Sir Philip Sidney (November 30, 1554 – October 17, 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Age's most prominent figures. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era Famous in his day in England as a poet, courtier and soldier, he remains known as the author of Astrophil and Stella (1581, pub. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" A courtier is a person who attends the court of a Monarch or other powerful person. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Likely composed in the 1580s by Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella is the first of the famous English Sonnet sequences and contains 108 Sonnets and 11 1591), The Defence of Poetry (or An Apology for Poetry, 1581, pub. Sir Philip Sidney wrote An Apology for Poetry (or The Defence of Poetry) in 1581, and published it in 1595. 1595), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580, pub. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, also known simply as The Arcadia is by far Sir Philip Sidney 's most ambitious work 1590).

Contents 1 Life and family 2 Works 3 In pop culture 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading

Life and family

Born at Penshurst, Kent, he was the eldest son of Sir Henry Sidney and Lady Mary Dudley. Penshurst is a village and Civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Sir Henry Sidney ( 1529 - 5 May 1586) lord deputy of Ireland, was the eldest son of Sir William Sidney of Penshurst a prominent politician His mother was the daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and the sister of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester ( 24 June 1532 /1533 &ndash 4 September 1588) was the long standing Favourite of Elizabeth His younger sister, Mary Sidney, married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. Mary Herbert Countess of Pembroke née Mary Sidney ( 27 October 1561 – 25 September 1621) was one of the first English Henry Herbert 2nd Earl of Pembroke KG (1534 &ndash 19 January 1601) was a statesman of the Elizabethan era. Mary Sidney was important as a translator and as a patron of poetry; Sidney dedicated his longest work, the Arcadia, to her. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, also known simply as The Arcadia is by far Sir Philip Sidney 's most ambitious work

Philip was educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford. Shrewsbury School (formally known as King Edward VI Grammar School Shrewsbury) is an public school, located in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the He was much travelled and highly learned. In 1572, he travelled to France as part of the embassy to negotiate a marriage between Elizabeth I and the Duc D'Alençon. He spent the next several years in mainland Europe, moving through Germany, Italy, Poland, and Austria. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich On these travels, he met a number of prominent European intellectuals and politicians.

Returning to England in 1575, Sidney met Penelope Devereaux, the future Penelope Blount; though much younger, she would inspire his famous sonnet sequence of the 1580s, Astrophel and Stella. Penelope Blount Countess of Devonshire ( 1562 - July 7, 1607) was an English noblewoman Likely composed in the 1580s by Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella is the first of the famous English Sonnet sequences and contains 108 Sonnets and 11 Her father, the Earl of Essex, is said to have planned to marry his daughter to Sidney, but he died in 1576. Earl of Essex is a title that has been held by several families and individuals of which the best-known and most closely associated with the title was Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of In England, Sidney occupied himself with politics and art. He defended his father's administration of Ireland in a lengthy document. More seriously, he quarrelled with Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, probably because of Sidney's opposition to the French marriage, which de Vere championed. Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford ( 12 April 1550 &ndash 24 June 1604) was an Elizabethan Courtier, Playwright In the aftermath of this episode, Sidney challenged de Vere to a duel, which Elizabeth forbade. He then wrote a lengthy letter to the Queen detailing the foolishness of the French marriage. Characteristically, Elizabeth bristled at his presumption, and Sidney prudently retired from court.

His artistic contacts were more peaceful and more significant for his lasting fame. During his absence from court, he wrote the Arcadia and A Defense of Poetry. Somewhat earlier, he had met Edmund Spenser, who dedicated the Shepheardes Calendar to him. Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The The Shepheardes Calender was Edmund Spenser 's first major poetic work published in 1579 Other literary contacts included membership of the (possibly fictitious) 'Areopagus', a humanist endeavour to classicise English verse, and his friendship with his sister who, after his death, completed the verse translation of the Psalms that he had begun. This article concerns the 16th century literary movement For the place where a classical judicial body met see Areopagus.

Sidney had returned to court by the middle of 1581. That same year Penelope Devereaux was married, apparently against her will, to Lord Rich. Penelope Blount Countess of Devonshire ( 1562 - July 7, 1607) was an English noblewoman Sidney was knighted in 1583. An early arrangement to marry Anne Cecil, daughter of Sir William Cecil and eventual wife of de Vere, had fallen through in 1571. Lord Burghley redirects here For other holders of the title see Baron Burghley William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 &ndash In 1583, he married Frances, teenage daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham. Frances Walsingham (also Frances Sidney; Frances Devereux Countess of Essex; Frances De Burgh (or Burke Countess of St Sir Francis Walsingham (c 1532 – 6 April 1590) is usually remembered as the " Spymaster " of Queen Elizabeth I of England The next year, he met Giordano Bruno who subsequently dedicated two books to Sidney. Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian Philosopher best-known as an early proponent of Heliocentrism and

Both through his family heritage and his personal experience (he was in Walsingham's house in Paris during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre), Sidney was a keenly militant Protestant. The St Bartholomew's Day massacre ( Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) was a wave of Roman Catholic Mob violence against the Huguenots In the 1570s, he had persuaded John Casimir to consider proposals for a united Protestant effort against the Roman Catholic Church and Spain. John Casimir may refer to John II Casimir of Poland (1609-1672 Johann Casimir of Simmern (1543-1592 John Casimir Duke of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In the early 1580s, he argued unsuccessfully for an assault on Spain itself. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1585, his enthusiasm for the Protestant struggle was given a free rein when he was appointed governor of Flushing in the Netherlands. Vlissingen ( or Flushing in English is a Municipality and a City in the southwestern Netherlands on the former island of Walcheren The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In the Netherlands, he consistently urged boldness on his superior, his uncle the Earl of Leicester. Lord Leicester redirects here You may be looking for Lord Leycester, the name of several things in and around Warwick, United Kingdom He conducted a successful raid on Spanish forces near Axel in July, 1586. Axel ( is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Terneuzen, and lies about 31 km southeast of Vlissingen

Later that year, he joined Sir John Norris in the Battle of Zutphen. Sir John Norreys frequently referred to as John Norris (1547? &ndash July 3 1597) was an English soldier of a Berkshire family of court gentry son of The Battle of Zutphen was a confrontation of the Eighty Years' War on September 22, 1586, in Zutphen, the Netherlands. During the siege, he was shot in the thigh and died twenty-six days later. According to story, while lying wounded he gave his water-bottle to another wounded soldier, saying, "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine". ^[1] This became possibly the most famous story about Sir Phillip, intended to illustrate his noble character. ^[1]

Sidney's body was returned to London and interred in St. Paul's Cathedral on 16 February 1587. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Already during his own lifetime, but even more after his death, he had become for many English people the very epitome of a courtier: learned and politic, but at the same time generous, brave, and impulsive. Never more than a marginal figure in the politics of his time, he was memorialised as the flower of English manhood in Edmund Spenser's Astrophel, one of the greatest English Renaissance elegies. Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The

An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, Fulke Greville. Fulke Greville 1st Baron Brooke de jure 13th Baron Latimer and' 5th Baron Willoughby de Broke' ( 3 October 1554 &ndash

The Rye House conspirator, Algernon Sydney, was Sir Philip's great-nephew. The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a plan to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother (and heir to the throne James Duke of York. Algernon Sydney or Sidney (January 1623 &ndash December 7 1683) was an English Politician, political theorist and opponent of King

Works

• Astrophel and Stella — The first of the famous English sonnet sequences, Astrophil and Stella was probably composed in the early 1580s. Likely composed in the 1580s by Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella is the first of the famous English Sonnet sequences and contains 108 Sonnets and 11 The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. The sonnets were well-circulated in manuscript before the first (apparently pirated) edition was printed in 1591; only in 1598 did an authorised edition reach the press. The sequence was a watershed in English Renaissance poetry. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In it, Sidney partially nativised the key features of his Italian model, Petrarch: variation of emotion from poem to poem, with the attendant sense of an ongoing, but partly obscure, narrative; the philosophical trappings; the musings on the act of poetic creation itself. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar His experiments with rhyme scheme were no less notable; they served to free the English sonnet from the strict rhyming requirements of the Italian form. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming Lines in a Poem or Song.
• The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia — The Arcadia, by far Sidney's most ambitious work, was as significant in its own way as his sonnets. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, also known simply as The Arcadia is by far Sir Philip Sidney 's most ambitious work The work is a romance that combines pastoral elements with a mood derived from the Hellenistic model of Heliodorus. As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. In the work, that is, a highly idealized version of the shepherd's life adjoins (not always naturally) with stories of jousts, political treachery, kidnappings, battles, and rapes. Betrayal, a form of Deception or dismissal of prior presumptions is the breaking or violation of a presumptive Social contract ( trust, or Confidence In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person As published in the sixteenth century, the narrative follows the Greek model: stories are nested within each other, and different story-lines are intertwined. Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the The work enjoyed great popularity for more than a century after its publication. William Shakespeare borrowed from it for the Gloucester subplot of King Lear; parts of it were also dramatized by John Day and James Shirley. William Shakespeare ( baptised Gloucester (ˈɡlɒstɚ) is a city, district and County town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606 and is considered one of his greatest works John Day (1574 &ndash 1640? was an English Dramatist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods James Shirley (or Sherley) (September 1596 &ndash October 1666 was an English Dramatist. According to a widely-told story, King Charles I quoted lines from the book as he mounted the scaffold to be executed; Samuel Richardson named the heroine of his first novel after Sidney's Pamela. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Samuel Richardson (19 August 1689 &ndash 4 July 1761 was an 18th-century English Writer and printer. Arcadia exists in two significantly different versions. Sidney wrote an early version during a stay at Mary Herbert's house; this version is narrated in a straightforward, sequential manner. Mary Herbert Countess of Pembroke née Mary Sidney ( 27 October 1561 – 25 September 1621) was one of the first English Later, Sidney began to revise the work on a more ambitious plan. He completed most of the first three books, but the project was unfinished at the time of his death. After a publication of the first three books (1590) sparked interest, the extant version was fleshed out with material from the first version (1593).
• 'Defense of Poetry"^[2] (also known as A Defence of Poesie) — Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. Stephen Gosson (April 1554 - February 13, 1624) was an English Satirist. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. The essence of his defense is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The

In pop culture

• T. S. Eliot invokes Sidney in his poem "A Cooking Egg". Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic.

• Supt. Harold Gaskell of the Metropolitan Police Vice Squad is repeatedly mistaken for Sir Philip Sidney in a Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch (ep. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. This article is about a police unit For the punk rock band see Vice Squad. Monty Python’s Flying Circus (also known as Flying Circus or during the final series just Monty Python) is a BBC Sketch comedy 36).

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, played by Joseph Fiennes, in Elizabeth (1998) quotes Sir Philip Sidney's 'My True-Love Hath My Heart'

Notes

References

Carlton, Charles (1992). Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651, Routledge, ISBN 0415103916. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals

Further reading

Books

• Craig, D. H. "A Hybrid Growth: Sidney's Theory of Poetry in An Apology for Poetry. " Essential Articles for the Study of Sir Philip Sidney. Ed. Arthur F. Kinney. Hamden: Archon Books, 1986.
• Davies, Norman. Europe: A History. Europe A History is a narrative history book by Norman Davies. London: Pimlico, 1997.
• Frye, Northrup. Words With Power: Being a Second Study of the Bible and Literature. Toronto: Penguin Books, 1992.
• Garrett, Martin. Ed. Sidney: the Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1996.
• Greville, Fulke. Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney. London, 1652.
• Hale, John. The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. New York: Atheeum, 1994.
• Jasinski, James. Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2001.
• Kimbrough, Robert. Sir Philip Sidney. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. , 1971.
• Leitch, Vincent B. , Ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 2001.
• Lewis, C. S. English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.
• Robertson, Jean. "Philip Sidney. " In The Spenser Encyclopedia. eds. A. C. Hamilton et al. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990.
• Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "A Defence of Poetry. " In Shelley’s Poetry and Prose: A Norton Critical Edition. 2nd ed. Eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002.
• Sidney, Philip. A Defence of Poesie and Poems. London: Cassell and Company, 1891.
• The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. Volume 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910.

Articles

• Acheson, Kathy. "'Outrage your face': Anti-Theatricality and Gender in Early Modern Closet Drama by Women. " Early Modern Literary Studies 6. 3 (January, 2001): 7. 1-16. 21 October 2005. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Bear, R. S. "Defence of Poesie: Introduction. In Renascence Editions. 21 October 2005. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Griffiths, Matthew. English Court Poets and Petrarchism: Wyatt, Sidney and Spenser. 25 November 2005. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Harvey, Elizabeth D. Sidney, Sir Philip. In The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism. 25 November 2005. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Knauss, Daniel, Philip. Love’s Refinement: Metaphysical Expressions of Desire in Philip Sidney and John Donne. , Master's Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University at Raleigh is a public, Coeducational extensive Research University located in Raleigh North Carolina 25 November 2005. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Maley, Willy. Cultural Materialism and New Historicism. 8 November 2005
• Mitsi, Efterpi. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The "Popular Philosopher": Plato, Poetry, and Food in Tudor Aesthetics. In Early Modern Literary Studies. 9 November 2004. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• Pask, Kevin. "The "mannes state" of Philip Sidney: Pre-scripting the Life of the Poet in England." 25 November 2005. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Staff. Sir Philip Sidney 1554-1586, Poets' Graves. Poets' Graves is an on-line database of the last resting places of Poets. Accessed 26 May 2008

Other

• Stump, Donald (ed). Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "Sir Philip Sidney: World Bibliography, Saint Louis University. Saint Louis University (also known as SLU) is a private co-educational Jesuit University in the United States of America located in Accessed 26 May 2008. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "This site is the largest collection of bibliographic references on Sidney in existence. It includes all the items originally published in Sir Philip Sidney: An Annotated Bibliography of Texts and Criticism, 1554-1984 (New York: G. K. Hall, Macmillan 1994) as well updates from 1985 to the present. "

Military offices
Preceded by The Earl of Warwick	Master-General of the Ordnance (jointly with The Earl of Warwick) 1585–1586	Succeeded by The Earl of Warwick

Ambrose Dudley 3rd Earl of Warwick (died February 21, 1589) was the son of John Dudley 1st Duke of Northumberland The Master-General of the Ordnance (MGO was an important British military position before 1855, when its duties were largely abolished Ambrose Dudley 3rd Earl of Warwick (died February 21, 1589) was the son of John Dudley 1st Duke of Northumberland Ambrose Dudley 3rd Earl of Warwick (died February 21, 1589) was the son of John Dudley 1st Duke of Northumberland

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