Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakos' = drug) is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of medication. A pestle and mortar is a Tool used to crush grind and mix substances Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The health care industry or health profession treats and tends to patients who are injured sick disabled or infirm Health science is the applied science dealing with Health, and it includes many sub disciplines Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. The term is also applied to an establishment used for such purposes.

Contents 1 Disciplines 2 Pharmacists 3 History of pharmacy 3.1 Muslim pharmacy 3.2 Chinese Pharmacy 3.3 Japanese pharmacy 4 Types of pharmacy practice areas 4.1 Community pharmacy 4.2 Hospital pharmacy 4.3 Clinical pharmacy 4.4 Compounding pharmacy 4.5 Consultant pharmacy 4.6 Internet pharmacy 4.7 Veterinary pharmacy 4.8 Nuclear pharmacy 4.9 Military pharmacy 4.10 Pharmacy informatics 5 Issues in pharmacy 5.1 Separation of prescribing from dispensing 5.2 The future of pharmacy 6 See also 7 Symbols 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Other

Disciplines

The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines:

• Pharmaceutics
• Medicinal chemistry and Pharmacognosy
• Pharmacy practice

The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together. The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on wellness based on the Taqwin al‑sihha ar تقوين الصحة ("Tables Pharmaceutics is the discipline of Pharmacy that deals with all facets of the process of turning a New chemical entity (NCE into a medication able to be safely and Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources Pharmacy practice is the discipline of Pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists

Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding

There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy practice is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: community, hospital, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Locum, short for the Latin phrase locum tenens (lit " place-holder," akin to Lieutenant) is a person who temporarily fulfills

Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies Tumors ( Cancer) and seeks to understand their development diagnosis treatment and prevention Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric ^[1] The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy (CCGP is a Non-profit organization which has established a voluntary Professional certification program for The American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms

Pharmacists

Main article: Pharmacist

Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.

Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The International Pharmaceutical Federation or Fédération Internationale Pharmaceutique, abbreviated as FIP, is an international Federation of national They are represented at the national level by professional organisations such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB), the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA), the Pakistan Pharmacists Society(PPS) and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). A professional body or professional organization also known as a professional association or professional society is an organization usually Non-profit, that exists The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB is the Statutory regulatory and professional body for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians in England The Pakistan Pharmacists Society (PPS is the national organization of Pharmacists and student pharmacists committed to providing leadership for the pharmacists The American Pharmacists Association (previously known as the American Pharmaceutical Association) founded in 1852, is the first-established Professional society See also: List of pharmacy associations. The following is a list of organizations for professionals involved in the practice of Pharmacy.

In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is responsible for the ethics of the profession. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Since the Shipman Inquiry, there has been a move in the UK to separate the two roles. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

History of pharmacy

Muslim pharmacy

In the field of pharmacy, the first drugstores were opened by Muslim pharmacists in Baghdad in 754,^[2] while the first apothecary shops were also founded by Muslim practitioners. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[3]

The advances made in the Middle East by Muslim chemists in botany and chemistry led Muslim physicians to substantially develop pharmacology. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865-915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936-1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013 (أبو القاسم بن خلف Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. This article is about the physicist For the physician see Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. Al-Biruni (973-1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Ibn Sina (Avicenna), too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008-1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by `Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by `Abenguefit'. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, also written Ibn Masawaih, Masawaiyh, and in latin Mesue, Masuya, Mesue Major, Msuya, and Mesue Peter of Abano (1250-1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Pietro d'Abano also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis (c 1250 &ndash c Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Silicic acid is a general name for a family of chemical compounds of the element Silicon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with the general formula n He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Carbonate of potash redirects here For one of potassium carbonate's impure forms see Potash. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly For the story, he also mentions the distillation of sea-water for drinking. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities ^[4]

Chinese Pharmacy

Main article: Pharmacy in China

The beginnings of pharmacy in China are ancient. Pharmacy in China involves the activities engaged in the preparation standardization and dispensing of Drugs and its scope includes the cultivation of It stemmed from Chinese alchemy. History Neither in China nor in the West can scholars approach with certitude the origins of Alchemy, but the evidences in China appear to be slightly Shennong is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs to test their medical value. The most well-known work attributed to Shennong is The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic. This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese pharmacopoeia. It includes 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals. Shennong is credited with identifying hundreds of medical (and poisonous) herbs by personally testing their properties, which was crucial to the development of Traditional Chinese medicine.

Japanese pharmacy

In ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharamacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). The was an administrative reorganization enacted in 701 in Japan, at the end of the Asuka period. The was one iteration of several codes or governing rules compiled in early Nara period in Classical Japan. Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists -- and even pharmacist assistants -- were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor. ^[5]

Types of pharmacy practice areas

Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including retail, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, drug industry, and regulatory agencies. Pharmacists can specialize in various areas of practice including but not limited to: hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, ambulatory care, nutrition support, drug information, critical care, pediatrics, etc.

Community pharmacy

A pharmacy (commonly the chemist in Australia, New Zealand and the UK; or drugstore in North America; retail pharmacy in industry terminology; or Apothecary, historically) is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It is the community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also retailers.

Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc. , specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technician is a job title for a Pharmacy staff member "who works under the direct supervision of a licensed Pharmacist, and performs many

All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at all times when open. In many jurisdictions, it is also a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist (R. Ph. ). This latter requirement has been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many retailers (including supermarkets and mass merchandisers) now include a pharmacy as a department of their store. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line.

Likewise, many pharmacies are now rather grocery store-like in their design. In addition to medicines and prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangement of additional household items such as cosmetics, shampoo, bandages, office supplies, confectionary, and snack foods. Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that Office supplies is the generic term that refers to all supplies regularly used in Offices by Businesses and other organizations from private citizens to governments Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main Meal of the day – Breakfast

Hospital pharmacy

Main article: Hospital pharmacy

Pharmacies within hospitals differ considerably from community pharmacies. A hospital pharmacy is concerned with pharmacy service to all types of hospital and differs considerably from a community pharmacy. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues.

Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i. e. , drug interactions) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in haematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anticoagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, paediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more. Emergency Medicine is a speciality of Medicine that focuses on the Diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as

Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. Total Parenteral nutrition (TPN is the practice of feeding a person Intravenously bypassing the usual process of Eating and Digestion. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Quality assurance, or QA for short refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. Outsourcing is Subcontracting a process such as product design or Manufacturing, to a Third-party company

Clinical pharmacy

Main article: Clinical pharmacy

Clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health wellness and disease prevention Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health wellness and disease prevention ^[6] Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside Hospitals and clinics. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with Physicians and other healthcare professionals. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They work collaboratively with physicians, nurses and other healthcare personnel in various medical and surgical areas.

Compounding pharmacy

Main article: Compounding

Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. Compounding Pharmacy is the process of mixing drugs by a Pharmacist or Physician to fit the unique needs of a patient For example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated lollipop that contains the drug. A lollipop, pop, lolly, sucker, or sticky-pop is a type of Confectionery consisting mainly of hardened flavored Sucrose Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop instead.

Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from community pharmacies.

Consultant pharmacy

Main article: Consultant pharmacist

Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i. A consultant pharmacist is a specialized Pharmacist. In the United States In the US a consultant pharmacist focuses on reviewing and managing the medication e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. SNF redirects here For the sports show see NBC Sunday Night Football. ^[7] Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). Omnicare ( NYSE: OCR is a Fortune 500 company based in Covington Kentucky. Kindred Healthcare Incorporated ( is a healthcare services company that through its subsidiaries operates hospitals nursing centers and contract rehabilitation services across the PharMerica is a publicly-traded Fortune 1000 company formed in January 2007 from the merger of Kindred Healthcare 's pharmacy business with a subsidiary This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.

Internet pharmacy

Main article: Online pharmacy

Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Since about the year 2000, hundreds of pharmacies have begun operating over the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. Brick and mortar (B&M refers to a company which possesses a building for operations The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as Online Pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound.

While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. Of course as history has shown, substandard products can be dispensed by both Internet and Community pharmacies, so it is best that the buyer beware. Caveat emptor is Latin for "Let the buyer beware" Generally caveat emptor is the Property law doctrine that controls the sale of Real

Of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e. A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture possession and use are regulated by a government g. , Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. Vicodin EC is a Trademarked Brand of Narcotic Analgesics (painkillers containing Hydrocodone and Paracetamol ( Acetaminophen Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic Opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring Opiates Codeine and Thebaine There are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription, brokered by an internet server, for a controlled substance to a "patient" s/he has never met. In the United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid, it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship.

Canada is home to dozens of licensed Internet pharmacies, many which sell their lower-cost prescription drugs to U. S. consumers, who pay the world's highest drug prices. In recent years, many consumers in the US and in other countries with high drug costs, have turned to licensed Internet pharmacies in India, Israel and the UK, which often have even lower prices than in Canada.

In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U. S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.

Veterinary pharmacy

Veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called animal pharmacies may fall in the category of hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock different varieties and different strengths of medications to fulfill the pharmaceutical needs of animals. Because the needs of animals as well as the regulations on veterinary medicine are often very different from those related to people, veterinary pharmacy is often kept separate from regular pharmacies. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife

Nuclear pharmacy

Main article: Nuclear pharmacy

Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear Pharmacy involves the preparation of Radioactive materials that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials, and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not interact directly with patients.

Military pharmacy

Main article: Military pharmacy

Military pharmacy is an entirely different working environment due to the fact that technicians perform most duties that in a civilian sector would be illegal. State laws of Technician patient counseling and medication checking by a pharmacist do not apply.

Pharmacy informatics

Main article: Pharmacy informatics

Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Definition of Pharmacy Informatics Pharmacy informatics, also referred to as pharmacoinformatics, is the application of computers to the storage retrieval and Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists are well trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization.

Issues in pharmacy

Separation of prescribing from dispensing

In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. For partnership in cricket terminology see List of cricket terms A partnership is a type of Business entity in which partners However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. The American Medical Association (AMA founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897 is the largest association of Physicians and Medical students in the United States 7 to 10 percent of American physician practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own. ^[8]

In other jurisdictions (particularly in Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated with that of the physician, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China.

In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately.

The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U. S. and many other governments.

A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea). Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e. g. in Malaysia). For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

The future of pharmacy

In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists will be paid for their patient care skills. ^[9]

This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This article describes the federal government of Australia See Australian governments for other jurisdictions In the United Kingdom, pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews. In the United States, pharmaceutical care or Clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy. Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health wellness and disease prevention ^[10] Moreover, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. North America Canada In Canada the PharmD program is offered in both English and French. D. ) degree is now required before entering practice and many pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy. A consultant pharmacist is a specialized Pharmacist. In the United States In the US a consultant pharmacist focuses on reviewing and managing the medication SNF redirects here For the sports show see NBC Sunday Night Football. "^[11]

See also

• Apothecary
• Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, Doctor of Pharmacy
• Clinical pharmacy
• Consultant pharmacist
• Doctor of Pharmacy
• Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
• Hospital pharmacy
• List of pharmacies
• List of pharmacy associations
• List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom
• List of pharmacy schools
• Nuclear pharmacy
• Online pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical company
• Pharmacogenetics
• Pharmacogenomics
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmaconomist
• Pharmacy informatics
• Raeapteek (one of the oldest continuously run pharmacies in Europe dating from the 15th century)
• American Society for Pharmacy Law
• pharmacology

Symbols

The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "rx" in typed text. A Bachelor of Pharmacy (abbreviated BPharm) is an Undergraduate Academic degree in the field of Pharmacy. A Master of Pharmacy (abbreviated MPharm or MPharm(Hons) is an undergraduate Academic degree in the field of Pharmacy. North America Canada In Canada the PharmD program is offered in both English and French. Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health wellness and disease prevention A consultant pharmacist is a specialized Pharmacist. In the United States In the US a consultant pharmacist focuses on reviewing and managing the medication North America Canada In Canada the PharmD program is offered in both English and French. Pharmaceutical services in Developing countries face particular challenges that are significantly different from those faced by Pharmacists in the so-called Developed A hospital pharmacy is concerned with pharmacy service to all types of hospital and differs considerably from a community pharmacy. This article is a list of major pharmacies (also known as chemists and drugstores) by country The following is a list of organizations for professionals involved in the practice of Pharmacy. This article is a list of Pharmacy organisations in the United Kingdom. This article is a list of pharmacy schools by country From late 2008 regularly updated information on pharmacy schools will be accessible from the Avicenna Directories: Nuclear Pharmacy involves the preparation of Radioactive materials that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases Since about the year 2000, hundreds of pharmacies have begun operating over the Internet. The terms Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably and a precise consensus definition of either remains elusive Pharmacogenomics is the branch of Pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating Gene expression Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources Pharmaconomist (farmakonom means expert in pharmaceuticals (lægemiddelkyndig Definition of Pharmacy Informatics Pharmacy informatics, also referred to as pharmacoinformatics, is the application of computers to the storage retrieval and The Raeapteek (Town Hall Pharmacy Ratsapotheke is in the center of Tallinn city Estonia. The American Society of Pharmacy Law (ASPL is an Professional organisation of pharmacist-attorneys Pharmacists, Attorneys, and students in schools Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece A pestle and mortar is a Tool used to crush grind and mix substances RX was the common Telegraph Abbreviation for "receive" later used in CW. The show globe was also used in English speaking countries until the early 20th century. A Show globe is a glass vessel of various shapes and sizes which has a colorful liquid within Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Bowl of Hygieia is one of the Symbols of Pharmacy. Hygieia was the Greek goddess of health A conical measure is a type of Laboratory glassware which consists of a conical cup with a notch on the top to allow for the easy pouring of liquids and graduated markings on The caduceus (/kəˈdjuːsiəs/ -ʃəs -ˈduː- κηρύκειον in Greek) or wand of Hermes is typically depicted as a short herald's staff grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Spain, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary'). A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A gaper is a stone head often depicting a black man on the front of a building in The Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Bowl of Hygeia	The green Greek Cross used in Argentina, France and the United Kingdom	Mortar and pestle	Recipe symbol
The red stylized "A" used in Germany and Austria	Caduceus	Rod of Asclepius	Hanging Show Globe

References

• (Japanese) Asai,T. The American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (ASCP is an international professional association that provides education advocacy and resources to advance the practice (1985). Nyokan Tūkai. Tokyo: Kōdan-Sha.
• (French) Titsingh, Isaac, ed. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. Hayashi Gahō (林鵞峰 (1618 &ndash 1688 also known as Hayashi Shunsai, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar teacher and administrator in the system of is a 17th century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings during each period par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re. , complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Julius Heinrich Klaproth (1783-1835 German Orientalist and traveller Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS was according to its Royal Charter of August 11, 1824 ...Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)

External links

• Navigator History of Pharmacy Collection of internet resources related to the history of pharmacy.
• RPSGB Museum Information Sheets Illustrated information sheets on objects in the history of pharmacy.
• History of Pharmacy Web Pages Perbo's History of Pharmacy Web Pages.
• Soderlund Pharmacy Museum - Information about the history of the American Drugstore
• The Lloyd Library Library of botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific books and periodicals, and works of allied sciences
• American Institute of the History of Pharmacy American Institute of the History of Pharmacy--resources in the history of pharmacy

Other

• Pharmaclips - Medicine Information Gateway with Drug Finder and printable coupons.
• PharmWeb - Pharmaceutical Information Online.
• The Virtual Library of Pharmacy - Extensive index of pharmacy-related resources, including information on careers in pharmacy, pharmacy schools, pharmaceuticaul companies, associations and conferences.
• Pharmacist's Letter - Unbiased, research based resource for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians on new developments in drug therapy

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