Contents 1 Publication 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes 5 Inspirations 6 Accuracy 7 Popularity 8 Film 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References

Pharaoh (Polish title: Faraon) is the fourth and last major novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Composed over a year's time in 1894–95, it was the sole historical novel by an author who had previously disapproved of historical novels. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author

Pharaoh is, among other things, a study of mechanisms of political power, set in the Egypt of 1087-85 BCE as that country experiences internal upheavals and external threats that will culminate in the fall of its Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and Perhaps the chief lesson, belatedly absorbed by the protagonist, is the importance, to power, of knowledge — of science.

The author immersed himself in ancient Egyptian history, art and writings, and produced one of the most compelling literary depictions of life at every level of ancient Egyptian society. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

Publication

Pharaoh comprises a compact but substantial introduction, sixty-seven chapters, and an evocative epilogue (the latter omitted at the book's original publication, and restored only in the 1950s). This article is about the literary epilogue See Epilogue (disambiguation for other uses of "Epilogue" or "Epilog" Like Prus' previous novels, Pharaoh debuted (1895-96) in newspaper serialization: in the Warsaw Tygodnik Ilustrowany (Illustrated Weekly). The term " serial " refers to the intrinsic property of a series &mdash namely its order. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. It was dedicated "To my wife, Oktawia Głowacka, née Trembińska, as a small token of esteem and affection. "

Unlike the earlier novels, however, Pharaoh had first been composed in its entirety, rather than being written in chapters from issue to issue. ^[1] This may help account for its often being described as Prus' "best-composed novel"^[2]—indeed, as "one of the best-composed [of all] Polish novels. "^[3]

The original 1897 and some subsequent book editions divided the novel's text into three volumes. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together In Printmaking, an edition is a number of prints struck from one plate usually at the same point in time Later editions have presented it in two volumes or in a single one. Except in wartime, the book has never been out of print in Poland.

Plot

Pharaoh begins with one of the more memorable openings^[4] in a novel — an opening written in the style of an ancient chronicle:

In the thirty-third year of the happy reign of Ramses XII, Egypt celebrated two events that filled her loyal inhabitants with pride and joy. Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order A reign is a period of time a person serves as a Monarch or Pope. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

In the month of Mechir, in December, there returned to Thebes laden with sumptuous gifts the god Khonsu, who had traveled three years and nine months in the land of Bukhten, restoring to health the local king's daughter called Bent-res and exorcising the evil spirit not only from the king's family but even from the fortress of Bukhten. Meshir also known as Amshir is the sixth month of the Coptic calendar. Thebes ( Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean on the east bank of the river Nile ( In Egyptian mythology, Khonsu (alternately Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons or Khonshu) is an ancient Lunar deity Buhen was an Ancient Egyptian settlement situated below the Second Cataract. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for

And in the month of Pharmouthi, in February, the Lord of Upper and Lower Egypt, the ruler of Phoenicia and of the nine nations, Mer-amen-Ramses XII, after consulting the gods, to whom he is equal, named as his Successor to the Throne his twenty-two-year-old son Ham-sem-merer-amen-Ramses. Paremoude also known as Barmouda is the eighth month of the Coptic calendar. Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر Sa'id Misr) is a narrow strip of land that extends from the cataract boundaries of modern-day Aswan to the area between Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt. It refers to the fertile Nile Delta region which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun

This choice delighted the pious priests, eminent nomarchs, valiant army, faithful people and all creatures living on Egyptian soil. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Nomarchs were the semi- Feudal rulers of Ancient Egyptian provinces For the Pharaoh's elder sons, born of the Hittite princess, had, due to spells that could not be investigated, been visited by an evil spirit. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath One, twenty-seven years old, had been unable to walk from his majority; another had cut his veins and died; and the third, after drinking tainted wine that he had been unwilling to give up, had gone mad and, fancying himself an ape, spent days on end in the trees. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others

The fourth son Ramses, however, born of Queen Nikotris, daughter of High Priest Amenhotep, was strong as the Apis bull, brave as a lion and wise as the priests. . . .

Pharaoh combines features of several literary genres: the historical novel, the political novel, the Bildungsroman, the utopian novel, the sensation novel. A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Political fiction is a Subgenre of Fiction that deals with Political affairs. A bildungsroman (ˈbɪldʊŋsroˌmaːn "novel of formation" is a Novelistic genre that arose during the German Enlightenment (and is regarded by some as The utopia and its offshoot the dystopia, are genres of literature that explore social and political structures The sensation novel was a Literary genre of fiction popular in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s following on from earlier Melodramatic novels and the ^[5] It also comprises a number of interbraided strands — including the plot line, Egypt's cycle of seasons, the country's geography and monuments, and ancient Egyptian practices (e. A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now g. mummification rituals and techniques) — each of which rises to prominence at appropriate moments. A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions

The fate of the novel's protagonist, the future "Ramses XIII" (historically there were only eleven Ramesside pharaohs), is known from the beginning. The Protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. This article contains a list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic The Ramesside Period encompasses the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Prus closes his introduction with the statement that the story "relates to the eleventh century before Christ, when the Twentieth Dynasty fell and when, after the demise of the Son of the Sun the eternally living Ramses XIII, the throne was seized by, and the uraeus came to adorn the brow of, the eternally living Son of the Sun Sem-amen-Herhor, High Priest of Amon. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was In an Essay, article, or Book, an introduction (also known as a prolegomenon) is a beginning section which states the purpose and goals of the Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The Uraeus (plural Uraei or Uraeuses, from the Greek grc οὐραῖος from Egyptian egy jʿr Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes ( 1080 BC to 1074 BC) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses Amun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Ἄμμων "^[6] What the novel will subsequently reveal is the elements that lead to this denouement: the character traits of the principals, the social forces in play. In Literature, a dénouement ( IPA:/deˈnuːmɑ̃/ consists of a series of events that follow the climax of a drama or narrative and thus serves as the A character structure is a system of relatively permanent motivational and other traits that are manifested in the specific ways that an individual relates and reacts to others to various Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes

Ancient Egypt at the end of its New Kingdom period is experiencing adversities. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and The deserts are eroding Egypt's arable land. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for The country's population has declined from eight to six million. Foreign peoples are entering Egypt in ever-growing numbers, undermining its unity. The chasm between the peasants and craftsmen on one hand, and the ruling classes on the other, is growing, exacerbated by the ruling classes' fondness for luxury and idleness. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing The term ruling class refers to the Social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy The country is becoming ever more deeply indebted to Phoenician merchants as imported goods destroy native industries. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun In Economics, an import is any good (eg a Commodity) or Service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious"

The Egyptian priesthood, backbone of the bureaucracy and virtual monopolists of knowledge, have grown immensely wealthy at the expense of the pharaoh and the country. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Egypt is facing prospective peril at the hands of rising powers to the north: Assyria and Persia. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia

The 22-year-old Crown Prince Ramses, having as his father's viceroy made a careful study of Egypt and of the challenges that it faces, evolves a strategy that he hopes will arrest the decline of his own political power and of Egypt's internal viability and international standing as a world power. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Challenge is a British digital TV channel owned by Virgin Media Television. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Power in international relations is defined in several different ways Ramses plans to win over or subordinate the priesthood, especially the High Priest of Amon, Herhor; obtain for the country's use the treasures that lie stored in the Labyrinth; and, emulating Ramses the Great's military exploits, wage war against Assyria. Amun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Ἄμμων Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes ( 1080 BC to 1074 BC) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses Treasure (from Greek θησαυρος Thesaurus, meaning "a treasure of the chest" is a Cognate) is a concentration of riches often one In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture

Ramses proves himself a brilliant military commander in a victorious lightning war against the invading Libyans. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab On succeeding to the throne, he encounters the adamant opposition of the priestly hierarchy to his planned reforms. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind The broad masses of Egyptian society are instinctively drawn to him, but he must still win over or crush the priesthood and their adherents.

In the course of the political intrigue, Ramses' private life becomes hostage to the conflicting interests of the Phoenicians and the Egyptian high priests.

Ramses' ultimate downfall is caused by his underestimation of his opponents and by his impatience with priestly obscurantism: along with the chaff of the priests' myths and rituals, he has inadvertently discarded a crucial piece of scientific knowledge. Obscurantism (from the Latin obscurans, "darkening" is the practice of deliberately preventing the facts or full details of something from becoming known The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding

Ramses is succeeded to the throne by his arch-enemy Herhor, who paradoxically ends up raising treasure from the Labyrinth to finance the very social reforms that had been planned by Ramses. Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes ( 1080 BC to 1074 BC) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind

Characters

Prus took characters' names where he found them, sometimes anachronistically or anatopistically; at other times (as with the priest Samentu in chapter 55) he apparently invented them. An anachronism (from the Greek "ana" " ανά " "against anti-" and "chronos" " χρόνος " An anatopism (from the Greek ανα, "against" and τόπος, "place" is something that is out of its proper Place. ^[7] The origins of the names of some prominent characters may be of interest:

• Ramses, the novel's protagonist: the name of two pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty and nine pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty. The Protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom.
• Amenhotep, high priest and Ramses' maternal grandfather: the name of four pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty. "Amarna period" redirects here For information on Amarna see Amarna The Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1292 BC is perhaps the best known of
• Herhor, high priest of Amon and Ramses' principal antagonist: historic high priest Herihor. An antagonist (from Greek ανταγωνιστής - antagonistes, "opponent competitor rival" is a character or Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes ( 1080 BC to 1074 BC) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses
• Pentuer, scribe to Herhor: historic scribe Pentaur. A scribe (or scrivener) is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession ^[8]
• Thutmose, Ramses' cousin: a fairly common name, also the name of four pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty. Thutmose (also rendered Thutmosis, Tuthmose, Tutmosis, Thothmes, Tuthmosis, Djhutmose, etc "Amarna period" redirects here For information on Amarna see Amarna The Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1292 BC is perhaps the best known of `
• Sarah, Ramses' Jewish mistress; Taphath, Sarah's relative and servant; Gideon, Sarah's father: names drawn from those of Biblical personalities. Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A mistress is a man's long term female Sexual partner and companion who is not married to him especially used when the man is married to another woman Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin
• Patrokles, a Greek mercenary general: Patroklos, in Homer's Iliad. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by In Greek mythology, as recorded in the Iliad by Homer, Patroclus, or Patroklos (Gr The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient
• Ennana, a junior military officer: Egyptian scribe-pupil's name, attached to an ancient text^[9] (cited in Pharaoh, chapter 4: Ennana's "plaint on the sore lot of a junior officer").
• Queen Nikotris, Ramses' mother: historic Queen Nitocris. Nitocris ( Greek Νίτωκρις has been claimed to have been the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty.
• Dagon, a Phoenician merchant: a Phoenician and Philistine god of agriculture and the earth; the national god of the Philistines. Dagon was a major northwest Semitic god reportedly of grain and agriculture Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan,
• Tamar, Dagon's wife (chapters 8, 13): Biblical wife of Er, then of his brother Onan; she subsequently had children by their father Judah, eponymous ancestor of the Judeans and Jews. For the rape victim see Rape of Tamar. For the wife of Rehoboam daughter of Absalom mother of Abijah see Maachah. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This article discusses close relatives of Judah. Er is also a name listed by the Gospel of Luke 's version of the Genealogy of Jesus In the Biblical Book of Genesis, Onan ( was the second son of Judah. Judah / Yehuda ( Hebrew: יְהוּדָה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh) was according PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

• Dutmose, a peasant (chapter 11): historic scribe Dhutmose, in the reign of Pharaoh Ramses XI. A scribe (or scrivener) is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned from 1107 BC to 1078 BC or 1077 BC and was the tenth and final king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned from 1107 BC to 1078 BC or 1077 BC and was the tenth and final king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt
• Menes (three distinct individuals: the first pharaoh; Sarah's physician; a savant and Pentuer's mentor): Menes, the first Egyptian pharaoh. Menes is the name of the Egyptian Pharaoh credited with founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100 BC Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health MENTOR / The National Mentoring Partnership is an advocate and resource for Mentoring in the United States.
• Asarhadon, a Phoenician innkeeper: a variant of "Esarhaddon," an Assyrian king. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture
• Berossus, a Chaldean priest: Berossus, a Babylonian historian and astrologer who flourished about 300 BCE. Berossus (also Berossos or Berosus; Greek: Βήρωσσος was a Hellenistic -era Babylonian writer and astronomer who Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems
• Phut (another name used by Berossus): Phut, a descendant of Noah named in Genesis. Phut or Put (Hebrew פוט pûṭ; Septuagint Greek Φουδ Phoud) is the third son of Ham (one of the Sons of Noah (or Noe, Noach;; Nūḥ; Arabic: نوح; "Rest") was according to the Bible, the tenth and last of In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
• Cush, a guest at Asarhadon's inn: Cush, a descendant of Noah named in Genesis. Kush civilization centered in the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, and the confluence of the River Atbara and Nile in what Noah (or Noe, Noach;; Nūḥ; Arabic: نوح; "Rest") was according to the Bible, the tenth and last of In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
• Hiram, a Phoenician prince: Hiram I, king of Tyre, in Phoenicia. Hiram I ( Hebrew: חִירָם "high-born" Standard Hebrew Ḥiram, Tiberian vocalization Ḥîrām) according to Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun
• Lykon, a young Greek, Ramses' look-alike and nemesis: Lycon, in the Iliad. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A look-alike is a living person who closely resembles another living person The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient
• Sargon, an Assyrian envoy: name of two Assyrian kings, the first being the founder of one of history's first empires. Sargon may refer to Persons Sargon of Akkad (Šarrukînu also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I) Mesopotamian king Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture
• Seti, Ramses' infant son by Sarah: Seti I, historic pharaoh, father of Ramses II ("the Great"). Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI) is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent Extraterrestrial life. Menmaatre Seti I (also called Sethos I after the Greeks) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt ( Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt) the son of Ramesses
• Osokhor, a priest thought (chapter 40) to have sold Egyptian priestly secrets to the Phoenicians: a Meshwesh king who ruled Egypt in the late 21st Dynasty. Akheperre Setepenre Osorkon the Elder was the fifth king of the twenty-first dynasty of Egypt and was the first Pharaoh of Libyan extraction in Egypt The Meshwesh (often abbreviated in ancient Egyptian as Ma) were an Ancient Libyan (i The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate
• Musawasa, a Libyan prince: the Meshwesh, a Libyan tribe. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab The Meshwesh (often abbreviated in ancient Egyptian as Ma) were an Ancient Libyan (i
• Tehenna, Musavasa's son: "Tjehenu," a generic Egyptian term for "Libyan. The Meshwesh (often abbreviated in ancient Egyptian as Ma) were an Ancient Libyan (i "
• Dion, a Greek architect: Dion, a historic name that appears in a number of contexts.
• Hebron, Ramses' last mistress: Hebron, a city in present-day Israel. Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Themes

Pharaoh belongs in a Polish literary tradition of political fiction whose roots reach back to the 16th century and Jan Kochanowski's play, The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys. Political fiction is a Subgenre of Fiction that deals with Political affairs. Life Kochanowski was born at Sycyna, near Radom, Poland. Little is known of his early education

Pharaoh's story covers a two-year period ending in 1085 BCE with the demise of the Egyptian Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and

Polish Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz has written of Pharaoh:

The daring conception of [Prus'] novel Pharaoh. This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator . . is matched by its excellent artistic composition. It [may] be [described] as a novel on. . . mechanism[s] of state power and, as such, is probably unique in world literature of the nineteenth century. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of World literature refers to literature from all over the world including African literature, Arabic literature, American literature, Asian literature . . . Prus, [in] selecting the reign of 'Pharaoh Ramses XIII' [the last Ramesside was actually Ramses XI] in the eleventh century [BCE], sought a perspective that was detached from. . . pressures of [topicality] and censorship. Through his analysis of the dynamics of an ancient Egyptian society, he. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now . . suggest[s] an archetype of the struggle for power that goes on within any state. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of [Prus] convey[s] certain views [regarding] the health and illness of civilizations. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements . . . Pharaoh. . . is a work worthy of Prus' intellect and [is] one of the best Polish novels. ^[10]

The protagonist, Prince Ramses, learns that those who would oppose the priesthood are vulnerable to cooption, seduction, subornation, defamation, intimidation or assassination. Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of In Sociology, seduction (also called inveigling or wheedling) is the process of deliberately enticing a person to engage in some sort of behavior frequently AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Perhaps the chief lesson, belatedly absorbed by Ramses as pharaoh, is the importance, to power, of knowledge — of science. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding ^[11]

As a political novel, Pharaoh became a favorite of Joseph Stalin's;^[12] similarities have been pointed out between it and Sergei Eisenstein's film Ivan the Terrible, produced under Stalin's tutelage. Political fiction is a Subgenre of Fiction that deals with Political affairs. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was Ivan The Terrible (written Иван Грозный in Russian pronounced Ivan Groznyy) is a two-part film about Ivan IV of Russia ^[13] The novel's English translator has recounted wondering, well in advance of the event, whether President John F. Kennedy would meet with a fate like that of the book's protagonist. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of ^[14]

Pharaoh is, in a sense, an extended study of the metaphor of society-as-organism that Prus had adopted from English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer and that he makes explicit in the introduction to the novel. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal All of society's organ systems must work together harmoniously, if society is to survive and prosper. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument

Inspirations

Pharaoh is unique in Prus' oeuvre as a historical novel. In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author A Positivist by philosophical persuasion, Prus had long argued that historical novels must inevitably distort historic reality. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience He had, however, eventually come over to the French Positivist critic Hippolyte Taine's view that the arts, including literature, may act as a second means alongside the sciences to study reality, including broad historic reality. Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. ^[15] Prus did in fact, in the interest of making certain points, introduce some anachronisms and anatopisms into the novel. An anachronism (from the Greek "ana" " ανά " "against anti-" and "chronos" " χρόνος " An anatopism (from the Greek ανα, "against" and τόπος, "place" is something that is out of its proper Place.

Pharaoh drew from many sources for its inspiration. Depicting the demise of Egypt's New Kingdom three thousand years earlier, the book also reflects the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's demise in 1795, exactly a century before Pharaoh's completion. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the ^[16]

A preliminary sketch for Prus' only historical novel was his first historical short story, "A Legend of Old Egypt. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such " A Legend of Old Egypt " ( Polish: "Z legend dawnego Egiptu") is a Short story by Bolesław Prus, originally published January " This remarkable story shows clear parallels with the subsequent novel in setting, theme and denouement. In Fiction, the setting of a story includes the time location and circumstances in which it takes place A theme, from Old French tesme, is a broad idea in a story or literary work or a message or lesson conveyed by a written text In Literature, a dénouement ( IPA:/deˈnuːmɑ̃/ consists of a series of events that follow the climax of a drama or narrative and thus serves as the

"A Legend of Old Egypt," in its turn, had taken inspiration from contemporaneous events: the fatal 1887-88 illnesses of Germany's warlike Kaiser Wilhelm I and of his reform-minded successor, Friedrich III. " A Legend of Old Egypt " ( Polish: "Z legend dawnego Egiptu") is a Short story by Bolesław Prus, originally published January Frederick III (German Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl, English Frederick William Nicholas Charles; October 18 1831 – June 15 1888 (German Friedrich ^[17] The latter emperor would, then unbeknown to Prus, survive his ninety-year-old predecessor, but only by ninety-nine days.

In 1893 Prus' old friend Julian Ochorowicz, having returned to Warsaw from Paris, delivered several public lectures on ancient Egyptian knowledge. Julian Leopold Ochorowicz (" Yool -yahn Oh-hor- oh -veech" outside Poland also known as Julien Ochorowitz; Radzymin, February 23 Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Ochorowicz (whom Prus had portrayed in The Doll as the scientist "Julian Ochocki") may have inspired Prus to write his historical novel about ancient Egypt, and made available to Prus books on the subject that he had brought from Paris. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now ^[18]

In preparation for composing Pharaoh, Prus made a painstaking study of Egyptological sources, including works by John William Draper, Ignacy Żagiell, Georg Ebers and Gaston Maspero. Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek grc -λογία -logia. علم المصريات مصر شناسی is a major field of Archaeology John William Draper ( May 5, 1811, &ndash January 4, 1882) was an American ( English -born Scientist, Philosopher Ignacy Żagiell ( February 1 1826, Kierpszyszki or Powiryn, Vilna Province - 21 June 1891, Warsaw) was a physician Georg Moritz Ebers ( Berlin, March 1, 1837 &ndash Tutzing, Bavaria, August 7, 1898) German Egyptologist Gaston Camille Charles Maspero ( June 23, 1846 &ndash June 30, 1916) was a French Egyptologist. ^[19] Prus actually incorporated ancient texts into his novel like tesserae into a mosaic; drawn from one such text^[20] was a major character, Ennana. "Abaciscus" redirects here For the Geometer moth Genus, see Abaciscus (moth. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic

Pharaoh also resonates, throughout, with allusions to the Bible (including a miniature turning-of-water-to-blood) and to ancient history generally, including Troy and its recent excavation by Heinrich Schliemann. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Plagues of Egypt ( the Biblical Plagues or the Ten Plagues ( are the ten calamities imposed upon Egypt by God in the Bible "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or Heinrich Schliemann (ˈʃliːman ( January 6 1822 in Neubukow Mecklenburg-Schwerin - December 26 1890, Naples) was a German

For certain of the novel's prominent features Prus, conscientious journalist and scholar that he was, seems to have insisted on having two sources, one of them being based on personal or at least contemporary experience. Thus the historical Egyptian Labyrinth had been described in the fifth century BCE in Book II of The Histories of Herodotus by the Father of History, who visited Egypt's entirely stone-built administrative center, pronounced it more impressive than the pyramids, declared it "beyond my power to describe," then proceeded to give a striking description^[21] that Prus incorporated into his novel. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer ^[22] The Labyrinth had been made palpably real for Prus, however, by an 1878 visit he paid to the famous ancient labyrinthine salt mine at Wieliczka, near Kraków in southern Poland. The Wieliczka Salt Mine, located in the town of Wieliczka, is within Poland 's Kraków Metropolitan area. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland ^[23] According to the foremost Prus scholar, Zygmunt Szweykowski, "The power of the Labyrinth scenes stems, among other things, from the fact that they echo Prus' own experiences when visiting Wieliczka. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. The Wieliczka Salt Mine, located in the town of Wieliczka, is within Poland 's Kraków Metropolitan area. "^[24]

Writing over four decades before the construction of the United States' Fort Knox Depository, Prus pictures Egypt's Labyrinth as a perhaps flood-able Egyptian Fort Knox, a repository of gold bullion and of artistic and historic treasures. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The United States Bullion Depository, commonly called Fort Knox is a fortified vault building located near Fort Knox Kentucky which is used to store a large Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was, he writes (chapter 56), "the greatest treasury in Egypt. [H]ere. . . was preserved the treasure of the Egyptian kingdom, accumulated over centuries, of which it is difficult today to have any conception. "^[25]

Another dually-determined feature of the novel is the "Suez Canal" that the Phoenician Prince Hiram proposes digging. The modern Suez Canal had been completed by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1869, a quarter-century before Prus commenced writing Pharaoh. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI ( November 19[[ 805]]&ndash December 7[[ 894]] was the French developer of the Suez Canal, But, as Prus was aware in chapter one, it had had a predecessor in a canal connecting the Nile River with the Red Sea (during Egypt's Middle Kingdom, centuries before the period of the novel). The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ^[26]

A third dually-determined feature was inspired by a solar eclipse that Prus had witnessed at Mława, a hundred kilometers north-northwest of Warsaw, on August 19, 1887, the day before his fortieth birthday. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured Mława is a town in north-central Poland with 30623 inhabitants (2004 Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Prus likely was also aware of Christopher Columbus' manipulative use of a lunar eclipse on February 29, 1504, while marooned for a year on Jamaica, to extort provisions from the natives. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The latter incident strikingly resembles the exploitation of a solar eclipse by Ramses' chief antagonist, Herhor, high priest of Amon. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured ^{[27] [28]}

Finally, a fourth dually-determined feature relates to Egyptian beliefs about an afterlife. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between In 1893, the year before beginning his novel, Prus the skeptic had started taking an intense interest in Spiritualism, attending Warsaw séances which featured the Italian medium, Eusapia Palladino. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. A séance (ˈsay-ons is an attempt to communicate with spirits The word " séance " comes from the French word for "seat" "session" Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Mediumship is a practice in religious beliefs such as Spiritualism, Spiritism, Espiritismo, Candomblé, Louisiana Voodoo, and Eusapia Palladino (alternate spelling Paladino; Minervino Murge, Bari Province, 1854 – 1918 was a famous Spiritualist medium ^[29] Palladino had been brought to Warsaw from a St. Petersburg mediumistic tour by Prus' friend Ochorowicz. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Julian Leopold Ochorowicz (" Yool -yahn Oh-hor- oh -veech" outside Poland also known as Julien Ochorowitz; Radzymin, February 23 ^[30]

Modern Spiritualism had been initiated in 1848 in Hydeville, New York, by the Fox sisters, Katie and Margaret, aged 11 and 15, and had survived even their 1888 confession that forty years earlier they had caused the "spirits'" telegraph-like tapping sounds by snapping their toe joints. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 The Fox sisters were three women from New York who played an important role in the creation of Spiritualism the religious movement. The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath Spiritualist "mediums" in America and Europe claimed to communicate through tapping sounds with spirits of the dead, eliciting their secrets and conjuring up voices, music, noises and other antics, and occasionally working "miracles" such as levitation. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 Levitation (from Latin levitas "lightness" is the process by which an object is suspended against Gravity, in a stable position ^[31]

Spiritualism inspired several of Pharaoh's most striking scenes, especially (chapter 20) the secret meeting at the Temple of Seth in Memphis between three Egyptian priests—Herhor, Mefres, Pentuer—and the Chaldean magus-priest Berossus;^[32] and (chapter 26) the protagonist Ramses' night-time exploration at the Temple of Hathor in Pi-Bast, when unseen hands touch his head and back. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish ^[33]

Yet another plot element, involving the Greek, Lykon, in chapters 63^[34] and 66^[35] and passim, is hypnosis and post-hypnotic suggestion. Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness Post-hypnotic suggestion is the induction under Hypnosis, of a person into a behavior or thinking pattern that makes itself manifest after he has come out of the hypnotic state

Prus, a disciple of Positivist philosophy, took a strong interest in the history of science. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers He was aware of Eratosthenes' remarkably accurate calculation of the earth's circumference, and the invention of a steam engine by Heron of Alexandria, centuries after the period of his novel, in Alexandrian Egypt. Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria ( Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς) (c Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια In chapter 60, he fictitiously credits these achievements to the priest Menes, one of three individuals of the identical name who are mentioned or depicted in Pharaoh^[36]: Prus was not always fastidious about characters' names.

Accuracy

Examples of anachronism and anatopism mentioned above make it clear that punctilious historic accuracy was never an object with Prus in writing Pharaoh. An anachronism (from the Greek "ana" " ανά " "against anti-" and "chronos" " χρόνος " An anatopism (from the Greek ανα, "against" and τόπος, "place" is something that is out of its proper Place. "That's not the point," Joseph Conrad told a relative regarding putative inaccuracies in Pharaoh. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist ^[37] Prus had long emphasized in his "Weekly Chronicles" that historical novels cannot help but distort historic reality; he used ancient Egypt as a great canvas on which to draw his deeply-considered perspectives of man, civilization and politics. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now ^[38]

Nevertheless, in many respects Pharaoh is remarkably accurate, even from the standpoint of present-day Egyptology; and the novel does a notable job of recreating a primal ancient civilization, complete with the country's geography, climate, plants, animals, ethnicities, countryside, cities, social stratification, politics, Egyptian religion and warfare. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now In Sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of Social classes Castes and strata within a Society. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Ancient Egyptian religion encompasses the various religious beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Egypt from the predynastic period until the adoption of Christianity Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Prus succeeds remarkably in transporting readers back to the Egypt of thirty-one centuries ago. ^[39]

The embalming and funeral scenes, the court protocol, the waking and feeding of the gods, the religious beliefs, ceremonies and processions, the concept behind the design of Pharaoh Zoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the descriptions of travels and locales visited on the Nile and in the desert — draw upon scholarly documentation. A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Etiquette is a code that governs the expectations of Social behavior, according to the contemporary conventional norm within a Society, Ancient Egyptian religion encompasses the various religious beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Egypt from the predynastic period until the adoption of Christianity Netjerikhet or Djoser ( Turin King List "Dsr-it" Manetho "Tosarthros" is the best-known Pharaoh of the Third dynasty Step Pyramids The construction of step pyramids has been an ancient part of several cultures throughout history Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah ( Arabic: سقارة is a vast ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the world's oldest standing Step The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Western Desert is a Desert region encompassing 600000km² of land to the west of the Nile in Egypt and Libya. The personalities and behaviors of the characters are keenly observed and deftly drawn, often with the aid of appropriate ancient Egyptian texts. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

Popularity

Pharaoh, as a "political novel," has maintained its relevance since it was written. Political fiction is a Subgenre of Fiction that deals with Political affairs. The book's undiminished popularity, however, has as much to do with its critical yet sympathetic view of human nature and the human condition. Human nature is the concept that there are a set of logical characteristics including ways of thinking feeling and acting that all 'normal' human beings have in common The human condition encompasses all of the Experience of being Human. Prus offers a vision of humankind as rich as Shakespeare's, ranging from the sublime to the quotidian, from the tragic to the comic. William Shakespeare ( baptised In Aesthetics, the sublime (from the Latin sublimis ( up from under the lintel high lofty elevated exalted is the quality of greatness or vast prod concern = this definition move to Wiktionary on 10/11/2008 month = October day = 12 year = 2008 time = 0045 timestamp = 20081012004517 Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and ^[40] The book is written in limpid prose, bedighted with poetry, leavened with humor, graced with moments of transcendent beauty. ^[41]

Pharaoh has been translated into twenty languages: Armenian, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, French, Georgian, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Ukrainian. ^[42]

Pharaoh is available in a 2001 English translation by Christopher Kasparek which supersedes an incomplete and incompetent version by Jeremiah Curtin published in 1902. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. Jeremiah Curtin ( September 6, 1835 – December 14, 1906, Vermont) was an American Translator and ^[43]

Film

In 1966, Pharaoh was adapted as a Polish feature film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. Pharaoh ( Polish: Faraon) is a 1966 Polish film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and adapted from the eponymous Jerzy Kawalerowicz ( January 19 1922 &ndash December 27 2007) was a Polish Film director.

See also

• "A Legend of Old Egypt"
• "Mold of the Earth"
• Assassinations in fiction
• Egypt in the European imagination
• Political fiction
• Politics in fiction
• Solar eclipses in fiction
• Spiritualism in fiction
• Labyrinth
• Wieliczka Salt Mine
• Look-alike
• Hypnosis in fiction
• Anatopism
• Anachronism

Notes

References

• Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature, New York, Macmillan, 1969. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland

• Zygmunt Szweykowski, Nie tylko o Prusie: szkice (Not Only about Prus: Sketches), Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1967. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was

• Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature.

• Zygmunt Szweykowski, Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd edition, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was

• Edward Pieścikowski, Bolesław Prus, 2nd ed. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was , Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1985.

• Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was

• Zdzisław Najder, Conrad under Familial Eyes, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-25082-X. Zdzisław Najder (born in Warsaw, Poland, October 31, 1930) is a Polish historian of literature a former opponent of the government of the Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist

• Teresa Tyszkiewicz, Bolesław Prus, Warsaw, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1971.

• Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed. , Literatura polska od średniowiecza do pozytywizmu (Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979.

• James Henry Breasted, A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, New York, Bantam Books, 1967. James Henry Breasted ( August 27 1865 &ndash December 2, 1935) was an American Archaeologist and Historian. Bantam Books is a major US publishing house owned by Random House and is part of the Bantam Dell Publishing Group

• Adolf Erman, ed. Johann Peter Adolf Erman ( October 31, 1854 &ndash June 26, 1937) was a renowned Egyptologist and Lexicographer; born in , The Ancient Egyptians: a Sourcebook of Their Writings, translated [from the German] by Aylward M. Blackman, introduction to the Torchbook edition by William Kelly Simpson, New York, Harper & Row, 1966.

• Herodotus, The Histories, Newly translated and with an Introduction by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books, 1965. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Aubrey de Sélincourt (7 June 1894 – December 1962 was an English writer Classical scholar and translator

• Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1955. Samuel Eliot Morison, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve ( July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer

• Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh and Curtin's Translation," The Polish Review, 1986, nos. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Jeremiah Curtin ( September 6, 1835 – December 14, 1906, Vermont) was an American Translator and Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 2-3, pp. 127-35.

• Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh: the Creation of a Historical Novel," The Polish Review, 1994, no. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 1, pp. 45-50.

• Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh: Primer on Power," The Polish Review, 1995, no. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 3, pp. 331-34.

• Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh and the Wieliczka Salt Mine," The Polish Review, 1997, no. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. Wieliczka is a town (2006 population 19128 in southern Poland in the Kraków metropolitan area and situated (since 1999 in Lesser Poland Voivodeship A salt mine is an operation involved in the extraction of salt from Rock salt or halite a type of evaporitic deposit The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 3, pp. 349-55.

• Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh and the Solar Eclipse," The Polish Review, 1997, no. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 4, pp. 471-78.

• Bolesław Prus, Pharaoh, translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek (2nd, revised ed. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. ), Warsaw, Polestar Publications (ISBN 83-88177-01-X), and New York, Hippocrene Books, 2001. Hippocrene Books are a US Publishing press located at 171 Madison Avenue New York City, NY 10016

• The Pharaoh and the Priest: an Historical Novel of Ancient Egypt, from the Original Polish of Alexander Glovatski, by JEREMIAH CURTIN, Translator of "With Fire and Sword," "The Deluge," "Quo Vadis," etc. , with Illustrations from Photographs. (An incomplete and incompetent translation, by Jeremiah Curtin, of Prus' novel Pharaoh, published by Little, Brown, in 1902. Jeremiah Curtin ( September 6, 1835 – December 14, 1906, Vermont) was an American Translator and Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Little Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner James Brown. ) [1]

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