Pforzheim
Coat of arms	Location
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Karlsruhe
District	Urban district
City subdivisions	16 Stadtteile
Lord Mayor	Christel Augenstein (FDP/DVP)
Basic statistics
Area	98. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. A Regierungsbezirk is a type of government region of Germany, a subdivision of certain federal states ( ''Bundesländer'') Karlsruhe is one of the four administrative districts( Regierungsbezirk) of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the north-west of the state German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' This is a list of urban districts in Germany. Germany is divided into 429 districts (not to be confused with the larger Regierungsbezirk) these consist A quarter is a section of an urban settlement Its borders can be administratively chosen (then denoted as Borough) and it may have its own administrative structure The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition Christel Augenstein is a member of the Free Democratic Party and the Mayor of Pforzheim, Germany. The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. The Democratic People's Party ( Demokratische Volkspartei, DVP) was a short-lived German Political party established in 1945 in Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 03 km² (37. 8 sq mi)
Elevation	273 m  (896 ft)
Population	119,156  (31/12/2006)
- Density	1,216 /km² (3,148 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	PF
Postal codes	75172–75181
Area codes	07231, 07234, 07041
Website	www.pforzheim.de Coordinates: 48°54′0″N 08°43′0″E / 48.9, 8.71667

Pforzheim is a town of nearly 119,000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For the suburb of Adelaide, please see Black Forest South Australia; for the CDP in Colorado, please see Black Forest Colorado. It is world-famous for its jewelry and watch-making industry. Because of that it gained the nickname "Goldstadt" or Golden City. It has an area of 98 km² and is situated between the cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe at the confluence of three rivers (Enz, Nagold and Würm) and marks the frontier between Baden and Württemberg, being located on Baden territory. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near The Enz is a left tributary of the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg. Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the northern Black Forest. For the glaciaton see Würm glaciation. The Würm is a River in Bavaria, Germany, right tributary of the Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany.

The City of Pforzheim does not belong to any administrative district (Kreis), but at the same time, it hosts the administrative offices of the Enz district surrounding the town.

During World War II, Pforzheim was bombed a number of times. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The largest raid, and one of the most devastating area bombardments of World War II, was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemy's cities for the purpose of destroying the enemy's means of producing military Materiel, communications Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar About one quarter of the town's population, over 17,000 people, were killed in the air raid, and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed. The town was thought by the Allies to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and to be a transport centre for the movement of German troops. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose

After the war, the rubble from the destruction was heaped into a large pile on the outskirts of the town, as was done by other cities such as Stuttgart and Munich. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. A building called the "Wallberg" was erected as a concrete "cap" on the mountain of rubble, long since covered with earth and vegetation. In the twenty years following the end of the war, Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt, giving the town a quite modern look.

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Neighboring communities 1.2 City wards 1.3 Views of Pforzheim (2003) 2 History 2.1 Administrative unions 2.2 Population growth 2.3 Religions 3 Politics 3.1 City council 3.2 City administration 3.3 (Lord) Mayors 3.4 The Coat of Arms 3.5 Sister city and friendship agreements 4 Economy and infrastructure 4.1 Traffic 4.2 Major local enterprises 4.3 Media 4.4 Courts of Justice 4.5 Authorities 4.6 Educational institutions 5 Culture and places of interest 5.1 Theater 5.2 Orchestras 5.3 Museums 5.4 Cultural institutions 5.5 Notable examples of architecture 5.6 Other sites of interest 5.7 Regularly scheduled events 6 Personalities 6.1 Honorary citizens 6.2 Famous citizens born in Pforzheim 7 Miscellaneous topics 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links

Geography

Pforzheim is located at the northern rim of the eastern part of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) and the rim of the hilly country of the Kraichgau, in an open valley at the confluences of the rivers Würm and Nagold and the rivers Nagold and Enz. For the suburb of Adelaide, please see Black Forest South Australia; for the CDP in Colorado, please see Black Forest Colorado. The Kraichgau is a hilly region in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany. For the glaciaton see Würm glaciation. The Würm is a River in Bavaria, Germany, right tributary of the Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the northern Black Forest. The Enz is a left tributary of the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg. Due to its location, this city is also called the "three-valleys town" (Drei-Taeler Stadt) or the "Gateway to the Black Forest" (Pforte zum Schwarzwald / Porta Hercinia). The early settlement (in fact much earlier than the current centers Stuttgart and Karlsruhe) by the Romans, who constructed a ford through the river, shortly past the confluence of the three rivers, for their military highway, is also due to this extraordinary geography. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near A ford is a place in a Watercourse (most commonly a stream or River) that is shallow enough to be crossed by wading on Horseback or in a wheeled Due to this location, Pforzheim later on became a center for the timber-rafting trade which transported timber from the Black Forest via the rivers Wuerm, Nagold, Enz and then the Neckar and Rhine to, among other destinations, the Netherlands for use in shipbuilding. Timber rafting is a log transportation method in which logs are tied together into Rafts and drifted or pulled across a water body or down a flatter river The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Pforzheim and its surrounding area belongs to the "Densely Populated Area Karlsruhe/Pforzheim". Pforzheim has the functions of a regional center (Mittelzentrum) for the towns and municipalities Birkenfeld (Enz), Eisingen, Engelsbrand, Friolzheim, Heimsheim, Ispringen, Kämpfelbach, Keltern, Kieselbronn, Königsbach-Stein, Mönsheim, Neuenbürg (Württemberg), Neuhausen, Neulingen, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Ölbronn-Dürrn, Remchingen, Straubenhardt, Tiefenbronn, Wiernsheim,Wimsheim and Wurmberg. Birkenfeld is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Eisingen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Engelsbrand is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Friolzheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Heimsheim is a town in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Ispringen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kämpfelbach is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Keltern is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kieselbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Königsbach-Stein is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Mönsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Neuhausen may refer to Neuhausen am Rheinfall, a town in the canton of Schaffhausen Switzerland Neuhausen auf den Fildern, a municipality Neulingen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Niefern-Öschelbronn is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Ölbronn-Dürrn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Remchingen is a municipality with ca 12000 inhabitants in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Straubenhardt is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Tiefenbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Wiernsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Wimsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Wurmberg is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. ^[1]

Neighboring communities

The following towns and communities share borderlines with the City of Pforzheim. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Below they are mentioned in clockwise order, beginning to the north of the city. A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top Except for Unterreichenbach, which belongs to the district of Calw, all of them are included in the Enz district. Calw (ˈkalf traditional dialect pronunciation) is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw.

Ispringen, Neulingen, Kieselbronn, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Wurmberg, Wimsheim, Neuhausen (Enz), Unterreichenbach, Engelsbrand, Birkenfeld (Enz), Keltern and Kämpfelbach^[2]

City wards

The city of Pforzheim consists of 16 city wards. Ispringen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Neulingen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kieselbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Niefern-Öschelbronn is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Wurmberg is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Wimsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Neuhausen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Unterreichenbach is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Engelsbrand is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Birkenfeld is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Keltern is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kämpfelbach is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The communities Büchenbronn, Eutingen on the Enz, Hohenwart, Huchenfeld and Würm, which by way of the latest regional administrative reform during the 1970s were incorporated into Pforzheim's administration, are represented by independent community councils and community administrations according to § 8 and following paragraphs of the main city-ordinance of Pforzheim. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. In important matters concerning any of these communities the opinions of the respective community councils must be taken into consideration. However, final decisions on the matter will be made by the Pforzheim city council.

• City center (Innenstadt)
• Northern ward (Nordstadt)
• Eastern ward (Oststadt)
• Southeastern ward (Südoststadt)
• Southwestern ward (Südweststadt)
• Western ward (Weststadt)
• Arlinger
• Brötzingen
• Buckenberg and Hagenschiess; including Altgefaell, Haidach and Wald-Siedlung
• Büchenbronn including Sonnenberg
• Sonnenhof
• Dillweißenstein
• Eutingen on the Enz including Mäuerach
• Hohenwart
• Huchenfeld
• Würm^[3]

Views of Pforzheim (2003)

Schlosskirche St. Michael. 2	The New City Hall and Waisenhaus square. 3	Enz river at Rossbruecke. 4	Statue of Johannes Reuchlin. 5
Monument commemorating the timber floating profession in medieval Pforzheim. 6

History

Since 90: A settlement was established by Roman citizens at the Enz river near the modern Altstädter Brücke (old town bridge). Year 90 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Archeological surveys have unearthed several items from that period which are kept and displayed in the Kappelhof Museum. The settlement was located where the Roman military road connecting the military camp Argentorate (nowadays Strasbourg in France) and the military camp at Cannstatt (now a suburb of Stuttgart) at the Upper Germanic Limes border line of the Roman Empire crossed the Enz river. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The Limes Germanicus ( Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier ( Limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Enz is a left tributary of the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg. This place was known as Portus (river crossing, harbor), which is believed to be the origin of the first part of the city's name "Pforzheim". A Roman milestone (the so-called 'Leugenstein') from the year 245 and later excavated at nowadays Friolzheim shows the exact distance to 'Portus'; it is the first document about the settlement. Friolzheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. ^[4][5]

259/260: The Roman settlement 'Portus' was destroyed completely, as the Frank and Alemanni tribes overrun the Upper Germanic Limes border line of the Roman Empire and conquered the Roman administrated area west of the Rhine river. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian, captured by King Shapur I of Persia, dies in captivity Events By Place Roman Empire Gallienus becomes Emperor Gallienus defends what remains of the empire against barbarians and The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Limes Germanicus ( Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier ( Limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge From then on, over an extended period of time historical records about the settlement are not available. ^[6]

6th/7th century: Graves from this period indicate that the settlement had been continued. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. ^[7]

1067: The settlement of Pforzheim was mentioned for the first time in a document by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor as "Phorzheim". Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Visits to Pforzheim by Heinrich IV in 1067 and 1074 are documented. ^[8][9]

Before 1080: The "old town" of Pforzheim was awarded market rights (Marktrecht). At that time Pforzheim belonged to the estate of Hirsau Monastery, according to monastery documents. Hirsau (formerly Hirschau) is a district of the town of Calw in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, located in the south-west portion This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. ^[10]

From 1150: Establishment of the "new town" west of the "old town" at the foot of the Schlossberg (palais hill) under Margrave Hermann V. ^[11]

1200: The town charter of the "new town" was mentioned for the first time in a document. The "old town" continued to exist as a legally independent entity. ^[12]

1220: The Margraves of Baden selected Pforzheim as their residence. Baden was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France primarily consisting of territory along the The "new town" became prominent.

1240: A mayor of Pforzheim was mentioned in a document for the first time. ^[13]

13th/14th century: Pforzheim enjoyed its first period of flourishment. A group of influential patricians emerged. The term " patrician " originally referred to a group of elite families in Ancient Rome, including both their natural and They developed extensive activities on the financial markets of those days. The town drew its income from the wood trade, timber rafting, the tannery trade, textile manufacturing and other crafts. Timber rafting is a log transportation method in which logs are tied together into Rafts and drifted or pulled across a water body or down a flatter river Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Documents mention mayor, judge, council and citizens. The town walls surrounding the new town were completed at about 1290. During this era three catholic orders established their convents in town (the Franciscan order established their domicile within the town wall at nowadays Barfuesserkirche (the choir of which remains), the Dominican nun order established their domicile outside of the walls of the old town near Auer bridge, and the Prediger cloister was located east of the Schlossberg, probably inside the town walls). Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life Outside of the town wall across the Enz river, the suburb Flösser Quarters (the home of the timber floating trade) was established. Next to the western town wall, the suburb of Brötzingen gradually developed. The Margraves of Baden considered Pforzheim as their most important power base up to the first half of the 14th century. Under Margrave Bernard I (Bernhard I) Pforzheim became one of the administrative centers of the margraviate. Bernard I of Baden (1364&ndash 5 April 1431, Baden) was Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1391 to 1431 ^{[14][15][16][17]}

1322: Holy Ghost Hospital was founded at Tränk Street (nowadays Deimling Street). ^[18]

15th century: Various fraternities among people working in the same trade were established: The fraternity of tailors in 1410, the fraternity of bakers on May 14, 1422, the fraternity of the weavers in 1469, the fraternity of the wine-growers in 1491, the fraternity of the skippers and timber raftsmen in 1501, and the fraternity of the carters in 1512. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A tailor is a person whose occupation is to sew and scissor menswear style jackets and the skirts or trousers that go with them This article refers to the cooking profession For other uses see Baker (disambiguation A baker is someone who primarily Bakes Timber rafting is a log transportation method in which logs are tied together into Rafts and drifted or pulled across a water body or down a flatter river Members of the same fraternity assisted each other in various ways, for example with funerals and in cases of sickness. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember In a sense, the fraternities were early forms of health and life insurance. Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the ^[19]

August 8/9, 1418: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor visits Margrave Bernard I (Bernhard I) in Pforzheim. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Bernard I of Baden (1364&ndash 5 April 1431, Baden) was Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1391 to 1431 On this occasion the mint of the Margraves of Baden in Pforzheim was mentioned. A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures Coins for Currency. Mint master was Jakob Broeglin between 1414-1431. The emperor appointed the master of the Pforzheim mint, Jakob Bröglin, and Bois von der Winterbach for five years as Royal Mint Masters of the mints of Frankfurt and Nördlingen. Nördlingen is a Town in the Donau-Ries district in Bavaria, Germany, with a population of 20000 The Margrave was appointed as their patron. ^[20][21]

1447: The wedding of Margrave Charles I (Karl I) of Baden with Katharina of Austria, the sister of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (Friedrich III), was celebrated in Pforzheim with great pomp (including tournaments and dances). Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Charles I of Baden (d 24 February 1475, Pforzheim) was a Margrave of Baden-Baden in 1454-1475 Katharina may refer to In television and film: Katharina Bellowitsch, Austrian radio and TV presenter Katharina Thalbach, German Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of A tournament (IPA) is a Competition involving a relatively large number of competitors all participating in a Sport or Game. Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic ^{[22][23][24][25]}

1455: Johannes Reuchlin, the great German humanist, was born in Pforzheim on January 29 (he died in Stuttgart on June 30, 1522). Johann Reuchlin ( January 29, 1455 - June 30 1522) was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal He attended the Latin School section of the monastery school run by the Dominican order of Pforzheim in the late 1460s. Latin school was the grammar school of fourteenth to sixteenth century Europe Later, partly due to Reuchlin's efforts, the Latin School of Pforzheim developed into one of the most prominent schools in southwestern Germany. Latin school was the grammar school of fourteenth to sixteenth century Europe The school's teachers and pupils played an outstanding role in the dissemination of the ideas of humanism and the protestant reformation movement. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The most famous pupils included Reuchlin himself, Reuchlin's nephew Philipp Melanchthon, and Simon Grynaeus. Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian Simon Grynaeus ( 1493 - August 1, 1541) German scholar and Theologian of the Reformation son of Jacob Gryner a Swabian ^[26][27][28]

1460: Margrave Charles I established a kind of monastery (Kollegialstift) at the site of Schlosskirche St. Michael, turning the church into a collegiate church. In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the Daily office of worship is maintained by a College of canons; a non-monastic or There were also plans to establish a university in Pforzheim, but this plan had to be abandoned because Margrave Charles I lost the Battle of Seckenheim. ^[29][30][31]

1463: Margrave Charles I was forced to transfer the palace and the town of Pforzheim as a fiefdom to the Elector Palatine after losing the Battle of Seckenheim. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire He then began to build a new palace in modern Baden-Baden. Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the western foothills of the Black Forest, on the banks of the Oos River Margrave Christoph I finally moved the residence of the margraves to Baden-Baden. This gradually ended the first period of Pforzheim's flourishment. The rich merchants gradually left the town, which declined to the status of a country town of mostly small traders. ^{[32][33][34][35]}

1486: The Weavers Ordinance (Wollweberordnung) for the towns Pforzheim und Ettlingen was approved by Margrave Christoph I. A local ordinance is a Law usually found in a municipal code. Ettlingen is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany It is about 8km south of the city of Karlsruhe. Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " This was a contract concerning the town privileges of Pforzheim. This regulation of the weaving trade did not allow the formation of a regular guild (Zunft). A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers ^[36][37]

1491: A contract between Margrave Christoph I and the citizens of Pforzheim was concluded, granting the town of Pforzheim several privileges concerning taxes and business. ^[38][39]

1496: Foundation of the first printer's shop by Thomas Anshelm. During the first half of the 16th century Pforzheim's printers contributed significantly to the establishment of this (in those days) new medium. ^[40]

1501: Margrave Christoph I of Baden enacted the "Ordinance on the timber rafting profession in Pforzheim". A local ordinance is a Law usually found in a municipal code. The single timber logs that were floated from the deeper Black Forest areas down the Enz, Nagold and Wuerm rivers were bound together in the Au area to form larger timber rafts. Those rafts were then floated down the lower Enz, Neckar and Rhine rivers. The timber rafting stations of Weissenstein, Dillstein and Pforzheim were well known in the profession. ^[41]

1501 was also the year for which an outbreak of the plague (probably the bubonic plague) is recorded in the Swabian chronicle Annalium Suevicorum by Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen professor Martin Grusius, published 1596. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen ( German: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, sometimes called the "Eberhardina Carolina" is a public university It is not known how many of Pforzheim's citizens died in that year, but there are reports of 500 deceased in the close-by city of Calw and about 4000 in Stuttgart, which accounted for approximately one quarter to one half of the populations of those towns. Calw (ˈkalf traditional dialect pronunciation) is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Outbreaks of the disease were reported for many places in southwestern Germany, Bohemia, the Alsace region in nowadays France, Switzerland, and Italy. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Common graves with massive numbers of human bones at the cemetery of St. Michael Church and the cemetery on the estate of the Dominican order near nowadays Waisenhausplatz found during the last century may indicate that hundreds of citizens became the victims of the plague. There are indications that a fraternity for taking care of the sick and removing the bodies of the deceased from houses was formed in 1501, whose members later on stayed together and became known as the choral society Singergesellschaft, which is still active today as the Loebliche Singergesellschaft of 1501. (They are probably one of the oldest clubs in Europe). ^[42]

1520s: The ideas of the protestant religious movement advanced by Martin Luther spread rapidly in Pforzheim. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Its most prominent promoters were Johannes Schwebel, a preacher at Holy Ghost church (Heiliggeistkirche), and Johannes Unger, the principal of the Dominican Latin school. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Latin school was the grammar school of fourteenth to sixteenth century Europe ^[43]

1535-1565: Due to the heritage division of the clan of the Margraves of Baden, Margrave Ernst of Baden made Pforzheim the residential town of his family line. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " He decided to use the Schlosskirche St. Michael as the entombment site for his family line. Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground ^[44]

1549: A large fire caused severe damage to the town.

1556: After the conclusion of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, Margrave Karl II introduced Lutherism (protestantism) as the state religion in the district Baden-Durlach, which included Pforzheim. The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Ferdinand I, who replaced his brother Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. The (Catholic) monasteries were gradually shut down. ^[45]

1565: Margrave Karl II chooses Durlach as the new residential town. Pforzheim stayed one of the administrative centers of Baden. ^[46]

1618: At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the number of inhabitants of Pforzheim is estimated to have been between 2500 and 3000. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. This was the largest town among all towns in Baden, even though at that time it had already declined somewhat.

1645: Toward the end of the Thirty Years' War the "old town" was burned down by Bavarian (i. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 e. Catholic) troops. It was rebuilt, but without the former fortifications, which gave it the status of a village-like settlement. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for It soon vanished from historical records. The "new town" had survived. ^[47]

1688-1697: The "War of the Palatinian Succession" (also called the Nine Years War) caused tremendous destruction in Southwestern Germany. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th The French "sun king" Louis XIV's efforts to expand the territory of France up to the Upper Rhine river and to put the Elector Palatine under pressure to severe its ties with the League of Augsburg included the Brûlez le Palatinat! tactics of destroying major towns on both sides of the Rhine river. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Ezéchiel du Mas Comte de Mélac (about 1630 - May 10 1704 was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. These tactics seem to have been mainly the idea of the French war minister, François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois. François Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 – 16 July 1691 was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of

Pforzheim was occupied by French troops on October 10, 1688. Commanding officer is said to have been Joseph de Montclar. Joseph de Pons-Guimera Baron de Montclar, (1625 - 1690French cavalry general Commander in chief of the Alsace, he was an implacable executioner of the orders of Louis The town was forced to accommodate a large number of soldiers and had to pay a large amount of "contributions" to the French. When the army unit was about to depart early in the morning of January 21, 1689 (obviously because an army of the Holy Roman Empire had been approaching), they set many major buildings on fire, including the palais, the city hall, and vicarages. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in About 70 houses (i. e. one quarter of all houses) and part of the town's fortifications were reportedly destroyed.

Between August 2nd and August 4th, the French army under the general command of Marshal Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras again crossed the Rhine river and began the destruction of major towns in Baden. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Jacques-Henri de Durfort, duke of Duras Marshal of France, ( October 9 1625 - October 12 1704) On August 10, 1689, a French army unit under the command of General Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac appeared in front of Pforzheims town gates, but this time the town refused to surrender. Ezéchiel du Mas Comte de Mélac (about 1630 - May 10 1704 was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. In response, the French army began shelling the town with canons from the Rod hill located southwest of the town, and the several hundred soldiers of the German imperial command, who were defending the town, were forced to surrender. After a short period of looting, the French troops set the inner town area on fire on August 15, which made that area uninhabitable for several weeks. Then the French moved on.

During the following two years French troops stayed away from Pforzheim, but the economic situation of the town was miserable. In addition to this, the reconstruction of the town and the repairs of the fortifications under the supervision of Johann Matthaeus Faulhaber, the chief construction officer of the Margraviate Baden, required a lot of efforts. The accommodation of an imperial garrison under the command of (then) colonel Count Palfy also was a heavy burden.

In 1691 Louvois instructed his marshals to destroy those towns which were to serve as winter quarters for imperial troops, explicitly including Pforzheim, and then continue to Wuerttemberg for further destructions. François Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 – 16 July 1691 was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of After the French troops had crossed the Rhine river under the command of Marshal Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges at Philippsburg on August 3, 1691, they assaulted the Margraves' residential town of Durlach and 1,200 cavalry men, 300 dragoons and 1,200 infantry men advanced toward Pforzheim where they arrived in the morning on August 9 and surrounded the town. Guy Aldonce de Durfort, duke de Lorges Marshal of France, (August 22 1630 – october 22 1702 Not to be confused with Phillipsburg or Philipsburg. Philippsburg is a city in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30000 The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on A dragoon is a soldier intended primarily to fight on foot but trained also in Horse riding and cavalry combat especially The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists When the approximately 200 imperial soldiers under the command of Captain Zickwolf and other men in the town refused to surrender, the siege began. After shelling the town during the day and the following night, the resistance of the town broke down and on August 10th in the morning the French forced the town gates open, occupied and looted it (although with little success, as there was not much left to be taken away). On August 12, the French moved on, this time refraining from setting houses on fire. The fortification had again been damaged, though (the White Tower, the Auer Bridge Gate, the Upper Mill and the Nonnen Mill were burnt down). The French also stole all church bells, except for one minor one.

On September 20, 1692, again crossed the Rhine river under the general command of Marshal Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges, and advanced toward Durlach and Pforzheim. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Guy Aldonce de Durfort, duke de Lorges Marshal of France, (August 22 1630 – october 22 1702 Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30000 On September 24, 2,000 cavalry soldiers and 1,200 infantry and artillery troops under the command of Marshal Noël Bouton de Chamilly, moved to Pforzheim, where the town and 600 soldiers of the imperial German army in town surrendered without any military engagements. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. The rest of the French army arrived on September 27 under the command of Marshal de Lorges. On the same day, the French army moved on to Oetisheim near Mühlacker and attacked an imperial army unit of 4,000 cavalry men under the command of Duke Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental in their camp. Mühlacker is a town in the eastern part of the Enz district Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Frederick Charles ( Stuttgart, September 12 1652 &ndash December 20 1697 in Stuttgart was since 1677 Duke of the new-founded As they were taken by surprise, they withdrew hastily and lost several hundred men, either killed or captured by the French. (The Duke himself was among the French prisoners. ) On September 28, the French army returned to Pforzheim and established a camp. It was reported that the entire Enz valley between the village of Eutingen east of Pforzheim and the village of Birkenfeld west of Pforzheim was occupied by the 30,000 French soldiers' camps. The Enz is a left tributary of the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg. From their base in Pforzheim, French army units obviously under the leadership of Marshal de Chamilly advanced along the river valleys of Nagold and Wuerm and looted and destroyed the villages and towns of Huchenfeld, Calw, Hirsau, Liebenzell and Zavelstein. Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the northern Black Forest. For the glaciaton see Würm glaciation. The Würm is a River in Bavaria, Germany, right tributary of the Calw (ˈkalf traditional dialect pronunciation) is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. Hirsau (formerly Hirschau) is a district of the town of Calw in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, located in the south-west portion They also destroyed Liebeneck castle about 10 kilometers from Pforzheim towering above the Wuerm valley, where part of the Pforzheim town archives were hidden. The archive was burned. Another part of the town archive as well as documents of Baden administrative office had been brought to Calw, were they went up in flames, too.

When the French troops left after about one week of occupation, they again looted Pforzheim and put it on fire. This time, all houses which had survived the two previous fires, were destroyed. In the Au suburb, only three houses survived. The Au bridge was heavily damaged. Only four houses survived in the Broetzingen suburb. The town church St. Stephan and a large part of the Dominican monastery complex were also destroyed. The Castle Church (Schlosskirche) St. Michael was heavily damaged, and the family tombs of the Baden Margraves in the church were ravaged by the soldiers. The last remaining church bell and the churches' clockworks were stolen as well. The town wall was damaged again, including the town gates. After the one--week presence of 30,000 soldiers in a town of only a few thousand citizens, all food was gone, including the seeds saved for next spring's sowing season. Every tree and grapevine on the valley slopes had been used up as firewood. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is The French army reached their camp in Philippsburg on October 5, 1692. Not to be confused with Phillipsburg or Philipsburg. Philippsburg is a city in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe ^[48]

1718: Inauguration of the "institution for orphans, the mad, the sick, for discipline and work" in a building of the former Dominican order Convent by the Enz river. Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church Fifty years later this institution was to become the incubator of Pforzheim's jewellery and watchmaking industries. ^[49]

1715-1730: During this period there was a prolonged dispute between Pforzheim's citizens and the Margrave of Baden concerning the privileges granted to the town in 1491, which the Margrave considered obsolete and therefore demanded significantly higher tax payments from Pforzheim citizens. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The issue was taken all the way to the Imperial Court of Justice, where the town's motion was defeated. ^[50][51]

1767: Establishment of a watch and jewellery factory in the orphanage. Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This led to Pforzheim's jewellery industries. Watchmaking was given up later on. ^[52]

1805/06: Typhus epidemic in Pforzheim. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or ^[53]

1809: The Administrative District Pforzheim of Baden was split into a Municipal District Administration Pforzheim and two Rural Districts. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

1813: The two Rural Districts were combined to form the Rural District Administration Pforzheim. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

1819: Municipal District Pforzheim and Rural District Pforzheim are merged to form the Higher District Administration Pforzheim. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

1836: Ferdinand Öchsle in Pforzheim invented a device for measuring the sugar content in freshly pressed grape juice for assessing the future quality of wine (Mostwaage). Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice It is still in use in the winery business.

1861/62: Pforzheim was connected to the German railway network with the completion of tracks between Wilferdingen and Pforzheim. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common As of 2005, Germany had a railway network of 41315 km 19857 km are electrified. ^[54]

1863: The railway section between Pforzheim and Mühlacker was completed, thus establishing railway traffic between the capital of Baden, Karlsruhe, and the capital of Württemberg, Stuttgart. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mühlacker is a town in the eastern part of the Enz district Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. ^[55]

1864: The Higher District Administration Pforzheim was made the Regional Administration Pforzheim. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

1868: The railway section between Pforzheim and Wildbad was completed. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Bad Wildbad is a town in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. ^[56]

1869: Establishment of the first worker's union in Pforzheim, the "Pforzheim Gold(-metal) Craftsmen's Union". Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[57]

1874: The railway section between Pforzheim and Calw was completed. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Calw (ˈkalf traditional dialect pronunciation) is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. ^[58]

1877: Inauguration of the Arts and Crafts School (Kunstgewerbeschule; now incorporated into Hochschule (University) Pforzheim). Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[59]

1888: Berta Benz and her two sons arrived in Pforzheim on the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz in order to visit relatives. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Bertha Benz (née Ringer) (born 3 May 1849 in Pforzheim, Germany, married inventor Karl Benz on 20 July Karl Friedrich Benz, sometimes spelled Carl, ( November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Germany – April 4, 1929, Ladenburg She had started her drive in Mannheim, which is located about 60 kilometers from Pforzheim. Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart The very first gasoline-powered, automobile with an internal combustion engine of the inventor had hit the roads only two years earlier after a patent for this new technology had been granted to Karl Benz on January 29, 1886. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an She bought the gasoline necessary for her trip back home in a "pharmacy" in Pforzheim. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences During the trip Bertha Benz had to make repairs with a hairpin to open a blocked fuel line, and after returning home, suggested to her husband that another gear be provided in his automobile for climbing hills. Hairpin can mean A long device used to hold a person's hair in place see below Hairpin bend A Stem-loop in biochemistry This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket ^[60]

1893: Inauguration of the Pforzheim Jewish Synagogue. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[61]

From 1900: Revival of the Pforzheim watchmaking industry. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[62]

1906: The 1st FC Pforzheim Football (soccer) Club was defeated by VfB Leipzig with a score of 1:2 in the final game of the German soccer championship. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[63]

1914-1918: Pforzheim was not a battle field in World War I, but 1600 men from Pforzheim lost their lives as soldiers on the battlefields. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[64]

1920s: The Pforzheim watchmaking industry thrived due to the new popularity of wrist-watches. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar ^[65]

1927: Pforzheim-born (1877) Professor of Munich University Heinrich Otto Wieland received the Nobel prize in chemistry. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more Heinrich Otto Wieland ( June 4, 1877 &ndash August 5, 1957) was a German Chemist. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties

From 1933: Along with the installation of the Nazi government in Germany the local subsidiaries of all political parties, groups and organizations other than the NSDAP were gradually disbanded in town. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Public life as well as individual affairs were increasingly affected by Nazi influences. Persecution of Jewish fellow citizens occurred in Pforzheim, too, with boycotts of Jewish shops and companies. ^[66]

1938: Establishment of the municipal Jewellery Museum. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1938: On November 9th, the so-called Kristallnacht, the Pforzheim Synagogue (see WWW-site) of the Jewish community was so badly damaged by Nazi activists that it had to be demolished later on. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A kehilla or kehillah (קהילה Hebrew: "community" is a Jewish Community. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German

1939: Regional Administration Pforzheim (Bezirksamt) was converted to the Rural District Pforzheim (Landkreis) with Pforzheim city as its administrative site. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, the town itself became a district-less administrative body.

1940: Deportation of Jewish citizens of Pforzheim to the concentration camp in Gurs (France). Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Gurs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département, in southwestern France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Only 55 of the 195 deported persons escaped from the holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as ^[67]

1944: Many factories were converted to produce weaponry such as anti-aircraft shells, fuzes for bombs, and allegedly even parts for the V1 and V2 rockets. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles In an Explosive, Pyrotechnic device or military Munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function The Fieseler Fi 103, better known as V-1 (German Vergeltungswaffe 1 was an early Cruise missile used during World War Two See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve

1945: On February 23, Pforzheim was bombed in one of the most devastating area bombardments of World War II. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemy's cities for the purpose of destroying the enemy's means of producing military Materiel, communications It was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar ^[68] About one quarter of the town's population, over 17,000 people, were killed in the air raid,^[69] and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed. ^[70] The mission order to bomb Pforzheim issued by the Bomber Command states as the intention of the raid on Pforzheim "to destroy built up area and associated industries and rail facilities". Bomber Command is an organizational Military unit generally subordinate to the Air force of a Country. ^[71] The bombardment was carried out as part of the British carpet bombing campaign. Carpet bombing refers to the tactical bombing of a strategic area usually by the use of large numbers of unguided Gravity bombs often with a high proportion of incendiary The town was put on the target list for bombardments in November 1944 because it was thought by the Allies to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and as transport centre^[72] for the movement of German troops. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose ^[73] (Additional details are given in Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II. During the latter stages of World War II, Pforzheim, a town in southwestern Germany, was bombed a number of times )

There were also several minor raids in 1944 and 1945. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar ^[74]

After the main attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by public makeshift kitchens because their housings had been destroyed. Almost 90% of the buildings in the core city area had been destroyed. Many Pforzheim citizens were buried in common graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are also many graves of complete families. Among the dead were several hundred foreigners who had been in Pforzheim as forced labor workers. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will The inner city districts were severely depopulated. According to the State Statistics Bureau (Statistisches Landesamt), in the Market Square area (Marktplatzviertel) in 1939 there were 4. 112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none (0). In the Old Town area (Altstadtviertel) in 1939 there were 5. 109 inhabitants, in 1945 only 2 persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4. 416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13. ^[75][76][77]

The German Army Report of February 24, 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim. " British Bomber Command later assessed the bombing raid as the one with "probably the greatest proportion (of destroyed built-up area) (of any target) in one raid during the war". Bomber Command is an organizational Military unit generally subordinate to the Air force of a Country. ^[78]

In early April as the allied forces and notably the French Army advanced toward Pforzheim, the local German military commander gave orders to destroy the electric power generating plant and those gas and water supply lines that were still working, but citizens succeeded in persuading the staff sergeant in charge of the operation to refrain from this absurd endeavor in the face of the imminent and inevitable surrender of the German Military. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest For the Brush-footed butterfly Species, see Athyma selenophora. Likewise, orders were issued for the destruction of those bridges that had remained unscathed (some of the bridges had been destroyed by air strikes even before and after February 23), and this could not be prevented. Only the Iron (Railway) Bridge in Weißenstein ward was saved by stout-hearted citizens who, during an unguarded moment, pulled off the fuze wiring from the explosive devices, which had already been installed, and dropped it into Nagold river. In an Explosive, Pyrotechnic device or military Munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function Soon after that on April 8, French troops (an armored vehicle unit) moved into Pforzheim from the northwest and were able to occupy the area north of Enz river, but the area south of the Enz river was defended by a German infantry unit using artillery. An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV) is a military Vehicle, protected by armour and armed with Weapons Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Fighting was especially fierce in Broetzingen. The French army units (including an Algerian and Moroccan unit) suffered heavy losses; among the dead was the commander the army unit, Capitaine Dorance. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The advance of the French army came to a halt temporarily, but with the support of fighterbomber aircraft and due to the bad condition of the defenders (which included many old men and young boys who had been drafted in a last desperate war effort) the French troops finally succeeded and on April 18 took possession of the vast rubble field which once was the proud residential town of the Baden Margraves. ^[79][80][81]

The three months of French occupation were reportedly marked by hostile attitudes on both the French army side and the Pforzheim population side; incidences of rape and looting, mainly by Moroccan soldiers, were also reported. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis Au Bridge (Auerbruecke) and Wuerm Bridge received makeshift repairs by the French military. The US Army, which replaced the French troops on July 8, 1945, helped repair Goethe Bridge, Benckiser Bridge, Old Town Bridge (Altstädterbrücke) and Horse Bridge (Roßbrücke) in 1945 and the following year. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The relationship between the population and the US military was reportedly more relaxed than had been the case with the French army. ^[82][83]

1945-1965: Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt, giving Pforzheim a quite modern look. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. In September 1951 the Northern Town Bridge (Nordstadtbrücke) was inaugurated (the ceremony was attended by then Federal President Prof. Dr. Theodor Heuss). Theodor Heuss ( 31 January 1884 &ndash 12 December 1963) was a German politician Jahn Bridge followed in December 1951, Werder Bridge in May 1952, the rebuilt Goethe Bridge in October 1952, and the rebuilt Old Town Bridge was inaugurated in 1954.

1955: On the occasion of the 500th birthday anniversary of Johannes Reuchlin, the city of Pforzheim established the Reuchlin Prize and awarded it for the first time in the presence of then President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West-Germany), Prof. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Johann Reuchlin ( January 29, 1455 - June 30 1522) was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Dr. Theodor Heuss. Theodor Heuss ( 31 January 1884 &ndash 12 December 1963) was a German politician ^[84]

1961: Inauguration of the culture center "Reuchlinhaus", which from then on housed the Jewellery Museum, the Arts and Crafts Association, the City Library, the Homeland Museum (Heimatmuseum), and the City Archives. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[85]

1968: On July 10 shortly before 22:00, Pforzheim and its surrounding areas were hit by a rare tornado. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A tornado is a violent rotating column of air which is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a Cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases the base of a Cumulus It had strength F4 on the Fujita scale. The Fujita scale ( F-Scale) or Fujita-Pearson scale, is a scale for rating Tornado intensity based on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures Two persons died and more than 200 were injured, and 1750 buildings were damaged. Across the town between Buechenbronn ward and the village of Wurmberg the storm caused severe damage to forest areas (i. e. most trees fell to the ground). During the first night and the following days the soldiers of the French 3rd Husar Regiment and the US Army Unit, which were still stationed at the Buckenberg Barracks, helped clear the streets of a lot of fallen trees (especially in the Buckenberg/Haidach area). It took about four weeks to carry out the most necessary repairs on buildings. The overhead electric contact wires for the electric trolley buses then still operating in town and the streetcar transport system to the village of Ittersbach were never repaired; those transport systems were retired. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train ^[86]

1971-1975: The townships of Würm, Hohenwart, Buechenbronn, Huchenfeld and Eutingen were incorporated into the city administration. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[87]

1973: Inauguration of the new Pforzheim City Hall. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ^[88]

1973 As part of the reform of administrative districts, the rural district of Pforzheim was incorporated into the newly established Enz rural district, which has its administration in Pforzheim. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. But the city of Pforzheim itself remains a district-less city. In addition, Pforzheim became the administrative center of the newly formed Northern Black Forest Region. Northern Black Forest Region is an administrative unit in the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, the area of which covers the northern part of the

1975 On January 1, the population exceeded 100. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 000 and Pforzheim gained the status of a "large city" (Grossstadt).

1979: Inauguration of the Pforzheim City Museum. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) ^[89]

1983: Inauguration of the "Technical Museum of the Jewellery and Watchmaking Industry" and the "Citizens Museum". Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) ^[90]

1987: Inauguration of the City Convention Center. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) ^[91]

1987/1990: Inauguration of the City Theater at the Waisenhausplatz. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ^[92]

1989: Sister City agreement with the City of Gernika, Spain. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Guernica (ɡeɾˈnika in Spanish Basque: Gernika) is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[93]

1990: Sister City agreement with the City of Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[94]

1991: Sister City agreement with the City of Vicenza, Italy. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[95]

1992: State Gardening Expo in Pforzheim. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Enzauenpark was created and part of the Enz river was re-naturalized. ^[96]

1994: Inauguration of the cultural institution "Kulturhaus Osterfeld". Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ^[97]

1994: Merger of the Pforzheim Business School and the Pforzheim School of Design to form the Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences in Design, Technology and Business. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ^[98]

1995: Inauguration of the Archeological Site Kappelhof. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

2000: Inauguration of the Pforzheim Gallery. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[99]

2002: In November, during excavation works for a new shopping center right in the center of the city, a power shovel hit a 250 kg bomb which had not gone off during the bombardment of 1945. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. On a Sunday, about 5000 citizens had to temporarily leave their homes as a precautionary measure while specialists were defusing and deposing of the (so far) last of a large number of unexploded explosive devices found in Pforzheim's grounds since 1945.

See also History of Baden. The history of Baden as a state began in the 12th century as a Fief of the Holy Roman Empire.

Administrative unions

Formerly independent communities and districts which were incorporated into the City of Pforzheim.

Year	Community	Increase in km²
January 1, 1905	Broetzingen	13. 01
January 1, 1913	Dillweissenstein	4. 612
April 1, 1924	Parts of Haidach district	0. 76
October 1, 1929	Parts of Hagenschiess district	16. 23
September 1, 1971	Würm	8. 22
April 1, 1972	Hohenwart	4. 92
January 1, 1974	Büchenbronn	11. 14
January 1, 1975	Huchenfeld	9. 47
September 20, 1975	Eutingen on the Enz	8. 45

^[100]

Population growth

The table below shows the number of inhabitants for the past 500 years. Until 1789 the numbers represent estimates, after that they represent census results (¹) or official recordings by the Statistics Offices or the city administration.

Year	Population figures
1500	c. 800
1689	c. 1. 000
1789	4. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 311
1810	5. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year 572
1830	6. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display 284
1855	10. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year 711
1849	12. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 377
December 1, 1871¹	19. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 803
December 1, 1890 ¹	29. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 988
December 1, 1900 ¹	43. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar 373
December 1, 1910 ¹	69. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting 082
June 16, 1925 ¹	78. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 859
June 16, 1933 ¹	79. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 816
May 17, 1939 ¹	79. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 011
1946	46. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 752
September 13, 1950 ¹	54. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 143
June 6, 1961 ¹	82. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 524
May 27, 1970 ¹	90. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 338
June 30, 1975	108. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 635
June 30, 1980	106. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) 500
June 30, 1985	104. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) 100
May 27, 1987 ¹	106. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) 530
December 31, 1990	112. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) 944
June 30, 1997	118. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar 300
December 31, 2000	117. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 156
June 30, 2003	115. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 777

¹ Result of census^[101]

The population growth diagrams show that the largest growth rates were recorded between about 1830 and 1925, which was the period following the political reorganisation of Europe agreed upon at the Vienna Congress of 1815 after the violent period that was so much dominated by Napoleon Bonaparte of France. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This high population growth period coincided with the period of intensive industrialisation of Germany. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Population growth weakened due to the effects of World War I and World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The population declined sharply due to the destruction on February 23, 1945, and increased sharply in the post-WWII era due to high economic growth levels in West-Germany and the rapid rebuilding efforts in Pforzheim. Earlier setbacks were recorded during the Thirty Years' War period in the 17th century. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Religions

After margrave Karl II of Baden in 1556 installed the Protestant reformation in the Margraviate of Baden, of which Pforzheim was the capital in those days, Pforzheim continued to be a Protestant town for several centuries. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. The congregations in Pforzheim were affiliated with the deanery (Dekanat) of Pforzheim of the Protestant National Church of Baden, unless they were members of one of the independent churches (Freikirche). The free church movement was one created to do away with the system of pew rents wherein persons or families rented or bought the title to a particular church pew

Since the 19th century at the latest Catholics settled in Pforzheim again. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar They are affiliated with the deanery of Pforzheim which belongs to Archdiocese of Freiburg.

Other denominations and religious sects in Pforzheim are:

• Israelite Congregation
• Islamic Congregation
• Adventist Congregation
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Baptist Church
• Salvation Army
• Methodist Church
• Church of Christ, Scientist^[102]

Politics

City council

The city council of Pforzheim consists of the Lord Mayor as its president and 40 elected (part-time) councillors. The term Adventist generally refers to someone who believes in the Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming) in the tradition of the Millerites Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The Church of Christ Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston Massachusetts, USA, by Mary Baker Eddy, author of the book Science and Health with It is democratically elected by the citizens for a period of five years. The last election was June 13, 2004. The city council is the main representative body of the city and determines the goals and frameworks for all local political activities. It makes decisions about all important issues regarding the public life and administration of the city and directs and monitors the work of the city administration. It forms expert committees in order to deal with specialized issues. ^[103]

City administration

The city administration is lead by the Lord Mayer (presently Christel Augenstein) and three Mayors (presently Alexander Uhlig, Gert Hager and Andreas Schuetze). The administration consists of four departments (Dezernat) which are in charge of the following areas:

Department I: Personnel, finances, business development, general administration. (Managed by Christel Augenstein. )

Department II: Construction and planning, environment. (Managed by Alexander Uhlig. )

Department III: Education, culture, social affairs, sports. (Managed by Gert Hager. )

Department IV: Security and public order, health, energy and water supply, local transportation and traffic. (Managed by Andreas Schuetze. )^[104]

(Lord) Mayors

At an early stage, the town administration was led by the mayor (Schultheiss) who used to be appointed by the lord (owner) of the town. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government In Medieval Germany, the Schultheiß ( Middle High German: Schultheize, latinised Scultetus; in Switzerland: Later on, there was a council with a mayor leading it, who since 1849 holds the title "Lord Mayor". Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The terms of office of the mayors until 1750 are unknown. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Only the names of the mayors are mentioned in historical documents.

• 1750-1758: Ernst Matthaeus Kummer
• 1758-1770: W. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday C. Steinhaeuser
• 1770-1775: Weiss
• 1775-1783: Kissling
• 1783-1795: Guenzel
• 1795-1798: Geiger
• 1798-1815: Jakob Friedrich Dreher
• 1815-1830: Christoph Friedrich Krenkel
• 1830-1837: Wilhelm Lenz
• 1837-1848: Rudolf Deimling
• 1848-1849: Christian Crecelius
• 1849-1862: Karl Zirenner
• 1862-1875: Kaspar Schmidt
• 1875-1884: Karl Gross
• 1885-1889: Emil Kraatz
• 1889-1919: Ferdinand Habermehl
• 1920-1933: Erwin Guendert
• 1933: Dr. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Wilhelm Lenz ( February 8, 1888 in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany &ndash April 30, 1957 in Hamburg, Germany Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856) better known as Max Stirner (the Nom de plume Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Emil Goelser
• 1933: Dr. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hans Gottlob
• 1933-1941: Hermann Kuerz
• 1941-1942: Karl Mohrenstein
• 1942-1945: Ludwig Seibel
• 1945: Albert Hermann
• 1945: Wilhelm Becker
• 1945-1947: Friedrich Adolf Katz
• 1947-1966: Dr. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Johann Peter Brandenburg, FDP/DVP
• 1966-1985: Dr. The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Willi Weigelt, SPD
• 1985-2001: Dr. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Joachim Becker, SPD
• 2001-now: Christel Augenstein, FDP/DVP^[105]

The Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Pforzheim city shows in the left-hand half of a shield an inclined bar in red color on a golden background, and the right-hand half is divided into four fields in the colors red, silver, blue and gold. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Christel Augenstein is a member of the Free Democratic Party and the Mayor of Pforzheim, Germany. The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The city flag is white-blue.

The inclined bar can be traced back to the 13th century as the symbol of the lords (owners) of Pforzheim, which later on also became the National Coat of Arms of Baden, but its meaning is unknown. Since 1489 the coat of arms in its entire form can be verified, but its meaning is not known, either. Current coloring has been used only since 1853; in earlier times the coloring was different. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[106][107]

Sister city and friendship agreements

Pforzheim has sister city agreements with the following cities:

• Gernika-Lumo (Spain), since 1989
• Saint-Maur-des-Fosses (France), since 1989
• Vicenza (Italy), since 1991

Friendship agreements exist with the following cities and regions:

• Osijek (Croatia), since 1994
• Irkutsk (Russia), since 1999
• Nevşehir (Turkey), since 2000
• Częstochowa (Poland), since 2000
• Győr-Moson-Sopron county (Hungary), since 2001 in conjunction with the Enz district^[108]

Economy and infrastructure

Pforzheim is one of the regional centers (Oberzentrum) in Baden-Württemberg and has one of the highest densities of industrial activity in the state. Guernica (ɡeɾˈnika in Spanish Basque: Gernika) is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country Lumo is a 2007 Documentary film about twenty-year-old Lumo Sinai a woman who fell victim to "Africa's First World War Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés is a Francilienne commune of the Val-de-Marne, located 11 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Irkutsk (Ирку́тск Эрхүү Erkhüü; Эрхүү Erkhüü) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Nevşehir, formerly Muşkara, ancient Nyssa, is a city and the capital district of Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248894 inhabitants (2004 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Győr-Moson-Sopron is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in north-western Hungary, on the border with Slovakia and Austria Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Only a smaller fraction of the economy nowadays is dedicated to producing the traditional products of watches and jewellery. A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Two thirds of all employment positions are made available in the areas of metal processing, dental industry electronics and electro-technology. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of The mail order companies (Bader, Klingel, Wenz) with their sales volumes in the order of millions of Euros occupies a leading position in Germany. Mail order is a term which describes the Buying of goods or services by Mail delivery Tourism is gaining importance. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel In this respect the city benefits from its favorable Three-Valleys location at the gateway to the Black Forest, and related to this, from the starting points of a large number of hiking, cycling and waterway routes. The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles The European long-distance path E1 and the Black Forest Western Hiking Route (Westweg) pass through Pforzheim. The European long-distance paths are a network of extremely long-distance footpaths that traverse Europe. The Westweg, (West Trail is a long-distance hiking trail running north-south through the Black Forest from Pforzheim to Basel. ^[109]

Traffic

The Federal Freeway A8 (Perl - Bad Reichenhall) runs by just to the north of the city. NOTES FOR EDITORS "Perl" is not an acronym (read the "Name" section below Bad Reichenhall is a Spa town, and administrative center of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The city can be accessed via three freeway exits. The Interstate Road B10 (Lebach - Augsburg) and B294 (Gundelfingen - Bretten) run through the city. Lebach is a town in the district of Saarlouis, in Saarland, Germany. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Gundelfingen im Breisgau is a municipality directly north of the city Freiburg in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Bretten is a City in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The B463 Interstate Road running toward Nagold has its starting point here. Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the northern Black Forest.

Pforzheim is located at the railway line Karlsruhe-Stuttgart. In addition there are two railway lines into the Black Forest to Bad Wildbad and Nagold. For the suburb of Adelaide, please see Black Forest South Australia; for the CDP in Colorado, please see Black Forest Colorado. Bad Wildbad is a town in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the northern Black Forest. Pforzheim is connected to the Karlsruhe Light Rail network. The Stadtbahn Karlsruhe is a German Tram-train - Stadtbahn system in Karlsruhe and its region Other public transportation services in the city area are provided by buses of the Pforzheim Municipal Transport, subsidiary of Veolia Transport, Company (SVP) and several other transportation companies. Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies They all offer unified fares within the framework of the Pforzheim-Enzkreis Verkehrsverbund. Between 1931 and 1968 a light rail connection existed between Ittersbach and Pforzheim, operated by Pforzheim Municipal Transportation Company (SVP). Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Before that (since 1899) the railroad belonged to the BLEAG (Baden Local Railway Inc. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common , Badische-Lokaleisenbahn-Aktiengesellschaft). The only remaining light Rail service "S 5" connecting Pforzheim to Bietigheim-Bissingen, Karlsruhe and Wörth am Rhein is operated by Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Albtal Transportation Company), which since 2002 also operates the Enz Valley Light Rail route to Bad Wildbad. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Bietigheim-Bissingen is the second-biggest town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany with 42145 inhabitants in 2005 Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Wörth am Rhein is a municipality in the southermost part of the district of Germersheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft ( Alb Valley transport company, AVG is a company which is owned 100% by the city of Karlsruhe and operates rail and bus services ^[110]

Major local enterprises

• Victor Mayer GmbH&Co. In 1890 Victor Mayer (1857-1956 founded the Victor Mayer jewelry company in Pforzheim Germany KG, Workmaster of Fabergé (line)
• Schmid Machine Tools
• Klingel Mail Order Company
• Bader Mail Order Company
• Wenz Mail Order Company
• Witzenmann GmbH (Specialized Metal Goods)
• Mapal WWS
• Thales (Electronics)
• Allgemeine Gold- und Silberscheideanstalt (metal processing)

Media

The daily newspapers Pforzheim Newspaper (Pforzheimer Zeitung, independent) and the Pforzheim Courier (Pforzheimer Kurier), which is a regional edition of Badische Neueste Nachrichten (BNN) with main editorial offices in Karlsruhe, are published in Pforzheim. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near ^[111]

Courts of Justice

Pforzheim is the site of a Local Court of Justice which belongs to the District Court and Higher District Court Precinct of Karlsruhe. It is also the domicile of a Local Labor Court. ^[112]

Authorities

Pforzheim is the domicile of the following public authorities and public incorporated bodies:

• Pforzheim Employment Exchange (a federal government agency; Arbeitsagentur Pforzheim).
• Pforzheim Internal Revenue Agency (a state agency; Finanzamt Pforzheim)
• Northern Black Forest Chamber of Commerce (a public incorporated body; IHK Nordschwarzwald). The precinct of the chamber is the Northern Black Forest Region.
• Northern Black Forest Regional Association (a public incorporated body; Regionalverband Nordschwarzwald). ^[113]

Educational institutions

• Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Pforzheim - Hochschule fuer Gestaltung, Technik und Wirtschaft) enrolls about 4600 students. A vocational university (professional university or college of higher vocational studies is an institution of Higher education and sometimes Research, which It was formed in 1992 by way of merging the former Pforzheim School of Design (Fachhochschule fuer Gestaltung) and Pforzheim Business School (Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft) and additionally establishing the Faculty of Engineering. The Pforzheim School of Design had its roots in the Ducal Academy of Arts and Crafts and Technical School for the Metal Processing Industry, established 1877. The Pforzheim Business School was the successor institution of the National Business College, which was established in 1963. The campuses of the Faculty of Design and the Faculties of Economics and Engineering are located at separate sites in the city area. The Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences fosters international exchange. Among other relationships, it is affiliated with the NIEBES Association and has close academic ties to Osijek University of Croatia and academic exchange programs with many institutions abroad, among them Auburn University and the Illinois Institute of Technology, in Chicago, of the United States of America. Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Auburn University ( AU or Auburn) is a State university located in Auburn, Alabama, U Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT is a private PhD-granting university located in the greater Chicago Illinois area with programs in Engineering, Science, Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

• The Goldsmith and Watchmaking Vocational School is the only school of its kind in Europe. It is attended by many students from abroad.

• The general qualification for university admission (Abitur) can be obtained through an education at the Reuchlin-Highschool, the Kepler-Highschool, the Hebel-Highschool, the Theodor-Heuss-Highschool, the Hilda-Highschool, the Schiller-Highschool, the Fritz-Erler-Highschool (economics-oriented highschool), the Heinrich-Wieland-Highschool (technology-oriented highschool), der Johanna-Wittum-Highschool (home economics-oriented highschool), as well as the Waldorfschule.

• Pforzheim also has many schools providing the mandatory general elementary and secondary education (Grundschule, Realschule) as well an institution which is dedicated to further education of grown-ups (Volkshochschule). There are also several state-run vocational schools leading to professional diplomas in the crafts and trades. ^[114][115]

Culture and places of interest

Theater

• Municipal Theater of Pforzheim (opera, operetta, musical, drama)

Orchestras

• Southwest German Chamber Orchestra - This orchestra was founded by Friedrich Tilegant in 1950. It participated in the world premiere of a work of Boris Blacher and has a good reputation beyond the region.
• Sinfonic Orchestra of the City of Pforzheim

Museums

• Archeological Site Kappelhof - Roman and medieval excavation objects
• Civic Museum Eutingen
• Museum on the German Democratic Republic (former east Germany)
• The Center of Fellow-Countrymen Associations (Landsmannschaften; especially those from eastern Europe)
• The Pforzheim Minerals Museum
• The Pforzheim Gallery (paintings)
• Reuchlinhaus
• The Pforzheim Jewellery Museum in the Reuchlinhaus
• The Pforzheim City Museum Pforzheim (on city history)
• The Technical Museum of the Jewellery and Watchmaking Industry of Pforzheim
• Weissenstein Station - On Railway History in the area of Pforzheim
• Roman Estate in the Kanzlerwald (the excavated remains of an estate built by Roman settlers)
• The Product Exhibition of Pforzheim (jewellery) Companies (Industriehaus)
• The Exhibition of Precious Stones by Widow Mrs. Schuett

Cultural institutions

• The House of Culture Osterfeld (a sociocultural center: theater, music, dance, cabaret, musical, arts, exhibitions etc. )
• Kupferdaechle (The Copper Roof Teenage Culture Center)
• The Puppet Theater of Raphael Muerle / The Marionette Stage Mottenkaefig
• The Communal Cinema of Pforzheim
• CongressCenter Pforzheim (CCP)
• City Library

Notable examples of architecture

• The Old and New City Hall
• The Archive Building (Archivbau)
• The House of Industry (Industriehaus)
• Reuchlinhaus
• The look-out tower on Büchenbronn Hill
• The Arch Bridge at Dillweißenstein
• The ruins of Liebeneck Castle
• Churches:
  • The Palais and Monastery Church St. Michael (Schloss- und Stiftskirche); it is the city's landmark.
  • The Old Town Church St. Martin (Altstadtkirche; Protestant)
  • Resurrection Church (Auferstehungskirche; Protestant)
  • The Bare Feet Church (Barfüsserkirche; Catholic)
  • Christ Church of Brötzingen (Protestant)
  • The Protestant City Church (Stadtkirche)
  • Heart of Christ Church (Herz-Jesu-Kirche; Catholic)
  • Matthew Church (Matthäuskirche; Protestant). This church was designed by architect Eiermann and is a precursory structure of the famous New Berlin Memorial Church (Gedächtniskirche)
  • St. Franziskus Church (Catholic)
  • The Islamic Mosque
• Leitgastturm
• Seehaus (formerly a hunting villa of the Margrave; now a popular destination for Sunday afternoon walks away from the city)
• The Old Grapes Press of Brötzingen
• Hachel Tower
• The Copper Hammer (Kupferhammer; a traditional water-powered sledge hammer which was used for metal forming)
• The Enz Flood-Plains Park (Enzauenpark)

Other sites of interest

• The Pforzheim Alpine Garden (Alpengarten), closed since 2006
• The Main Cemetery (Hauptfriedhof)
• Wallberg. The debris from the destroyed town (February 23, 1945) was dumped onto this hill. The Wallberg-Monument on the top is meant to remind people of the city's history; it was erected in 2005 on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the bombing raid.
• The Game Animals Zoo (Wildpark Pforzheim)
• Brötzingen Valley Stadium. This is the classical soccer stadium of the 1st FC Pforzheim soccer club of 1896, which was inaugurated in 1913. A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It accommodated a record number of "15. 000 to 20. 000" spectators on the occasion of the match between South Germany against Central Hungary in 1920. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar In the post-2nd-world-war era it accommodated 12. 000 spectators at the cup matches 1st FC Pforzheim - 1. FC Nuremberg (score 2:1 after extension; 1961) and 1st FCP - Werder Bremen (score 1:1 after extension; 1988). Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Werder Bremen is a German sports club best known for its football team playing in Bremen, in the northwest German federal state of the Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The soccer club (simply called the "club"), which during its history supplied the first national team captain and a total of eleven first league players, had to file for bankruptcy in February 2004 and for the first time in history is playing in the 5th league, i. A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. e. the Soccer Association's Northern Baden League, during the 2004-05 season. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " In 1906, the club lost the final of the German Soccer Championship against VfB Leipzig 1:2 in Nuremberg. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting 1 FC Lokomotive Leipzig is a German football club based in the city of Leipzig, Saxony and may be more familiar to many of the country's

Regularly scheduled events

• February: Carnival Procession (Faschingsumzug) in Dillweissenstein
• May: International Pentecost Tournament of the VfR Pforzheim
• June: "Pforzemer Mess" (a fun fair)
• July: Pforzheim Goldsmith's Market (Goldschmiedemarkt)
• July: "Gruschtelmarkt" (a flea market)
• July: International Pforzheim Music & Theater Festival
• July: "Marktplatzfest" (market place festival, every 2 years; this is one of the largest free-of-charge open air festivals in Soutwestern Germany)
• August: "Öchsle-Fest" (a festival celebrating local wines)
• September: "Brötzingen Saturday"
• November: Pre-Christmas Handicraft Market (Weihnachtsbastelmarkt)
• November/December: Christmas Market (Weihnachtsmarkt) in the inner city area^[116]

Personalities

Honorary citizens

(a small selection)

• 1939 Alfons Kern, historian
• 1965 Dr. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Johann Peter Brandenburg, German politician (FDP/DVP, Member of State Parliament, Lord Mayor of Pforzheim
• 1985 Dr. The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Willi Weigelt, German politician (SPD), Lord Mayor of Pforzheim
• 1991 Richard Ziegler, painter
• 1998 Rolf Schweizer, church music director

Famous citizens born in Pforzheim

• 1455, January 29, Johannes Reuchlin, † June 30, 1522 in Stuttgart; humanist and philosopher
• 1798, October 21, Karl Heinrich Baumgaertner, † December 11, 1886 in Baden-Baden; pathologist
• 1849, Bertha Benz, nee Ringer, † 1944; wife of Karl Benz
• 1866, January 31, Emil Strauss, † August 10, 1960 in Freiburg (Breisgau); German poet
• 1877, Prof. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Johann Reuchlin ( January 29, 1455 - June 30 1522) was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the western foothills of the Black Forest, on the banks of the Oos River Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bertha Benz (née Ringer) (born 3 May 1849 in Pforzheim, Germany, married inventor Karl Benz on 20 July Karl Friedrich Benz, sometimes spelled Carl, ( November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Germany – April 4, 1929, Ladenburg Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Breisgau is the name of an area in southwest Germany, placed between the river Rhine and the foothills of the Black Forest around Freiburg Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Dr. Heinrich Otto Wieland, † 1957; Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry 1927
• 1899, December 18, Karl Abt, † December 1985; painter
• 1913, January 1, Hans Lutz Merkle, † September 22, 2000; chairman of the board of management of Robert Bosch GmbH
• 1933, September 22, Dr. Herbert Mohr-Mayer; jeweller who continued the legacy of Peter Carl Fabergé
• 1938, June 8, Manfred Mohr; artist and one of the pioneers of computer-generated graphic art (living in New York since 1981)
• 1943, June 6, Klaus Mangold; former chairman of the board of management of Toll Collect
• 1948, May 30, Dieter Kosslick; director of the Berlinale Film Festival
• 1953, March 26, Rene Weller; former boxing world champion, presently poet
• 1954, September 18, Peter Bofinger; member of the Advisory Board on the Assessment of Macroeconomic Trends in the Federal Republic of Germany
• 1961, April 13, Uwe Huebner; TV and radio show host (for example "ZDF-Hitparade")
• 1972, January 7, Philipp Mohr; architect and industrial designer (living in New York since 1995)^[117]

Miscellaneous topics

• The Freemasons Lodge "Reuchlin" is located in Pforzheim. Heinrich Otto Wieland ( June 4, 1877 &ndash August 5, 1957) was a German Chemist. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Robert Bosch GmbH is a German diversified technology-based corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart Germany. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Herbert Mohr-Mayer (born September 22, 1933) is a German Jeweller who was president of Victor Mayer Co Peter Carl Fabergé original name Carl Gustavovich Fabergé ( May 30, 1846 &ndash September 24, 1920) was a Russian Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manfred Mohr (born June 8, 1938 in Pforzheim / Germany) is a Digital art pioneer Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Toll Collect GmbH is a German company that has developed and is running the toll billing system for trucks on German Motorways The company is a consortium Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dieter Kosslick (born May 30 1948 in Pforzheim) is the director of the Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The ZDF - Hitparade, or Hitparade for short was one of the most popular and most well-known music television series by German TV channel ZDF. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Philipp Mohr (born January 7, 1972, Germany) is an Architect and Industrial designer Mohr studied Architecture at the
• The internationally successful rock band Fool's Garden ("Lemon Tree") has its origins in Pforzheim. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Fools Garden is a German pop group formed in 1991 under the name Fool's Garden (with apostrophe comprising singer Peter Freudenthaler guitarist ^[118]

References

• Kurze Chronik der Stadt Pforzheim - Brief history on the official Web Site of the City of Pforzheim; in German
• Klaus Kortüm: PORTUS - Pforzheim. Untersuchungen zur Archäologie und Geschichte in römischer Zeit, Sigmaringen, Germany; (1995); (=Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Stadt Pforzheim 3); in German.
• Hans-Peter Becht (Hg): Pforzheim im Mittelalter, Pforzheimer Geschichtsblätter, Band 6, Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, Germany; ISBN 3-7995-6044-0; (1983); in German.
• Hans-Peter Becht (Hg): Pforzheim in der frühen Neuzeit, Pforzheimer Geschichtsblätter, Band 7, Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, Germany; ISBN 3-7995-6045-9; (1989); in German.
• Die Pest: Das grosse Sterben um 1500, Web page by LOEBLICHE SINGERGESELLSCHAFT VON 1501 PFORZHEIM, 2005; in German.
• Christian Groh: Pforzheim und Baden zur Zeit Johannes Reuchlin. Die Auswirkungen markgraeflicher Regierung auf die Stadt. Web page by LOEBLICHE SINGERGESELLSCHAFT VON 1501 PFORZHEIM, 2005; in German.
• Thomas Frei: Pforzheim im 16. Jahrhundert. Web page by LOEBLICHE SINGERGESELLSCHAFT VON 1501 PFORZHEIM, 2005; in German.
• Pforzheim_im_Weltkrieg: Pforzheimer Zeitung of June 26, 2004, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 145, p. 26; in German.
• Folge4:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 4, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 28, p. 22; in German.
• Folge9:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 33, p. 18; in German.
• Folge10:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 11, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 34, p. 20; in German.
• Folge15:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 17, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 39, p. 18; in German.
• Folge22:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 46, p. 24; in German.
• Folge25:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 52, p. 20; in German.
• Folge28:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 31, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 73, p. 20; in German.
• Folge29:"23.Februar1945" Pforzheimer Zeitung of April 8, 2005, No. Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription Newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 80, p. 24; in German.
• Map of destroyed town area
• Web page of the City of Pforzheim: City Council; in German
• Web page of the City of Pforzheim: City Administration; in German
• Pforzheim: German language Wikipedia.

Notes

1. ^  References Brief history on the official Web site of the City of Pforzheim.
2. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, p. 41.
3. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, chapters "Pforzheim im Mittelalter", pp. 39-62, and "Commercium et Connubium", pp. 63-76.
4. ^  References In: Die Pest: Das grosse Sterben um 1500.
5. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, chapter "Pforzheim in muenzgeschichtlicher Sicht". p. 172.
6. ^  References Klaus Kortuem: PORTUS - Pforzheim.
7. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, p. 223.
8. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim in der fruehen Neuzeit, chapter "Melanchthons Pforzheimer Schulzeit", pp. 9-50.
9. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, chapter "St. Michael in Pforzheim", pp. 107-50.
10. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, p. 117.
11. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim in der fruehen Neuzeit, chapter "Der Pforzheimer Privilegienstreit (1716-1730)", pp. 117, 118.
12. ^  References Christian Groh: Pforzheim und Baden zur Zeit Johannes Reuchlin.
13. ^  References Thomas Frei: Pforzheim im 16. Jahrhindert.
14. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, p. 45.
15. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim in der fruehen Neuzeit, chapter "Pforzheim im Pfaelzischen Krieg 1688-1697", pp. 81-116.
16. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim in der fruehen Neuzeit, chapter "Der Pforzheimer Privilegienstreit (1716-1730)", pp. 117-160.
17. ^  References Pforzheimer Zeitung, June 26, 2004, No. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 145, p. 26, headline "Ein lokales Geschichtswerk".
18. ^  The number of dead 17,600 is taken from References Groh.
19. ^  References 83% from RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945,
20. ^  The 30,000 people fed by makeshift kitchens is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
21. ^  The number of foreign workers killed in the bombings is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
22. ^  These figures are similar to References Groh, but must be from another source which is not recorded.
23. ^  References The German army report is taken from References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Sofortmeldung nach dem Angriff". Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Its original in German reads: "In den fruehen Abendstunden richtete sich ein schwerer britischer Angriff gegen Pforzheim".
24. ^ References Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 31, 2005. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
25. ^ References Pforzheimer Zeitung of April 8, 2005. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
26. ^  References Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
27. ^  A more detailed discussion on the reasons for the main air raid is given in the discussion section of this page. (Talk:Pforzheim Draft of text: On the reason for the Pforzheim bombardment. )
28. ^  Pforzheim is situated in a valley and also spread out across the adjacent hill slopes. On the northern slope there is a level, narrow plateau that is about 100 meters wide and about 2 kilometers in length. The railway facilities, including the main station and what used to be the freight loading facilities, are located on this plateau. This is the only level space that can possibly be used for railway facilities there. If the RAF would have been only aiming at destroying the railway facilities, a few aircraft would have sufficed to finish this job in a short time. There was no need to bomb an area that was wider than one kilometer and had a length of more than three kilometers using more than 360 Lancasters, as was the case in the big raid on February 23. "Lanc" redirects here Distinguish from Lank (adjective and from Amon Lanc (a place in Tolkien's fiction The existence and size of the plateau on the northern slope can be verified by examining any topographic map featuring the Pforzheim city area, and the map showing the destroyed city area. (refer to References Map of destroyed town area). And besides that, the area bombardment obviously was not even effective in destroying the railway facilities, because less than one month after the big raid in mid-March the railway facilities were bombed again several times by the USAF, this time focussing mainly on the suspected military target, not civilian estates (refer to References Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005). Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
29. ^  References Web page of the City of Pforzheim: City Council; in German.
30. ^  References Web page of the City of Pforzheim: City Administration; in German.
31. ^  References Hans-Peter Becht: Pforzheim im Mittelalter, chapter "Wappen und Siegel der Stadt Pforzheim". pp. 221-238.
32. ^  The core of this section was translated from the corresponding section of the article about Pforzheim in the References German language Wikipedia, as of May 2005.

External links

• Homepage of the city administration (no English version)
• Wiki for the greater Pforzheim area (no English version)
• A personal view of contemporary Pforzheim (in English, German, Japanese)
• Osterfeld House of Culture Info (German)
• Pforzheim Jewellery Museum (German)
• Presentation of Pforzheim Jewellery Companies
• Airraid against Pforzheim (in German)
• "Wallberg" rubble pile monument at the "Sites of Memory" webpage
• Memorials in Pforzheim at the "Sites of Memory" webpage

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