely by using the colonized peoples' own written Supporters of New Philology insist on a strict diplomatic, that is, faithful rendering of the text exactly as it is found in the manuscript, without emendations.
Decipherment
In the case of Bronze Age literature, philology includes the prior decipherment of the language in question. The History of literature begins with the History of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, although the oldest literary This has notably been the case with the Egyptian, Sumerian and Assyrian, Hittite and Luwian languages. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Beginning with the sensational decipherment and translation of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion in 1822, a number of individuals attempted to decipher the writing systems of the Ancient Near East and Aegean. The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact (حجر رشيد in Arabic which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing Jean-François Champollion ( 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French classical scholar, philologist The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age Civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. In the case of Old Persian and Mycenean Greek, decipherment of writing systems yielded records of languages already known from slightly younger traditions (Middle Persian, Alphabetic Greek). The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c
Work on the ancient languages of the Near East progressed rapidly. In the mid-19th century, Henry Rawlinson and others deciphered the Behistun Inscription, which records the same text in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian, using a variation of cuneiform for each language. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson 1st Baronet (1810-1895 was born at Chadlington, Oxfordshire. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. The understanding of cuneiform script led to the decipherment of Sumerian. Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Hittite was deciphered in 1915 by Bedřich Hrozný. Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Bedřich (Friedrich Hrozný (ˈbɛdr̝ɪx
Linear B, a language used in the ancient Aegean, was deciphered in 1952 by Michael Ventris, who demonstrated that the script recorded an early form of Greek, now known as Mycenaean Greek. Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. Michael George Francis Ventris ( July 12, 1922 &ndash September 6, 1956) was an English architect and classical scholar who along Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the Linear A, the writing system which records the still unknown language of the Minoans, resists deciphering, despite many attempts. Linear A is one of two linear scripts used in ancient Crete before Greek Mycenaean Linear B. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete.
Work still continues on scripts such as Maya hieroglyphics (with great progress made in the 20th century by the scholar Yuri Knorozov) and Etruscan (deciphered most completely by the scholar Svetislav Bilbija of the Institute of Etruscan Studies in Chicago). The Maya script, also known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov (alternatively Knorosov; Russian Юрий Валентинович Кнорозов; b The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western
See also
- Classical philology
- Western canon
- Germanic philology
- Cognitive philology
- Classical language
- Historical linguistics
- Etymology
- Codicology
- Elocution
- Palaeography
- American Journal of Philology
References
- ^ Philologia, Liddell and Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
- ^ so Nikolaus Wegmann, Princeton University Department of German[1]
- ^ A. Classical Philology is the study of the language systems of Latin, specifically ancient Latin and of Ancient Greek. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in This article is about the history of the discipline for linguistic phenomena see Germanic languages and the navigation template below Cognitive Philology is the Science that studies written and oral texts considering them as results of human mental Processes This science therefore compares A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Codicology (from Latin la ''cōdex'' Genitive la ''cōdicis'' "notebook book" and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is Elocution is the study of formal speaking in Pronunciation, Grammar, style and tone. Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, American Journal of Philology ( AJP) is an Academic journal founded in 1880 by the renowned classical scholar Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics (1998) 4 I. 22.
- ^ This fact is noted in Juan Mascaro's introduction to his translation of the Bhagavad Gita, in which he dates the first Gita translation to 1785 (by Charles Williams). Mascaro claims Alexander Hamilton stopped in Paris in 1802 after returning from India, and taught Sanskrit to the German critic Friedrich von Schlegel. Mascaro says this is the beginning of modern study of the roots of the Indo-European languages.
External links
- A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology (ed. José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain)
- Philology in Runet -(A special web search through the philological sites of Runet)
- Asociación de Jóvenes Investigadores Filólogos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (AJIF-UCM)
- Wikiversity: Topic:German philology
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic