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Philip II Augustus
King of the Franks (more...)


Philip II, King of France. The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years Currently there is no French sovereign three distinct traditions (the Legitimist the Orleanist and the
Reign As co-King: 1 November 1179–18 September 1180;
As senior King: 18 September 1180 – 14 July 1223
Coronation 1 November 1179 (All Saints Day), Reims
Titles jure uxoris Count of Artois (1180-1190)
Born 21 August 1165(1165-08-21)
Birthplace Gonesse, France
Died 14 July 1223 (aged 57)
Place of death Mantes-la-Jolie, France
Buried Saint Denis Basilica
Predecessor Louis VII
Successor Louis VIII
Consort Isabelle of Hainaut (1170-1190)
Ingeborg of Denmark (1175-1236)
Agnes of Merania (d. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern The County of Artois (comté d'Artois graafschap Artesië was a Carolingian county (comitatus established in Western Francia. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Gonesse is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Mantes-la-Jolie (often informally called Mantes) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Isabelle of Hainaut ( 5 April 1170, Valenciennes - 15 March 1190, Paris was Queen consort of France. Ingeborg ( Isambour Ingeburge; also Ingelburge Ingelborg Isemburge) ( 1175 &ndash July 29, 1236) was a Danish-born Agnes Maria of Andechs-Merania (died 1201 queen of France, was the daughter of Bertold IV (died 1204 who was Count of Andechs, a castle and territory 1201)
Issue Louis VIII (1187-1226)
Marie of France (Mathilde of Flanders) (1198-1224)
Philip, Count of Clermont (1200-1234)
Royal House House of Capet
Father Louis VII of France (1120-1180)
Mother Adèle of Champagne (1140-1206)

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Philippe I Hurepel (1201 &ndash 1235 was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvais, Boulogne, Mortain, Aumale, and Dammartin. For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Adèle of Champagne (c 1140 &ndash June 4, 1206) also known as Adelaide and Alix, was the third wife of Louis VII of France French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Gonesse is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. Val-d'Oise is a French department named after the Oise River, located in the Île-de-France region. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Adèle of Champagne (c 1140 &ndash June 4, 1206) also known as Adelaide and Alix, was the third wife of Louis VII of France He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty The Battle of Bouvines July 27, 1214, was a conclusive medieval battle ending the twelve year old War of Bouvines took ground exactly opposite in He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

Contents

Early years

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1 November 1179. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Guillaume de Blois (1135 &ndash 1202 called Guillaume aux Blanches Mains ( William Whitehands) or Guillaume de Champagne was a French Cardinal. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Isabelle of Hainaut ( 5 April 1170, Valenciennes - 15 March 1190, Paris was Queen consort of France. The County of Artois (comté d'Artois graafschap Artesië was a Carolingian county (comitatus established in Western Francia. His father died on 20 September. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.

Consolidation of royal demesne

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. Philip I ( 23 May 1052 &ndash 29 July 1108) called the Amorous or the Fat, was King of France from 1060 Louis VI ( 1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137) called the Fat (le Gros was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137 In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on 5 September 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.

Wars with his vassals

In 1181, Philip began a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip of Alsace. Philip managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves confirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois. Amiens (amjɛ̃ is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km north of Paris.

In 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

War with Henry II

Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine in France. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the Two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death However, news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, followed quickly by the death of Henry, diverted attention from the Franco-English war. The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Henry the Young King ( 28 February 1155 – 11 June 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond ( 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186 Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

War with John Lackland

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The Treaty of Le Goulet was signed by the kings John of England and Philip II of France in May 1200 and meant to settle once and for all the claims the The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the old county of Maine centered around the city of Le Mans. Touraine may also refer to Alain Touraine, French sociologist John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. Arthur I (29 March 1187 &ndash 1203 was Duke of Brittany between 1194 and 1203 To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted. For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. The Battle of Bouvines July 27, 1214, was a conclusive medieval battle ending the twelve year old War of Bouvines took ground exactly opposite in Otto IV of Brunswick (1175 or 1176 – May 19, 1218) was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on sole king from 1208 on and emperor Infante Fernando of Portugal Count of Flanders ( pron fɨɾ'nɐ̃du English Ferdinand; Old French Ferrand) was a Portuguese

Third Crusade

Philip (right) and Richard accepting the keys to Acre; from the Grandes Chroniques de France.
Philip (right) and Richard accepting the keys to Acre; from the Grandes Chroniques de France. The Grandes Chroniques de France is a royal compilation of the history of France, its manuscripts remarkably illuminated

Philip went on the Third Crusade (1189–1192) with Richard I of England (1189–99) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1155–90). The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned His army left Vézelay on July 1, 1190. Vézelay is a commune in the Yonne département in the Bourgogne région of France. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyons, as Richard decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On March 30, 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land and Philip arrived on May 20. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. He then marched up to Acre which was already besieged by a lesser contingent of crusaders and started to construct large siege equipments before Richard arrived in June 8 (see Siege of Acre). The Siege of Acre was the first confrontation of the Third Crusade, lasting from August 28, 1189 until July 12, 1191, and the By the time Acre surrendered on July 12, Philip was severely ill with dysentery which reduced his crusading zeal. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Ties with Richard were further strained after the latter acted in a haughty manner after Acre had fallen. More importantly, the siege resulted in the death of Philip of Alsace, who held the county of Vermandois proper; an event that threatened to derail the Treaty of Gisors which Philip had orchestrated to isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne faction. Philip decided to return to France to settle the issue of succession in Flanders, a decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done. " So on July 31, 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Hugh III of Burgundy (1142 &ndash August 25 1192, in Acre) was Duke of Burgundy between 1162 and 1192 Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. Peter of Courtenay was the youngest son of Louis VI of France and his second Queen consort Adélaide de Maurienne This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

Marital problems

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Ingeborg ( Isambour Ingeburge; also Ingelburge Ingelborg Isemburge) ( 1175 &ndash July 29, 1236) was a Danish-born Valdemar I of Denmark ( 14 January 1131 - 12 May 1182) also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom. " For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Pope Celestine III ( Rome, c 1106 &ndash January 8, 1198) born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 30, Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity. Saint William of Paris (William of Æbelholt William of the Paraclete William of Eskhill (c Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Marguerite of Geneva was the daughter of William I Count of Geneva. William I of Geneva was Count of Geneva. In 1195 he was escorting his daughter Marguerite of Geneva, to France for her intended wedding to King Philip Thomas I or Tommaso I (c 1176 &ndash March 1, 1233) was Count of Savoy from 1189-1233 Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Agnes Maria of Andechs-Merania (died 1201 queen of France, was the daughter of Bertold IV (died 1204 who was Count of Andechs, a castle and territory 1180 – July 29, 1201). Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Their children were:

  1. Marie (1198 – October 15, 1224)
  2. Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Philippe I Hurepel (1201 &ndash 1235 was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvais, Boulogne, Mortain, Aumale, and Dammartin. Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvasis first appear in the early 11th century The county of Boulogne (Dutch Bonen) was a historical region in the Low Countries. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213. "Valdemar the Victorious" redirects here For the novel by Bernhard Severin Ingemann, see Valdemar the Victorious (novel.

Last years

Understandably, he turned a deaf ear when the Pope asked him to do something about the heretics in the Languedoc. When Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he hinder it. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January The war against the Cathars did not end until 1244, when finally their last strongholds were captured. The fruits of it, namely the submission of the south of France to the crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son, Louis VIII, and grandson, Louis IX. Southern France (or the South of France) colloquially known as Le Midi, is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Les Halles (pronounced /le al/ ( is an area of Paris, France, located in the 1er arrondissement. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the For the museum see Louvre Museum. The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wine tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battle of the Wines. Henry d'Andeli was a 13th century Norman poet notable for his works Lai d'Aristote and La Bataille des Vins (English Battle of the Wines) The Battle of the Wines ( fr La Bataille des Vins) sometimes called "The Battle of the Blends" was a notable poem written by Henry d'Andeli in 1224 and

Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Mantes-la-Jolie (often informally called Mantes) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226

Portrayal in fiction

Philip is a character in James Goldman's historical play The Lion in Winter. James Goldman ( June 30, 1927 – October 28, 1998) was an American Academy Award -winning Screenwriter and playwright The Lion in Winter is a 1966 Broadway play by James Goldman, who also cinematically adapted it in 1968 for the film directed by The play maintains the historical theory that he and Richard the Lionhearted had previously had a homosexual relationship. In the 1968 film of The Lion in Winter, which downplayed the homosexual aspect present in the stage play, Philip was played by Timothy Dalton. The Lion in Winter is a 1968 historical Costume drama made by Avco Embassy Pictures, based on the Broadway play by Timothy Peter Dalton (born March 21, 1946) is an English Jonathan Rhys Meyers played Philip in a 2003 television version which somewhat resurrected the matter. Jonathan Rhys Meyers (born Jonathan Michael Francis O’Keeffe; 27 July 1977) is an Irish Film and Television Actor

Ancestors

Philip's ancestors in three generations
Philip II of France Father:
Louis VII of France		 Paternal Grandfather:
Louis VI of France		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Philip I of France
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Bertha of Holland
Paternal Grandmother:
Adelaide of Maurienne		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Humbert II of Savoy
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Gisela of Burgundy
Mother:
Adèle of Champagne		 Maternal Grandfather:
Theobald II, Count of Champagne		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Stephen II, Count of Blois
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Adela of Normandy
Maternal Grandmother:
Matilda of Carinthia		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Utta of Passau

References

Philip II of France
Born: 21 August 1165 Died: 14 July 1223
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Louis VII		 co-King of France
Under Louis VII
1 November 1179–18 September 1180		 Practise ceased
King of France
18 September 1180–14 July 1223		 Succeeded by
Louis VIII
French nobility
Preceded by
Isabelle de Vermandois		 Count of Artois by marriage
With Isabelle of Hainaut
28 April 1180–15 March 1190		 Succeeded by
Blanche of Castile

For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and counts of Artois (French Comtes d'Artois Dutch Graven van Artesië were the Rulers over the County of Artois from the 9th century until the abolition Isabelle of Hainaut ( 5 April 1170, Valenciennes - 15 March 1190, Paris was Queen consort of France. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile.
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