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Philip Glass in December 2007
Philip Glass in December 2007

Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is a three-time Academy Award-nominated American Western classical-music composer. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance He is considered one of the most influential composers of the late-20th century[1][2][3][4][5] and is widely acknowledged as a composer who has brought art music to the public (along with precursors such as Richard Strauss, Kurt Weill and Leonard Bernstein). The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes

Glass's music is frequently described as minimalist, though he has distanced himself from that description, calling himself a composer of "music with repetitive structures. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Minimalist music is an originally American genre of experimental or Downtown music named in the 1960s based mostly in consonant harmony, steady "[6] Although his earliest music could be called minimalist, his style has evolved enough that the label is inappropriate for many of his more recent works. [7][8]

Glass is a prolific composer: he has written ensemble works, operas, 8 symphonies, 8 concertos, film scores, and solo works. Glass counts many visual artists, writers, musicians, and directors among his friends, including Richard Serra, Chuck Close, Doris Lessing, Allen Ginsberg, Errol Morris, Robert Wilson, JoAnne Akalaitis, John Moran, actors Bill Treacher and Peter Dean, Godfrey Reggio, Ravi Shankar, Linda Ronstadt, Paul Simon, David Bowie, the conductor Dennis Russell Davies, and electronic musician Aphex Twin, who have all collaborated with him. Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large Chuck Thomas Close (born July 5, 1940, Monroe Washington) is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a Photorealist, through Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director Robert Wilson (born 4 October 1941) is an American Avant-garde Stage director and Playwright who has been called "'s JoAnne Akalaitis (born June 29, 1937) is an American Theatre director and a Writer and the winner of five Obie Awards for direction John Moran is an American composer He was born in Lincoln Nebraska in 1965 Bill Treacher (born 4 June, 1930 in London) is an English Actor. Peter Dean (born 2 May 1939, in Hoxton, London) is a British Actor, probably most famous for his role as Pete Beale Godfrey Reggio (born March 29, 1940) is an American director of experimental Documentary films Life Born Pandit Ravi Shankar ( রবি শংকর Devanagari: रविशंकर "Pandit" ( Sanskrit, "learned" is honorific born April Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15 1946 in Tucson Arizona) is an American popular vocalist and Entertainer whose vocal styles in a variety Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13 1941 is an American Songwriter, Musician, and member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. Dennis Russell Davies (born 16 April 1944, Toledo, Ohio, US) is an American conductor and pianist Among recent collaborators are Glass' fellow New Yorkers Leonard Cohen, and Woody Allen. Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ (born September 21, 1934 in Westmount, Quebec) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and

Glass describes himself as "a Jewish-Taoist-Hindu-Toltec-Buddhist"[9], and a strong supporter of the Tibetan cause. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Toltec-style Vessel 1jpg|thumb|250px|right|A rather expressive orange-ware clay vessel in the Toltec style Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices In 1987 he co-founded the Tibet House with Columbia University professor Robert Thurman and the actor Richard Gere. The Tibet House was founded in 1987 by Columbia University Professor Robert Thurman, Actor Richard Gere and modern Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. For the baseball player see Bob Thurman; for the novelist see Rob Thurman Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman (born August 4 Richard Tiffany Gere (born August 31, 1949) is a Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning American Actor. He has four children: two (Zachary (b. 1971) and Juliet (b. Juliet Glass (born 1968 is a writer and food critic currently residing in Minneapolis. 1968)) with his first wife, the theater director JoAnne Akalaitis (m. JoAnne Akalaitis (born June 29, 1937) is an American Theatre director and a Writer and the winner of five Obie Awards for direction 1965, div. 1980); and two (Marlowe and Cameron) with his current, fourth wife, Holly Critchlow. [10] Glass lives in New York and in Nova Scotia. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's He is the first cousin once removed of Ira Glass, host of the nationally syndicated radio show This American Life. Ira Glass (born March 3, 1959) is an American Public radio personality and host and producer of the radio and television show This Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. This American Life ( TAL) is a weekly hour-long Radio program produced by Chicago Public Radio and hosted by Ira Glass. Philip Glass's father is Ira Glass's great uncle. [11]

Contents

Life and Work

For a list of works, see List of compositions by Philip Glass

Beginnings, education and influences

Glass was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the grandson of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania. The following is a list of compositions by Philip Glass. For a description of these works please see the associated pages and the Philip Glass page PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the His father owned a record store, and consequently Glass's record collection consisted to a large extent of unsold records, including modern music (Hindemith, Bartók, Schoenberg[12], Shostakovich) and Western classical music (Ludwig van Beethoven's String Quartets and Schubert's B♭ Piano Trio, which he cites as a "big influence"[13]), at a very early age. Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 &ndash 28 December 1963 was a German Composer, Violist, violinist teacher music theorist and conductor. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Trio No 1 in B-flat major for Piano, Violin, and Violoncello, D He then studied the flute as a child at the Peabody Conservatory of Music and entered an accelerated college program at the University of Chicago at the age of 15, where he studied Mathematics and Philosophy. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University is a conservatory and preparatory school located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In Chicago he discovered the serialism of Webern and composed a twelve-note string trio. In Music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold [14]

He then went on to the Juilliard School of Music where the keyboard became his main instrument. The Juilliard School, located in New York City, is a world renowned Performing arts conservatory. His composition teachers included Vincent Persichetti and William Bergsma. Vincent Ludwig Persichetti ( June 6, 1915 &ndash August 14, 1987) was an American Composer, teacher and Pianist. William Laurence Bergsma ( April 1, 1921 &ndash March 18, 1994) was an American composer During this time, in 1959, he was a winner in the BMI Foundation's BMI Student Composer Awards, one of the most prestigious international prizes for young composers. The BMI Foundation Inc is a Non-profit organization founded in 1985 by executives of Broadcast Music Incorporated for the purpose of "encouraging In the summer of 1960, he studied with Darius Milhaud and composed a Violin Concerto for a fellow student, Dorothy Pixley-Rothschild. Darius Milhaud (darjys mijo (September 4 1892 &ndash June 22 1974 was a French Composer and teacher A violin concerto is a Concerto for solo Violin (occasionally two or more violins and instrumental ensemble customarily Orchestra. [15]

The next step was Paris, where he studied with the eminent composition teacher Nadia Boulanger from 1963 to 1965, analyzing scores of Johann Sebastian Bach (The Well-Tempered Clavier), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (the Piano Concertos), and Beethoven. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Nadia Boulanger (September 16 1887 &ndash October 22 1979 was an influential French Composer, conductor, and Music professor Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The Well-Tempered Clavier ( Das Wohltemperirte Clavier in the original old German spelling BWV 846–893 is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by A piano concerto is a work written for Piano and Orchestra.See also Harpsichord concerto; some of these works are occasionally played on piano Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Glass later stated in his autobiography Music by Philip Glass (1987) that the new music performed at Pierre Boulez's Domaine Musical concerts in Paris lacked any excitement for him (with the notable exceptions of music by John Cage and Morton Feldman), but he was deeply impressed by performances of new plays at Jean-Louis Barrault's Odéon theatre and the revolutionary films of the French New Wave, such as those of Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut, which ignored the rules set by an older generation of artists. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Boulez (pjɛʁ buˈlɛz (b WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Morton Feldman (January 12 1926 – September 3 1987 was an American Composer, born in New York City. Jean-Louis Barrault ( September 8, 1910 – January 22 1994 in Le Vésinet) was a French Actor, director The Odéon is one of France 's six "national theatres " located in the VIe arrondissement, on the Left Bank of Paris, next "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band. Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking [16]

After working with Ravi Shankar in France on a film score (Chappaqua), Glass traveled to northern India in 1966, where he came in contact with Tibetan refugees and began to gravitate towards Buddhism. Pandit Ravi Shankar ( রবি শংকর Devanagari: रविशंकर "Pandit" ( Sanskrit, "learned" is honorific born April Chappaqua is a 1966 Cult film written directed by and starring Conrad Rooks. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices He met Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, in 1972, and has been a strong supporter of the Tibetan cause ever since. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism.

His distinctive style arose from his work with Shankar and his perception of rhythm in Indian music as being entirely additive. When he returned home he renounced all his compositions in a moderately modern style resembling Milhaud's, Aaron Copland's, and Samuel Barber's, and began writing pieces based on repetitive structures and a sense of time influenced by Samuel Beckett, whose work he encountered when he was writing for experimental theater. Aaron Copland (November 14 1900 &ndash December 2 1990 was an American Composer of concert and film music as well as an accomplished Pianist. Samuel Osborne Barber II ( March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American Composer of Orchestral, Opera, Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet The first of the early pieces in this minimalist idiom was the music for a production of Beckett's Comédie (Play, 1963) in 1965 for two soprano saxophones; another was a string quartet (No. Play is a one-act play by Samuel Beckett. It was written between 1962 and 1963 and first produced in German as 1, 1966). [17]

Minimalism: From Strung Out to Music in 12 Parts

Finding little sympathy from traditional performers and performance spaces, Glass eventually formed an ensemble in New York City in the late 1960s with fellow ex-students Steve Reich, Jon Gibson, and others and began performing mainly in art galleries. The City of New York WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 Jon Gibson (b March 11, 1940; Los Angeles California) is a flautist, saxophonist, and composer who uses other instruments from around

The first concert of Philip Glass's new music was at Jonas Mekas's Film-Makers Cinemathèque (Anthology Film Archives) in 1968. Jonas Mekas (jonɐs mækɐs born December 24, 1922 in the village of Semeniškiai, near Biržai) is a Lithuanian Filmmaker, writer Anthology Film Archives is a cinema and Film archive in the East Village neighborhood of New York City devoted to the preservation and exhibition This concert included Music in the Shape of a Square for two flutes (an homage to Erik Satie, performed by Glass and Gibson) and Strung Out for amplified solo violin (performed by the violinist Pixley-Rothschild). Alfred Éric Leslie Satie ( Honfleur, 17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French Composer and The musical scores were tacked on the wall, and the performers had to move while playing. Glass's new works met with a very enthusiastic response by the open-minded audience that consisted mainly of visual and performance artists who were highly sympathetic to Glass's reductive approach. This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation

Apart from his music career, he worked as a cab driver, had a moving company with Steve Reich, and worked as an assistant for the sculptor Richard Serra. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large During this time he made friends with other New York based artists such as Sol LeWitt, Nancy Graves, Laurie Anderson, and Chuck Close. Sol LeWitt ( September 9, 1928 - April 8, 2007) was Nancy Graves ( December 23, 1939 – October 21, 1995) was an American sculptor, painter, Printmaker Laurie Anderson (born Laura Phillips Anderson, on June 5 1947 in Glen Ellyn Illinois) is an American experimental Performance artist and Chuck Thomas Close (born July 5, 1940, Monroe Washington) is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a Photorealist, through After certain differences of opinion with Steve Reich, Glass formed the Philip Glass Ensemble (while Reich formed Steve Reich and Musicians), an amplified ensemble including keyboards, wind instruments (saxophones, flutes), and soprano voices. The Philip Glass Ensemble is a musical group founded by composer Philip Glass in 1968 to serve as a performance outlet for his experimental Minimalist music Steve Reich and Musicians, sometimes credited as the Steve Reich Ensemble, is a musical ensemble founded and led by the American composer Steve Reich (b The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. At first his works continued to be rigorously minimalist, diatonic and repetitively structured, such as Two Pages, Contrary Motion, or Music in Fifths (a kind of homage to his composition teacher Nadia Boulanger, who pointed out "hidden fifths" in his works but regarded them as cardinal sins). Nadia Boulanger (September 16 1887 &ndash October 22 1979 was an influential French Composer, conductor, and Music professor In Music, consecutive fifths (sometimes known as parallel fifths) are progressions in which a Perfect fifth is followed by a different perfect Eventually Glass's music grew less austere, becoming more complex and dramatic, with pieces such as Music in Similar Motion (1969), Music with Changing Parts (1970).

The series culminated in the four-hour-long Music in Twelve Parts (1971–1974), which began as a sole piece with twelve instrumental parts but developed into a cycle that summed up Glass's musical achievement since 1967, and even transcended it—the last part features a twelve-tone theme, sung by the soprano voice of the ensemble. Music in Twelve Parts is a set of twelve pieces written between 1971 and 1974 by the 20th century composer Philip Glass. Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Though he finds the term minimalist inaccurate to describe his later work, Glass does accept this term for pieces up to and including Music in 12 Parts.

Theatre Music: The Portrait Trilogy and beyond

Glass continued his work on south street with two series of instrumental works, “Another Look at Harmony” (1975), “Fourth Series” (1978–79), and Dance (a collaboration with choreographer Lucinda Childs and the visual artist Sol Lewitt, 1979). Lucinda Childs (Born June 26 1940 is an American postmodern Dancer / Choreographer. Sol LeWitt ( September 9, 1928 - April 8, 2007) was In turn his music theater works from this time became more famous. The first one was a collaboration with Robert Wilson—a piece of musical theater that was later designated by Glass as the first opera of his portrait opera trilogy: Einstein on the Beach (composed in 1975 and first performed in 1976), featuring his ensemble, solo violin, chorus, and actors. Robert Wilson (born 4 October 1941) is an American Avant-garde Stage director and Playwright who has been called "'s Einstein on the Beach is an Opera scored and written by Philip Glass and designed and directed by theatrical producer Robert Wilson. The piece was praised by the Washington Post as "one of the seminal artworks of the century. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "

Glass continued his work for music theater with composing his opera Satyagraha (1980), themed on the early life of Mahatma Gandhi and his experiences in South Africa. Satyagraha is an Opera in three acts for orchestra chorus and soloists composed by Philip Glass, with a libretto by the composer and Constance de Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa This piece also was a turning point for Glass, as it was his first one scored for symphony orchestra after about 15 years, even if the most prominent parts were still reserved for solo voices (but now operatic) and chorus.

The Trilogy was completed with Akhnaten (1983–1984), a powerful vocal and orchestral composition sung in Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, and Ancient Egyptian. Akhnaten is an Opera in three acts based on the life and religious convictions of the Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV written by the American Biblical Hebrew, also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language in which the Hebrew Bible and various Israelite inscriptions Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now In addition, this opera featured an actor reciting ancient Egyptian texts in the language of the audience. Akhnaten was commissioned by the Stuttgart Opera in a production designed by Achim Freyer. It premiered simultaneously at the Houston Opera in a production designed by Peter Sellars. Peter Sellars (born September 27, 1957) is an American Theater director, renowned for his contemporary stagings At the time of the commission, the Stuttgart Opera House was undergoing renovation, necessitating the use of a nearby playhouse with a smaller orchestra pit. Upon learning this, Glass and conductor Dennis Russell Davies visited the playhouse, placing music stands around the pit to determine how many players the pit could accommodate. The two found that they could not fit a full orchestra in the pit. Glass decided to eliminate the violins, which had the effect of "giving the orchestra a low, dark sound that came to characterize the piece and suited the subject very well. "[18]

In the same year, Glass again collaborated with Robert Wilson on another opera, the CIVIL warS, which also functioned as the final part - "the Rome section", of Wilson's epic work by the same name, originally planned for an "international arts festival that would accompany the Olympic Games in Los Angeles"[19]. Robert Wilson (born 4 October 1941) is an American Avant-garde Stage director and Playwright who has been called "'s The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The premiere in Los Angeles never materialized and the opera was in the end premiered at the Opera of Rome, and included texts by Seneca and allusions to the music of Giuseppe Verdi and music from the American Civil War (featuring the 19th century figures Giuseppe Garibaldi and Robert E. Lee as characters). Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated

After this project, Glass' continued his series of operas with adaptions from literary texts such Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher (1987), and also worked with novelist Doris Lessing on the opera The Making Of The Representative For Planet 8 (1985-86) which was performed by Houston Grand Opera and English National Opera in 1988. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Fall of the House of Usher " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such The Making Of The Representative For Planet 8 is a full-scale opera by Philip Glass with a libretto by Doris Lessing. Houston Grand Opera (HGO was founded in 1955 through the joint efforts of Maestro Walter Herbert and Houston cultural leaders Mrs English National Opera (ENO is the national opera company of England, and one of two opera companies in London, along with the Royal Opera at Covent

In 1993 in Florence
In 1993 in Florence

Glass's work for theater from this time - apart from his works for the Philip Glass Ensemble and music theater - included many compositions for the group Mabou Mines, which he co-founded in 1970. Mabou Mines is an Avant-garde Theatre company founded in 1970 and based in New York City. This work included further music (after the ground-breaking Play) for plays or adaptations from the prose by Samuel Beckett, such as The Lost Ones (1975), Cascando (1975), Mercier and Camier (1979), Endgame (1984), and Company (1984). Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet This article is about the Samuel Beckett work For the comic book see The Lost Ones (comic The Lost Ones is the English translation of Mercier and Camier is a novel by Samuel Beckett.Written immediately before his celebrated trilogy of Molloy, Malone Dies Endgame by Samuel Beckett, is a one-act play with four characters Beckett approved of the Mabou Mines production The Lost Ones, but vehemently disapproved of the production of Endgame at the American Repertory Theatre (Cambridge, Massachusetts), which featured Joanne Akalaitis's direction and Glass's Prelude for timpani and double bass. Endgame by Samuel Beckett, is a one-act play with four characters The American Repertory Theatre ( ART) is housed in the Loeb Drama Center at Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts. JoAnne Akalaitis (born June 29, 1937) is an American Theatre director and a Writer and the winner of five Obie Awards for direction In the end, though, he authorized the music for Company, four short, intimate pieces for string quartet that were played in the intervals of the dramatization. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece This composition which was initially regarded by the composer as a piece of Gebrauchsmusik (music for use) - "like salt and pepper(. Gebrauchsmusik is a German term essentially meaning “utility Music,” for music that exists not only for its own sake but which was composed for some . . ) just something for the table”, as Glass noted. [20] Eventually Company was published as Glass's String Quartet No. 2 and in a version for string orchestra, being performed by ensembles ranging from student orchestras to renowned ones such as the Kronos Quartet and the Kremerata Baltica. Kronos Quartet is a String quartet founded by Violinist David Harrington in 1973 Kremerata Baltica is a chamber Orchestra consisting of young musicians from Baltic countries ( Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Postminimalism: From the Violin Concerto to Symphony No. 3

Compositions such as Company gave way to a series of works more accessible to ensembles such as the string quartet and symphony orchestra, in this returning to the structural roots of his student days. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well In taking this direction his chamber and orchestral works were also written in a more and more traditional and lyrical vein. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber In these works, Glass occasionally even employs old musical forms such as the Chaconne — for instance in Satyagraha (1980), the Violin Concerto (1987), Symphony No. 3 (1995) and recent works such as Symphony No. In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated 8 (2005) and Songs and Poems for Solo Cello (2006). In the same way, his works often allude to historical styles (Baroque, Western classical, early Romantic, and early 20th Century Western classical music), but mostly without abandoning his highly individual musical style or lapsing into mere pastiche. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy

A series of orchestral works that were originally composed for the concert hall commenced with an almost neo-baroque 3-movement Violin Concerto (1987). Neo-Baroque is a term used to describe artistic creations which display important aspects of Baroque style but are not from the Baroque period proper around the 17th-18th This piece was written in the memory of Glass' father: "His favorite form was the violin concerto, and so I grew up listening to the Mendelssohn, the Paganini, the Brahms concertos. Felix Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto in E minor Op 64 is his last large orchestral work Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash Johannes Brahms wrote his Violin Concerto in D major Op 77 in 1878 for his friend the violinist Joseph Joachim, who was the dedicatee (. . . ) So when I decided to write a violin concerto, I wanted to write one that my father would have liked. "[21] Among its multiple recordings, in 1992, the Concerto was performed and recorded by Gidon Kremer and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Gidon Kremer (Gidons Krēmers (born February 27, 1947) is a Latvian Violinist and conductor. The Vienna Philharmonic (in German: die Wiener Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra in Austria, regularly considered one of the finest in the

This turn to orchestral music was continued with a large-scale symphonic Trilogy (the Light, the Canyon, Itaipu, 1987–1989), The Voyage, commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera, and two 3-movement symphonies, "Low" (1992), and Symphony No. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 For the song see CANYONMID. For the band see Canyon (band. A canyon (rarely cañon) or gorge Itaipu is a four movement symphonic cantata by Phillip Glass. The Voyage is an Opera in three acts (plus a prologue and an epilogue by the American composer Philip Glass (born 1937 The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. Symphony No 1 "Low", also known as the "Low" Symphony, is a Symphony by Philip Glass based on David Bowie 2 (1994). Glass described his Symphony No. 2 as a study in polytonality and referred to the music of Honegger, Milhaud, and Villa-Lobos as possible models for his symphony, but the gloomy, brooding, dissonant tone of the piece seemed to be even more evocative of Dmitri Shostakovich's symphonies. The Musical use of more than one key simultaneously is polytonality. Arthur Honegger (March 10 1892 &ndash November 27 1955 was a Swiss Composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. Darius Milhaud (darjys mijo (September 4 1892 &ndash June 22 1974 was a French Composer and teacher Heitor Villa-Lobos (March 5 1887 &ndash November 17 1959 was a Brazilian Composer, possibly the best-known classical composer born in South America Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer

Central to his chamber music from the same time are the last two from a series of five string quartets that were written for the Kronos Quartet (1989 and 1991), and chamber works written for plays - Music from The Screens (1989) and In the Summer House (1993) and have its roots in a theater music collaboration with the director Joanne Akalaitis (Glass's first wife). Kronos Quartet is a String quartet founded by Violinist David Harrington in 1973 JoAnne Akalaitis (born June 29, 1937) is an American Theatre director and a Writer and the winner of five Obie Awards for direction In The Screens Glass collaborated with the Gambian musician Foday Musa Suso and is, on occasion, a touring piece for Glass and Suso. The Gambia is a West African country closely linked musically with its neighbor Senegal Foday Musa Suso (b Sarre Hamadi Village Wuli District, in the Upper River Division of eastern Gambia) is a musician and composer from the West African Apart from Suso's influence in The Screens, the musical texture of these pieces is remotely evocative to classical European chamber music ranging from Bach to French chamber music by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer.

With Symphony No. 3 (1995), commissioned by the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, a more transparent, refined, and intimate chamber-orchestral style resurfaced after the excursions of his large-scale symphonic pieces (mirroring similar developments in the work of his contemporary and colleague Steve Reich). WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 In its four movements, Glass treats a 19-piece string orchestra as an extended chamber ensemble, and seems to evoke early classical music, as well as the neo-classical music of Igor Stravinsky and Béla Bartók. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Neoclassicism in music was a 20th century development particularly popular in the period between the two World Wars in which composers drew inspiration from music of the 18th century Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest In particular, the second movement is much freer than anything else before in Glass's output since 1966, whereas in the third, Glass re-uses the Chaconne as a formal device, creating haunting string textures.

Since the late 1980s, Glass has written more works for solo piano, starting with a cycle of five pieces for a theatrical adaptation of Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1988), and continuing with his first volume of Etudes for Piano (1994-1995). The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915 An étude (a French word meaning study) is an instrumental Musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty usually designed to provide practice The first six Etudes were originally commissioned by the conductor and pianist Dennis Russell Davies, but the complete first set is now often performed by Glass. Dennis Russell Davies (born 16 April 1944, Toledo, Ohio, US) is an American conductor and pianist The critic John Rockwell dismissed Metamorphosis (as well as all other works by Glass since Akhnaten) as "simplistic," but praised the Etudes as "powerful," comparing them to Bartók's oeuvre for piano. John Rockwell (born 1940 in Washington DC) is a Music critic, editor, and Dance critic. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Most of the Etudes are composed in the post-minimalist/more expressive style of the Second and Third Symphonies, and Saxophone Quartet Concerto as well as the opera triptych from the same period.

Apart from these two series Glass composed other occasional piano pieces which are often associated with his friends, such as "Mad Rush"(1979), dedicated to the Dalai Lama, Witchita Sutra Vortex (1988) written for the poet Allen Ginsberg, and "A Musical Portrait of Chuck Close" (2005), dedicated to the visual artist. Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet.

A second opera triptych: Orphée, La Belle et la Bête and Les Enfants Terribles

Glass's prolific output continued to include operas, especially a second opera triptych (1993–1996) based on the work of Jean Cocteau, his prose and his films (Orphée (1949), La Belle et la Bête (1946), and the novel Les Enfants Terribles, 1929, later made into a film by Cocteau and Jean-Pierre Melville, 1950). A triptych (pronounced "trip-tick" trip'tik (or US: 'tɹʷɪp Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Orpheus ( Orphée) is a 1950 French film directed by Jean Cocteau and starring Jean Marais. Beauty and the Beast ( La Belle et la Bête) is a 1946 French romantic Fantasy film adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Le Prince Les Enfants Terribles is a 1929 book by Jean Cocteau. It concerns two siblings Elizabeth and Paul who isolate themselves from the world as they grow up this isolation Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jean-Pierre Melville (born Jean-Pierre Grumbach, October 20, 1917 – August 2, 1973) was a noted French Filmmaker In the same way it is also a musical homage to the work of a French group of composers associated with Cocteau, Les Six. Les Six is a name inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ‘Les cinq Russes les Apart from this influence, Les Enfants Terribles (1996, scored for voices and three pianos), is indebted in its writing for the piano ensemble to a musical key work from the 18th century: Bach's Concerto for Four Harpsichords (or four pianos) in A minor, BWV1065 (based on a concerto by Vivaldi). WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. Not coincidentally, Bach's Concerto was used in the score of Melville's film[22].

Furthermore, in the first part of the trilogy, Orphée (1993), the inspiration can be (conceptually and musically) traced to Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice (Orphée et Euridyce, 1762/1774)[23], which had a prominent part in Cocteau's 1949 film Orphee[24]. Orfeo ed Euridice (French version Orphée et Eurydice; English translation Orpheus and Eurydice) is an Opera composed by Christoph Willibald One theme of the opera, the death of Eurydice, has some similarity to the composer's personal life: the opera was composed about a year after the unexpected death in 1991 of Glass's wife, artist Candy Jernigan: "(. In Greek mythology, Eurydice ( Eurydíkê, Εὐρυδίκη was an oak nymph or a sweet maiden . . ) one can only suspect that Orpheus' grief must have resembled the composer's own. "[25]. The opera's "transparency of texture, a subtlety of instrumental color"[26] was praised, and The Guardian 's critic remarked "Glass has a real affinity for the French text and sets the words eloquently, underpinning them with delicately patterned instrumental textures. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. "[27].

Signing a book in Florence, 1993
Signing a book in Florence, 1993

New directions: symphonies, opera, and concerti

Glass's lyrical and romantic styles peaked with the Études for Piano, Les Enfants Terribles, Godfrey Reggio's Naqoyqatsi (2002), the chamber opera The Sound of a Voice (2003), the concerti series since 2000, and three symphonies centered on orchestra-singer and orchestra-chorus interplay. Godfrey Reggio (born March 29, 1940) is an American director of experimental Documentary films Life Born Naqoyqatsi Life as war is a Documentary film released in 2002 it is the third and final film of the Qatsi trilogy by Godfrey Reggio. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Two symphonies, Symphony No. 5 "Choral" (1999) and Symphony No.7 "Toltec" (2004), and Songs of Milarepa (1997), and the cantata The Passion of Ramakrishna [2006]), are thematically meditative. A Toltec Symphony (also known as Symphony No 7 "A Toltec Symphony") is a 2005 Symphony by Philip Glass Toltec-style Vessel 1jpg|thumb|250px|right|A rather expressive orange-ware clay vessel in the Toltec style Jetsun Milarepa ( (c 1052-c 1135 CE) is generally considered one of Tibet 's most famous Yogis and poets a student of Marpa Lotsawa, and Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ( Bangla: রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo) ( February 18, 1836 - The operatic Symphony No. 6 Plutonian Ode (2001) explored new, complex musical textures. Plutonian Ode is a Poem written by American Beat poet Allen Ginsberg in 1978 against the arms race and nuclear armament of the superpowers. The Brucknerhaus Linz and Carnegie Hall commissioned it in celebration of Glass's sixty-fifth birthday. Carnegie Hall (generally ˌkɑrnɨgi ˈhɔːl is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east It originated as Glass's collaboration with Allen Ginsberg (poet, piano — Ginsberg, Glass), based on his eponymous poem. Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet.

Encouraged by conductor Dennis Russell Davies to pursue concert music, to date, Glass has composed eight concerti, among them the Violin Concerto (1987) and the Saxophone Quartet Concerto (1995). The Tirol Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (2000) was the premiere of Dennis Russell Davies as conductor and soloist, the Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra (2000) is a popular, often-played concerto. The Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (2001) had its premiere performance in Beijing, featuring cellist Julian Lloyd Webber; it was composed in celbration of his fiftieth birthday. Julian Lloyd Webber (born April 14 1951) is one of the world's most renowned solo cellists [28] These symphonies were followed by the rigourously neo-baroque Concerto for Harpsichord and Orchestra (2002), demonstrating Glass's classical technique. Two years later, the concerti series continued with Piano Concerto No. 2: After Lewis and Clark (2004), composed for the pianist Paul Barnes. Paul Barnes may refer to Paul Barnes (designer (born 1970 a prominent figure of modern UK graphic design Paul Barnes (musician (1901&ndash1981 The concerto celebrates the pioneers' trek across North America, the second movement features the Native American flute. Native American flute has achieved some measure of fame for its distinctive sound used in a variety of New Age and World music recordings With the chamber opera The Sound of a Voice (2003), featuring a Chinese Pipa to the chamber ensemble, After Lewis and Clark might be regarded as bridging Glass's traditional compositions and his popular excursions to World Music, e. The pipa ( is a plucked Chinese String instrument. Sometimes called the Chinese Lute, the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians g. with Orion in 2004.

Waiting for the Barbarians (from J. M. Coetzee's eponymous novel) with libretto by Christopher Hampton, is Glass's first grand opera in eight years (The Marriages of Zones 3, 4 and 5 [1997] story-libretto by Doris Lessing, precedes it) had it premiere performance in September of 2005, per Conductor D. Christopher James Hampton CBE (born January 26, 1946) is an Academy Award winning British playwright screen writer and film director Russell Davies, Philip Glass used very simple means, and the orchestration is very clear and very traditional; it's almost classical in sound. [29]

Songs and Poems: recent works

Two months later, in November 2005, Glass' Symphony No. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 8, commissioned by the Bruckner Orchester Linz, was premiered at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City. The Bruckner Orchestra Linz (German Bruckner Orchester Linz) is one of the leading orchestras in Austria, situated in the city of Linz. Brooklyn Academy of Music ( BAM) is a major performing arts venue in Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, known as a center for progressive and avant garde After three symphonies for voices and orchestra, this piece is a return to purely orchestral composition, and like previous works written for the conductor Dennis Russell Davies (the 1992 Concerto Grosso and the 1995 Symphony No. Dennis Russell Davies (born 16 April 1944, Toledo, Ohio, US) is an American conductor and pianist The concerto grosso ( Italian for big concert(o, Plural concerti grossi) is a form of Baroque music in which the musical material 3), it features extended solo writing. Critic Allan Kozinn described the symphony's chromaticism as more extreme, more fluid, and its themes and textures as continually changing, morphing without repetition, and praised the symphony's "unpredictable orchestration" (Kozinn especially pointed out the "beautiful flute and harp variation in the melancholy second movement"[30]). In Music, chromaticism is a Compositional technique interspersing the primary Diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the Chromatic The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. Another critic, Alex Ross, remarked that "against all odds, this work succeeds in adding something certifiably new to the overstuffed annals of the classical symphony. Alex Ross (born 1968 is an American music critic He has been on the staff of The New Yorker magazine since 1996 and published an important book on 20th-century classical (. . . ) The musical material is cut from familiar fabric, but it’s striking that the composer forgoes the expected bustling conclusion and instead delves into a mood of deepening twilight and unending night. " [31]

After his Symphony no. 8, Glass has again continued his ever-prolific output and turned again to vocal, film and chamber works. His Passion of Ramakrishna (2006), was composed for the Orange County's Pacific Symphony Orchestra, the Pacific Chorale and the conductor Carl St. Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ( Bangla: রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo) ( February 18, 1836 - Clair.

"Songs and Poems for Solo Cello", a Cello Suite in seven movements from the same year, was composed for Glass' girlfriend, the cellist Wendy Sutter, and was described by Lisa Hirsch as "a major work, (. . . ) a major addition to the cello repertory" and "deeply Romantic in spirit, and at the same time deeply Baroque". Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. [32] Another critic, Anne Midgette of the Washington Post, noted that the suite "maintains an unusual degree of directness and warmth"; she also noted (as Hirsch) a kinship to a major work by Johann Sebastian Bach: "Digging into the lower registers of the instrument, it takes flight in handfuls of notes, now gentle, now impassioned, variously evoking the minor-mode keening of klezmer music and the interior meditations of Bach's cello suites". WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from The Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello by Johann Sebastian Bach are acclaimed as some of the greatest works ever written for solo Cello. [33]

Notable orchestral film scores include the music for Neil Burger's The Illusionist (2006), Richard Eyre's Notes on a Scandal (2006), and Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream (2007). Neil Burger is a Connecticut -born Film director who has filmed the pseudo-documentary, Interview with the Assassin ( 2002 The Illusionist is a 2006 Period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Richard Charles Hastings Eyre CBE (born 28 March, 1943) is an English director of Film, Theatre and Notes on a Scandal is a 2006 British film adapted from the 2003 novel Notes on a Scandal by Zoe Heller. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Cassandra's Dream (2007 is a Suspense film directed by Woody Allen in the UK, starring Ewan McGregor and Colin Farrell In 2007 Glass has also worked alongside Leonard Cohen on an adaptation of Cohen's poetry collection Book of Longing. Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ (born September 21, 1934 in Westmount, Quebec) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter Book of Longing is the first new poetry book by Leonard Cohen since 1984's Book of Mercy. The work, which premiered in June, 2007, in Toronto, Canada, is a piece for seven instruments and a vocal quartet, and contains recorded spoken word performances by Cohen and imagery from his collection.

Appomattox, Glass' most recent opera, surrounding the events at the end of the American Civil War, and commissioned by the San Francisco Opera was premiered on October 5, 2007. Appomattox is an Opera in English based on the American Civil War, composed by Philip Glass, with a libretto by the playwright San Francisco Opera (SFO is the second largest Opera company in North America. As Waiting for the Barbarians and Symphony No. 8, the piece was conducted by Glass' long time collaborator Russell Davies, who noted that "in his recent operas the bass line has taken on an increasing prominence,(. . . ) (an) increasing use of melodic elements in the deep register, in the contrabass, the contrabassoon - he's increasingly using these sounds and these textures can be derived from using these instruments in different combinations. The contrabassoon is a larger version of the Bassoon sounding an octave lower (. . . ) He's definitely developed more skill as an orchestrator, in his ability to conceive melodies and harmonic structures for specific instrumental groups. (. . . ) what he gives them to play is very organic and idiomatic. "[34]

Most recently, Glass provided an "hypnotic" original score for compilation Samuel Beckett's short plays Act Without Words I, Act Without Words II, Rough for Theatre I and Eh Joe, directed by JoAnne Akalaitis and premiered in December 2007. Act Without Words I is a short play by Samuel Beckett. It is a Mime, Beckett's first (followed by Act Without Words II) Act Without Words II is a short mime play by Samuel Beckett, his second (after Act Without Words Rough for Theatre I is a one-act theatrical sketch by Samuel Beckett. Eh Joe is a piece for television written in English by Samuel Beckett, his first work for the medium Glass' work for this production was described by the New York Times as "icy, repetitive music that comes closest to piercing the heart". [35] Glass continues his work with Akalaitis with his choral music to Euripides' The Bacchae (2008). Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus The Bacchae (Βάκχαι / Bakchai; also known as The Bacchantes) is a Athenian Tragedy by the ancient Greek Other pieces to be premiered in 2008 include Four Movements for Two Pianos (composed for Dennis Davies and Maki Namekawa) and Los Paisajes del Rio (for the Philip Glass Ensemble).

Among other new works in various stages of completion are the symphonies No. 9 and No. 10, and a large-scale opera on the life of Johannes Kepler (to be premiered by Dennis Russell Davies, 2009). Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer [36].

Influences and connections

Philip Glass is acknowledged as a most influential composer of the twentieth century. Many rock musicians (David Bowie, Brian Eno), film composers (Danny Elfman), et cetera, credit his influence upon the music of the second half of the twentieth century.

Aside from composing in the Western classical tradition, his music has ties to rock, ambient music, electronic music, and world music. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Ambient music is a Musical genre in which sound is more important than notes Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians Early admirers of his minimalism include musicians Brian Eno and David Bowie. Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno (born 15 May 1948 commonly known as Brian Eno (ˈiːnoʊ is an English Musician, producer David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. [37] In the 1990s, Glass composed the symphonies Low (1992) and Heroes (1996), thematically derived from the Bowie-Eno collaboration albums Low and Heroes (composed in late 1970s Berlin). Symphony No 1 "Low", also known as the "Low" Symphony, is a Symphony by Philip Glass based on David Bowie "Heroes" Symphony is a symphony (also known as Symphony No Low is a 1977 album by British musician David Bowie. Widely regarded as one of his most influential releases Low was the first of the " Berlin In 1997, he released Music for Airports, a live, instrumental version of Eno's eponymous composition, by Bang on a Can All-Stars, on the Philips/PolyGram (Universal Music Group) and distributed by POINT Music. Ambient 1 Music for Airports (1978 is an Ambient music album by Brian Eno. Bang on a Can is a multi-faceted musical organization based in New York City. Universal Music Group (UMG is the largest Business group and family of Record labels in the Recording industry.

Philip Glass has collaborated with singers such as Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, Natalie Merchant, and the Aphex Twin (yielding an orchestration of Icct Hedral [1995]). Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13 1941 is an American Songwriter, Musician, and member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Suzanne Nadine Vega (born 11 July 1959 in Santa Monica, California) is an American Songwriter and Singer Natalie Anne O'Shea Merchant (born October 26, 1963 in Jamestown, New York, U Eventually, POINT Music closed, however, Glass continues working in his own recording studio. Glass's compositional influence extends to musicians such as Mike Oldfield (who included parts from Glass's North Star in Platinum), and bands such as Tangerine Dream, Phish, and Talking Heads. Michael Gordon Oldfield (born 15 May 1953 in Reading, Berkshire) is an English Multi-instrumentalist Musician Tangerine Dream is a German Electronic music group founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese. Phish is an American Jam band noted for their Musical improvisation, extended Jam sessions and cult following Talking head Talking Heads was an American New Wave band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991

In 2002, Glass and his producer Kurt Munkacsi and artist Don Christensen founded the Orange Mountain Music company, dedicated to "establishing the recording legacy of Philip Glass" and, to date, have released forty albums of Philip Glass's music.

Music for film

 

Music from Naqoyqatsi

From Naqoyqatsi by Philip Glass
Problems listening to the file? See media help. Naqoyqatsi Life as war is a Documentary film released in 2002 it is the third and final film of the Qatsi trilogy by Godfrey Reggio.

Glass has composed many film scores, which almost accidentally started with the orchestral score for Koyaanisqatsi (Godfrey Reggio, 1982), and continuing with two biopics, Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (Paul Schrader, 1985, resulting in the String Quartet No. Koyaanisqatsi ( also known as Koyaanisqatsi Life out of Balance, is a 1982 film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip Godfrey Reggio (born March 29, 1940) is an American director of experimental Documentary films Life Born Mishima A Life in Four Chapters is an Episodic, stylized 1985 Film directed by Paul Schrader and written by Paul and Leonard Paul Joseph Schrader (born July 22, 1946 in Grand Rapids Michigan) is an American Screenwriter and Film director 3) and Kundun (Martin Scorsese, 1997) about the Dalai Lama, for which he received his first Academy Award nomination. Kundun is a 1997 film written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Martin Scorsese. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film.

In 1988, Glass began a collaboration with the filmmaker Errol Morris with his score for Morris's celebrated documentary The Thin Blue Line. Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director The Thin Blue Line is a 1988 Documentary film concerning the November 28 1976 murder of Dallas police officer Robert W He continued composing for the Qatsi trilogy with the scores for Powaqqatsi (Reggio, 1988) and Naqoyqatsi (Reggio, 2002). The Qatsi trilogy is an informal name given to a series of three films produced by Godfrey Reggio and scored by Philip Glass: Koyaanisqatsi Powaqqatsi Life in Transformation is the 1988 sequel to the experimental 1982 Documentary film Koyaanisqatsi, by Naqoyqatsi Life as war is a Documentary film released in 2002 it is the third and final film of the Qatsi trilogy by Godfrey Reggio. In 1995 he composed the theme for Reggio's short independent film Evidence. Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion He even made a cameo appearance in Peter Weir's The Truman Show (1998), which uses music from Powaqqatsi, Anima Mundi and Mishima, as well as three original tracks by Glass, performing at the piano. Peter Lindsay Weir AM (born 21 August 1944 is an Australian Film director. The Truman Show is a 1998 fantasy Comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir and written by Andrew Niccol.

In 1999, he finished a new soundtrack for the 1931 film Dracula. Events Top grossing films Frankenstein, starring Boris Karloff Ingagi, starring Sir Hubert Dracula is a classic 1931 Horror film directed by Tod Browning and starring Béla Lugosi as the title character The Hours (Stephen Daldry, 2002), which earned him a second Academy Award nomination; Taking Lives (D. J. Caruso, 2004); and The Fog of War (Errol Morris, 2003) are his most notable scores for films from the early 2000s, containing older works but also newly composed music. The Hours is a 2002 Film based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award -winning 1998 novel Stephen David Daldry, CBE (born May 2 1961) is an English theatre- and Film director and producer. Taking Lives is a 2004 Psychological thriller / Neo-noir Film with Slasher connections starring Angelina Jolie DJ Caruso is an American director and producer from Norwalk Connecticut. The Fog of War Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S McNamara (2003 directed by Errol Morris, is an American Documentary film about the life Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director He composed the score for Secret Window (David Koepp, 2004) as well as the music for Candyman (Bernard Rose, 1992) and its sequel, Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (Bill Condon, 1995), plus a film adaptation of Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent (1996). Secret Window ( 2004) is a Psychological thriller Movie, starring Johnny Depp and John Turturro. David Koepp (born June 9, 1963) is an American Screenwriter and director. For other entities called Candyman see Candyman. Candyman is a 1992 Slasher film starring Virginia Madsen Bernard Rose (born August 4, 1960) is an English Film director most famous for his direction of the 1992 urban horror film Candyman Farewell to the Flesh was the 1996 sequel to the horror film Candyman, an adaptation of the Clive Barker short story 'The Forbidden' William "Bill" Condon (born October 22, 1955) is an Academy Award -winning American Screenwriter and director. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist The Secret Agent A Simple Tale is a Novel by Joseph Conrad published in 1907

Most recently, Glass composed the above mentioned scores for Neil Burger's The Illusionist and Richard Eyre's Notes on a Scandal in 2006, garnering his third Academy Award nomination for the latter. Neil Burger is a Connecticut -born Film director who has filmed the pseudo-documentary, Interview with the Assassin ( 2002 The Illusionist is a 2006 Period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Richard Charles Hastings Eyre CBE (born 28 March, 1943) is an English director of Film, Theatre and Notes on a Scandal is a 2006 British film adapted from the 2003 novel Notes on a Scandal by Zoe Heller. Glass's newest film scores include Scott Hicks' No Reservations, Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream and Laurent Charbonnier's documentary Les Animaux Amoureux (Animals in Love), all from 2007. No Reservations is a 2007 American romantic Drama film directed by Scott Hicks. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Cassandra's Dream (2007 is a Suspense film directed by Woody Allen in the UK, starring Ewan McGregor and Colin Farrell

Films

This section is of films about Philip Glass. See "Music for film", above, for his soundtrack compositions.

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards

Best Original Score

BAFTA Awards

Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music

Golden Globe Awards

Best Original Score

Footnotes

  1. ^ Naxos Classical Music Spotlight podcast: Philip Glass Heroes Symphony
  2. ^ New York News and Features: The Influentials: Classical and Dance
  3. ^ Guardian Unlimited: When less means more
  4. ^ Rhapsody Online artist profile of Philip Glass
  5. ^ Andante online: A Composer's Century
  6. ^ Philip Glass: Biography
  7. ^ Is Glass Half Empty?
  8. ^ The New York Times "If Grant Had Been Singing at Appomattox" September 23, 2007 by Steve Smith
  9. ^ Philip Glass in conversation with Jeff Gordinier, March 2008, http://men.style.com/details/features/full?id=content_6420
  10. ^ Philip Glass - Appomattox - Satyagraha - Opera - New York Times
  11. ^ Questions for Ira Glass - This American TV Show - National Public Radio - New York Times
  12. ^ Philip Glass in conversation with Jeff Gordinier, March 2008, http://men.style.com/details/features/full?id=content_6420
  13. ^ Philip Glass in converstion with Michael Church, The Independent (London), 29 June 2007, http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/interview-philip-glass-on-making-music-with-no-frills-455067.html
  14. ^ K. The Academy Award for Original Music Score is presented to the best substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically Kundun is a 1997 film written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Martin Scorsese. The Hours is a 2002 Film based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award -winning 1998 novel Notes on a Scandal is a 2006 British film adapted from the 2003 novel Notes on a Scandal by Zoe Heller. The Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music (or BAFTA Award for Best Film Music) is an annual Award given by British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Hours is a 2002 Film based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award -winning 1998 novel This page lists the winners and nominees for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, since its institution in 1947 Kundun is a 1997 film written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Martin Scorsese. The Truman Show is a 1998 fantasy Comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir and written by Andrew Niccol. The Hours is a 2002 Film based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award -winning 1998 novel Robert Schwarz, Minimalists, Phaidon Press London, 1996, p. 109
  15. ^ Glass in a conversation with Ev Grimes, 1989, quoted in Richard Kostelanetz (ed. ), Writings on Glass, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1997, p. 25
  16. ^ in Music by Philip Glass, New York: DaCapo Press, 1985, p. 14
  17. ^ Joan La Barbara, Philip Glass and Steve Reich: Two from the Steady State School, 1974, quoted in Kostelanetz, p. 40-41
  18. ^ in Music by Philip Glass, New York: DaCapo Press, 1985, p. 170
  19. ^ David Wright, booklet notes to the first recording of the opera, released on Nonesuch Records, 1999
  20. ^ John Seabrook, "Glass's Master Class", The New Yorker, March 20 2006, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/03/20/060320ta_talk_seabrook
  21. ^ Glass in a conversation with Lawrence A. Johnson, Miami Herald, Feb 03, 2008, http://www.miamiherald.com/tropical_life/story/402887.html
  22. ^ Michael Zwiebach, Arrested Development, in San Francisco Classical Voice, October 7 2006, http://www.sfcv.org/arts_revs/lesenfants_10_10_06.php
  23. ^ K. Robert Schwarz, Minimalists, 1996, p. 164
  24. ^ Paul Barnes in his booklet notes to the album "The Orphée Suite for Piano, Orange Mountain Music, 2003
  25. ^ Schwarz, p. 164
  26. ^ Schwarz, p. 164
  27. ^ Andrew Clements, The Guardian (London), June 2, 2005, http://music.guardian.co.uk/classical/andrewclements/story/0,,1918357,00.html
  28. ^ Concerto for Cello and Orchestra on ChesterNovello website
  29. ^ Dennis Russell Davies in conversation with Richard Scheinin, Mercury News, 7 October 2007, http://www.mercurynews.com/richardscheinin/ci_7112231
  30. ^ Allan Kozinn, "A First Hearing for a Glass Symphony," New York Times, 4 November 2005
  31. ^ Alex Ross, "The Endless Scroll", The New Yorker, 5 November 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/musical/2007/11/05/071105crmu_music_ross
  32. ^ Lisa Hirsch, Chambered Glass, San Francisco Classical Voice, September 28, 2007, http://www.sfcv.org/2007/10/02/through-a-glass-brightly/
  33. ^ Anne Midgette, New CDs From Musicians Who Play the Field, Washington Post, March 9 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/07/AR2008030700957_2.html
  34. ^ Dennis Russell Davies in conversation with Richard Scheinin, Mercury News, 7 October 2007, http://www.mercurynews.com/richardscheinin/ci_7112231
  35. ^ Ben Brantley, 'BECKETT SHORTS'; When a Universe Reels, A Baryshnikov May Fall, New York Times, December 19, 2007, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E5D8133DF93AA25751C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
  36. ^ Cy Musiker, "Philip Glass' 'Appomattox' Makes Its Debut" NPR, 7 October 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15011594
  37. ^ Raymond McGill, Release notes for the The World of Philip Glass, 2002

References

See also

External links

Official site

Other sites

Writings

Interviews

Publisher

Articles, reviews, etc.

Julian Lloyd Webber (born April 14 1951) is one of the world's most renowned solo cellists The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra based in Liverpool, England, is one of the world's oldest established Orchestras It is owned and administered WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Gerard Schwarz (born August 19, 1947) is an American
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