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Phaedrus (c. 15 BC – c. AD 50), Roman fabulist, was probably a Thracian slave[1], born in Pydna of Macedonia (Roman province) and lived in the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius and Claudius. Year 50 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Pydna is also a rocket station of the American Army in Germany, see Pydna (rocket station Pydna (in Greek: The Roman province of Macedonia was officially established in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to He is recognized as the first writer to latinize entire books of fables, using the iambic metre Greek prose of the Aesop tales. Aesop (also spelled Æsop, from the Greek Αἴσωπος — Aisōpos) (620-560 BC) known only for the genre of Fables

Biography

According to his own statement (prologue to book III), he was born on the Pierian Mountain in Macedonia, but he seems to have been brought to Italy at an early age since he mentions reading a verse of Ennius as a boy in school. Pieria (Syria was a province of Roman Syria Pieria (Πιερία is one of the Prefectures of Greece. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Quintus Ennius (239 - 169 BC was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman Poetry. According to the heading of the chief manuscript he was a slave and was freed by Augustus. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was

He incurred the wrath of Sejanus, the powerful minister of Tiberius, by some supposed allusions in his fables, and was brought to trial and punished. Lucius Aelius Seianus (20 BC &ndash October 18 31 AD commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are We learn this from the prologue to the third book, which is dedicated to Eutychus, who has been identified with the famous charioteer and favorite of Gaius. For the early Christian theologian see Eutyches, for the Exarch of Ravenna see Eutychius.

Works

The fourth book is dedicated to Particulo, who seems to have dabbled in literature. The dates of their publication are unknown, but Seneca, writing between AD 41 and 43, knows nothing of Phaedrus, and it is probable that he had not yet published anything. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Year 41 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

His work shows little or no originality; he simply versified in iambic trimeters the fables current of his day under the name of "Aesop," interspersing them with anecdotes drawn from daily life, history and mythology. An iamb or iambus is a Metrical foot used in various types of Poetry. In Poetry, a trimeter is a metre of three metrical feet per line&mdashexample When here // the spring // we see Fresh green // upon Aesop (also spelled Æsop, from the Greek Αἴσωπος — Aisōpos) (620-560 BC) known only for the genre of Fables He tells his fable and draws the moral with businesslike directness and simplicity.

His language is terse and clear, but thoroughly prosaic, though it occasionally attains a dignity bordering on eloquence. His Latin is correct, and except for an excessive and peculiar use of abstract words, shows hardly anything that might not have been written in the Augustan age. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. From a literary point of view Phaedrus is inferior to Babrius, and to his own modern imitator, La Fontaine; he lacks the quiet picturesqueness and pathos of the former, and the exuberant vivacity and humour of the latter. Babrius was the author of a collection of Fables written in Greek. Though he frequently refers to the envy and detraction which pursued him, Phaedrus seems to have attracted little attention in antiquity. He is mentioned by Martial, who imitated some of his verses, and by Avianus. Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) (March 1 40 AD - ca Avianus, a Latin writer of Fables placed by some critics in the age of the Antonines, by others as late as the 6th century AD. Prudentius must have read him, for he imitates one of his lines (Prud. Aurelius Prudentius Clemens was a Roman Christian Poet, born in the Roman Province of Tarraconensis (now Northern Cath. VII 115; ci. Phaedrus, IV 6, 10).

The first edition of the five books of Phaedrus was published by Pithou at Troyes in 1596 from a manuscript now in the possession of the Marquis of Rosanbo. Pierre Pithou ( November 1, 1539 &ndash November 1, 1596) was a French Lawyer and scholar Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is Near the beginning of the 18th century, a manuscript of Perotti (1430-1480), archbishop of Siponto (Manfredonia, in Puglia), was discovered at Parma containing sixty-four fables of Phaedrus, of which some thirty were previously unknown. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Niccolò Perotti, also Perotto or Nicolaus Perottus ( Sassoferrato, 1429 - 14 December 1480 was an Italian Humanist and author of one of the first modern Latin school Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it These new fables were first published in Naples by Cassitto in 1808, and afterwards (much more correctly) by Jannehli in 1809. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Both editions were superseded by the discovery of a much better preserved manuscript of Perotti in the Vatican Library, published by Angelo Mai in 1831. The Vatican Library ( Latin: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) is the Library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City. Angelo Mai ( March 7, 1782 &ndash September 8, 1854) was an Italian Cardinal and Philologist. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a For some time the authenticity of these new fables was disputed, but they are now generally accepted as genuine fables of Phaedrus. They do not form a sixth book, for we know from Avianus that Phaedrus wrote only five books, but it is impossible to assign them to their original places in the five books. They are usually printed as an appendix.

In the Middle Ages Phaedrus exercised a considerable influence through the prose versions of his fables, which were current, though his own works and even his name were forgotten. Of these prose versions the oldest existing one seems to be that known as the Anonymus Nilanti, so called because first edited by Nilant at Leiden in 1709 from a manuscript of the 13th century. Romulus is the author now considered a legendary figure of versions of Aesop's Fables in Latin "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. It follows the text of Phaedrus so closely that it was probably made directly from it. Of the sixty-seven fables which it contains, thirty are derived from lost fables of Phaedrus. But the largest and most influential of the prose versions of Phaedrus is that which bears the name of Romulus. Romulus is the author now considered a legendary figure of versions of Aesop's Fables in Latin It contains eighty-three fables, is as old as the 10th century, and seems to have been based on a still earlier prose version, which, under the name of "Aesop," and addressed to one Rufus, may have been made in the Carolingian period or even earlier. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the About this Romulus nothing is known. The collection of fables in the Weissenburg (now Wolfenbüttel) manuscript is based on the same version as Romulus. These three prose versions contain in all one hundred distinct fables, of which fifty-six are derived from the existing fables and the remaining forty-four presumably from lost fables of Phaedrus. Some scholars, as Burmann, Dressier and L Muller, have tried to restore these lost fables by versifying the prose versions. Pieter Burman, often called Burmann, ( 1668 - March 31, 1741) Dutch classical scholar known as the Elder, to distinguish him from Lucian Müller ( 17 March 1836 &ndash 24 April 1898) was a German Classical scholar.

The collection bearing the name of Romulus became the source from which, during the second half of the Middle Ages, almost all the collections of Latin fables in prose and verse were wholly or partially drawn. A 12th century version of the first three books of Romulus in elegiac verse enjoyed a wide popularity, even into the Renaissance. Elegiac refers either to those compositions that are like elegies or to a specific poetic meter used in Classical elegies The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Its author (generally referred to since the edition of Isaac Nicholas Nevelet in 1610 as the "Anonynius Neveleti") was long unknown, but Leopold Hervieux has shown grounds for identifying him with Walther of England. Gualterus Anglicus was an Anglo-Norman poet writing in Latin, who (it has been suggested produced a seminal version of Aesop's Fables, in

Another version of Romulus in Latin elegiacs was made by Alexander Neckam, born at St Albans in 1157. Alexander ( of) Neckam ( 8 September 1157 &ndash 1217 was an English scholar and teacher St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. Among the collections partly derived from Romulus the most famous is probably that in French verse by Marie de France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Marie de France ("Mary of France" was a Poet evidently born in France and living in England during the late 12th century About 1200 a collection of fables in Latin prose, based partly on Romulus, was made by the Cistercian monk Odo of Sherrington; they have a strong medieval and clerical tinge. In 1370 Gerard of Minden wrote a poetical version of Romulus in Middle Low German. Middle Low German ( ISO 639 -3 code gml) is a Language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and is the ancestor of modern Low German.

Since Pithou's edition in 1596 Phaedrus has been often edited and translated; among the editions may be mentioned those of Burmann (1718 and 1727), Richard Bentley (1726), Schwabe (1806), Berger de Xivrey (1830), Johann Caspar von Orelli (1832), Franz Eyssenhardt (1867), L. Richard Bentley ( January 27, 1662 &ndash July 14, 1742) was an English Theologian, classical scholar and Johann Caspar von Orelli ( February 13, 1787 &ndash January 6, 1849) was a Swiss classical scholar Müller (1877), Rica (1885), and above all that of Louis Havet (Paris, 1895). For the medieval versions of Phaedrus and their derivatives see L. Roth, in Philologus; E. Grosse, in Jahrb. f. class. Philol. , cv. (1872); and especially the learned work of Leopold Hervieux, Les Fabulistes latins depuis le siècle d'Auguste jusqu'a la fin du Moyen Âge (Paris, 1884), who gives the Latin texts of all the medieval imitators (direct and indirect) of Phaedrus, some of them being published for the first time.

Sources and references

  1. ^ Relighting the Souls: Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion by Frederick E. Brenk
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