Citizendia

Petru Groza
Petru Groza
In office
March 6, 1945 – June 2, 1952
Preceded by Nicolae Rădescu
Succeeded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
In office
June 12, 1952 – January 7, 1958
Preceded by Constantin Ion Parhon
Succeeded by Ion Gheorghe Maurer
Born December 7, 1884(1884-12-07)
Băcia, Romania
Died January 7, 1958 (aged 73)
Bucharest, Romania
Nationality Romanian
Political party Ploughmen's Front
Profession lawyer
Religion Romanian Orthodox

Petru Groza (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958) was a Romanian politician, best known as Prime Minister of the first Communist Party-dominated governments under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania. The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nicolae Rădescu ( March 30, 1874, Călimăneşti &ndash May 16, 1953, New York City) was a Romanian army Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (born Gheorghe Gheorghiu; November 8 1901, Bârlad - March The President of Romania is the Head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a Two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004 Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Constantin Ion Parhon ( October 15, 1874 &mdash August 9, 1969) was a Romanian neuropsychiatrist endocrinologist and politician Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer ( September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian communist politician and lawyer Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor was a Romanian left-wing agrarian -inspired political organisation of Ploughmen founded at Deva A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958 during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania

Groza emerged as a public figure at the end of World War I as a notable member of the Romanian National Party (PNR), preeminent layman of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and then member of the Directory Council of Transylvania. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church In 1933, Groza founded a left-wing Agrarian organization known as the Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor). Agrarianism is a social and Political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants or Farming leads to a fuller and happier life The Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor was a Romanian left-wing agrarian -inspired political organisation of Ploughmen founded at Deva The left-wing ideas he supported earned him the nickname The Red Bourgeois.

Groza became Premier in 1945 when Nicolae Rădescu, a leading Romanian Army general who assumed power briefly following the conclusion of World War II, was forced to resign by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky. Nicolae Rădescu ( March 30, 1874, Călimăneşti &ndash May 16, 1953, New York City) was a Romanian army The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr Andrey Januaryevich Vyshinskiy (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский Andrej Januar'evič Vyšinskij) ( Odessa &ndash November 22, 1954 [1] Under Groza's term as premier until 1952, Romania's King, Michael I, was forced to abdicate as the nation officially became a "People's Republic". See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one People's Republic (rarely Popular Republic) is a title that is often used by Marxist-Leninist Governments to describe their State. Although his authority and power as Premier was compromised by his reliance upon the Soviet Union for support, Groza presided over the consolidation of Communist rule in Romania before eventually being succeeded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in 1952. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (born Gheorghe Gheorghiu; November 8 1901, Bârlad - March [1]

Contents

Early life and career

Born as one of the three sons of a wealthy couple in Băcia, a village near Deva in Transylvania (part of Austria-Hungary at the time), Groza was afforded a variety of opportunities in his youth and early career to establish connections and a degree of notoriety which would later prove essential in his political career. Deva ( German: Diemrich, Hungarian: Déva) is a city situated in Transylvania (or Ardeal the popular name for Transylvania on the left bank Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian [2] After graduating from the Reformed Church College in Orăştie, he began his Law training in Hungary, studying at the University of Budapest before attending both the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin. The Reformed Church in Romania (Romániai Református Egyház Biserica Reformată din România is the organization of the Calvinist church in Romania. Orăştie ( German: Broos, Hungarian: Szászváros) is a city in Hunedoara County, south-western Transylvania, The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities [2][1]

By the eve of World War I, Groza had completed his studies and returned to Deva to work as a lawyer. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person In 1918, he emerged on the political scene as a member of the Romanian National Party (PNR) and obtained a position on the Directory Council of Transylvania, convened by ethnic Romanian politicians who had voted in favour of union with Romania; he maintained his office over the course of the following two years. The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on. The national holiday of Romania, the Union Day (also called Unification [2]

Throughout this period of his life, Groza established a variety of political connections, working in various Transylvanian political and religious organizations. From 1919 to 1927, for example, Groza obtained a position as a deputy in Synod and Congress of the Romanian Orthodox Church. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church In the early 1920s, Groza, who had left the PNR after a conflict with Iuliu Maniu and had joined the People's Party,[2] began to serve as the Minister for Transylvania and Minister of Public Works and Communications in the Alexandru Averescu cabinet. Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician Alexandru Averescu ( &mdash October 2 1938 was a Romanian marshal and populist politician [2][1]

During this period in his life, Groza was able to amass a personal fortune as a wealthy landowner[3] and establish a notable reputation as a prominent layman within the Romanian Orthodox Church, a position which would later make him invaluable to a Romanian Communist Party (PCR) that was campaigning to attract the support of Eastern Orthodox Christians who were the nation's most popular religious group in 1945. Landholder or landowner is a holder of the Estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or simply put an owner of land The term " layman " originated from the use of the term Laity, but over the centuries changed definition to mean a person who is a non-expert in a given field of The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [3][1]

Ascendancy to power

Despite having briefly retired from public life in 1928 after holding a series of political posts, Groza reemerged on the political scene in 1933, founding a peasant-based political organization, the Ploughmen's Front. The Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor was a Romanian left-wing agrarian -inspired political organisation of Ploughmen founded at Deva [2]

Although the movement originally began in opposition to both the increasing levels of debt incurred by Romania's peasants during the Great Depression and the National Peasants' Party's inability to offer assistance to the most marginalized of the peasant class, by 1944 the organization was primarily under the control of the Communists. The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion [2][4] Since the Communist Party had little more than one thousand official members by 1944, leading Romanian communists were forced to establish a broad coalition of political organizations.

This coalition was comprised of four major front organizations: the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union, the Union of Patriots, the Patriotic Defense (a paramilitary wing of the PCR), and, by far the most widely backed by the Romanian populace, Groza's Ploughmen's Front. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status From his position as the chief political actor in the largest of the Communist front organizations, Groza was able to assert himself in a position of eminence within the Romanian political sphere as the Ploughmen's Front joined the Communist Party to create the National Democratic Front in October 1944[5][6] (it also included Mihai Ralea's Socialist Peasants' Party and the Hungarian People's Union, being briefly joined by the Social Democrats, and other minor groups). The Hungarian People's Union (Magyar Népi Szövetség MNSz Uniunea Populară Maghiară UPM was a Left-wing Political party active in Romania between The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic He was first considered by the Communist Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu for the post of Premier in October 1944. Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu ( November 4, 1900 &mdash April 17, 1954) was a Romanian communist politician and leading member of [5]

Groza's prominent position within the National Democratic Front afforded him the opportunity to succeed as premier when, in January,1945, the government under General Nicolae Rădescu met stern opposition from notable Romanian communists Ana Pauker and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej due to Rădescu's alleged failure to adequately deal with "fascist sympathizers". Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; February 13, 1893 &ndash June 14, 1960) was a Romanian Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (born Gheorghe Gheorghiu; November 8 1901, Bârlad - March Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology [5] With the help of Soviet authorities,[5] the Communists soon mobilized workers to hold a series of demonstrations against Rădescu, and by February numerous fatalities had occurred as the demonstrations often exploded into violence. The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958 during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania While the communists claimed on tenuous grounds that the Romanian Army was responsible for the deaths of innocent civilians,[5] Rădescu minimized his own popular support, when he declared that the communists were "foreigners without God or a nation". The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române [6] In response, a Soviet delegation consisting of Andrei Y. Vishinsky, the Soviet vice commissioner of foreign affairs, arrived in Bucharest to compel Rădescu to resign and install Groza as premier on March 6, 1945. Andrey Januaryevich Vyshinskiy (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский Andrej Januar'evič Vyšinskij) ( Odessa &ndash November 22, 1954 Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar [5][6]

The Groza cabinets

To confirm Groza's installment as the Romanian premier, elections were held on November 19, 1946 (see Romanian general election, 1946). Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Romanian general election of 1946 was a General election held on November 19, 1946, in Romania. Despite the fact that the Ploughmen's Front had become part of a coalition that failed to win a majority in the Grand National Assembly, the rigged elections "confirmed" Groza as premier, much to the protests of the United States and the United Kingdom who believed that, according to agreements reached at the Yalta Conference in 1945, only "interim governmental authorities broadly representative of the population", should be supported by the major powers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February [7] As a result, Groza's government was permanently estranged from the United States and Great Britain, who nominally supported the waning influence of the monarchist forces under King Michael I. See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea

Despite the grievances of the two powers, communist representation within Groza's government was actually significantly less than that of the other, more traditional Romanian political parties. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The leading figures in the Romanian Communist Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej, advocated that the Groza government retain the façade of a coalition government and ultimately function as a means through which the communist party could win the confidence of the masses, since support for the doctrine in the immediate post-war period was still relatively weak amongst the general populace, with only one thousand party members as of 1945. Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; February 13, 1893 &ndash June 14, 1960) was a Romanian For this reason, leading communist figures, including both Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej, did not have official posts within Groza's regime and instead hoped to enact reforms desired by the communist party under the coalition government currently in place. [8] By conflating the successes of the regime with their Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej hoped to win support for the party and lay the foundations for a more outright communist regime in 1952. Conflation occurs when the identities of two or more individuals concepts or places sharing some characteristics of one another become confused until there seems to be only a single Groza, therefore, maintained the illusion of a coalition government, appointing members from various political organizations to posts within his cabinet and outlining his government's immediate goals in broad, non-ideological terms. He declared at a cabinet meeting on March 7, 1945, for example, that the government sought to guarantee safety and order for the population, implement desired land reform policies, and to focus on the "rapid cleansing" of the state bureaucracy, immediately prosecuting war criminals and those responsible for war crimes committed by the wartime Ion Antonescu Fascist government (see Romania during World War II and Romanian People's Tribunals). Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. The Romanian People's Tribunals ( Romanian: Tribunalele Poporului) the Bucharest People's Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania People's Tribunal [9]

As Premier

Within days of becoming premier, Groza delivered his first major success. On March 10, 1945, the Soviet Union agreed to hand over Northern Transylvania, over 45,000 km² (17,400 square miles) of territory which had been handed to Hungary through the 1940 Second Vienna Arbitration. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Northern Transylvania is a region of Transylvania, situated within the territory of Romania. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards Rendered on August 30, 1940, it assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania from Groza promised that the rights of each ethnic group within the newly acquired territory would be protected (mainly, as a reference to the Hungarian minority in Romania), while Joseph Stalin declared that the previous government under Rădescu had permitted such a large degree of sabotage and terrorism in the region that it would have been impossible to deliver the territory to the Romanians. The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion As a result, only after Groza's guarantee of ethnic minority rights did the Soviet government decide to satisfy the petition of the Romanian government. The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts first normal individual Rights as applied to members of racial Ethnic, class religious linguistic or The acquisition of this territory, nearly fifty-eight percent Romanian in 1945, was hailed as a major accomplishment within the formative stages of the Groza regime. [10]

Groza continued to improve the image of his own government while strengthening the position of the Communist Party with a series of political reforms. He proceeded to eliminate any antagonistic elements in the government bureaucracy and, in the newly acquired Transylvanian territory, removed three city prefects, including that of the region's capital, Cluj. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third The prefects removed were immediately replaced by government officials directly appointed by Groza, so as to strengthen loyalist elements in local government in the region. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i In general a loyalist is one who maintains loyalty to an established government political party or sovereign especially during war or revolutionary change Groza also promised a series of land reform programs to benefit military personnel which would confiscate and subsequently redistribute all properties in excess of one hundred and twenty five acres in addition to all the property of traitors, absentees, and all who collaborated with the wartime Romanian government, the Hungarian occupiers during Miklós Horthy and Ferenc Szálasi's régimes, and Nazi Germany. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós vitez nɒɟbaɲɒi horti mikloʃ German Nikolaus von Horthy und Nagybánya Ferenc Szálasi (salaʃi fɛrɛnts (6 January 1897 – 12 March 1946 was the leader of the National Socialist Arrow Cross Party - Hungarist Movement the "Leader Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [11]

Despite giving the appearance of liberalism by granting women's suffrage, Groza pursued a series of reforms attempting to clamp down on the prominence of politically dissident media outlets in the nation. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" During the first month of his premiership, Groza acted to close down Romania Nouă, a popular newspaper published by sources close to Iuliu Maniu, leader of the traditional National Peasants' Party who disagreed widely with Groza's attempted reforms. Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician Within a month of his assumption of the premiership, Groza shut down over nine provincial newspapers and a series of periodicals which, Groza declared, were products of those, "who served Fascism and Hitlerism". Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German [12] Groza soon continued this repression by limiting the number of political parties allowed within the state. Although Groza had promised to purge only individuals from the government bureaucracy and diplomatic corps immediately after assuming power, in June 1947 he began to prosecute entire political organizations, as, after the Tămădău Affair, he arrested key members of the National Peasants' Party and sentenced Maniu to life in prison "for political crimes against the Romanian people". The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign Diplomats accredited to a particular country or body The Tămădău Affair ( Romanian: Afacerea Tămădău, Înscenarea de la Tămădău - "the Tămădău Frameup " - or [8] By August of that year, both the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Party had been dissolved and in 1948, the government coalition incorporated the Romanian Workers' Party (the forced union of communists and Romanian Social Democrats) and the Hungarian People's Union, effectively minimizing all political opposition within the state. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic The Hungarian People's Union (Magyar Népi Szövetség MNSz Uniunea Populară Maghiară UPM was a Left-wing Political party active in Romania between [6]

During his term as premier, Groza also clashed with the nation's remaining monarchist forces under King Michael. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of Although his powers were minimal within Groza's regime, King Michael symbolized the remnants of the traditional Romanian monarchy and, in late 1945, the King urged Groza to resign. The King maintained that Romania must abide by the Yalta accords, allowing the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union to each have a hand in post-war government reconstruction and the incorporation of a broader coalition force he had already organized. Groza flatly rejected the request, and relations between the two figures remained tense over the next few years, with Groza and the King differing on the persecution of war criminals and in the awarding of honorary citizenship of Romania to Stalin, in August 1947. [13] Finally, in December 1947, Gheorghiu-Dej and Groza pressured King Michael to abdicate the throne, abolishing the Romanian monarchy and firmly declaring the state a "People's Republic".

Legacy

After Groza was succeeded by Gheorghiu-Dej in 1952, he occupied the position of chief of state for the next six years until 1958, when he died from complications following a stomach operation. [1] Although never a Communist Party member, Groza had permitted the gradual introduction of a communist regime in Romania. By pretending a limited independence from the Soviets and Communist Party leaders, Groza allowed the Communist Party to develop a more substantial backing and, through his repression of both the media and political organizations, limited any form of opposition or dissent within the state. After ousting the king and declaring the nation a "People's Republic", Groza served to ease the transition towards the later communist regime under Gheorghiu-Dej.

The mining town of Ştei was named Dr. Ştei (Vaskohsziklás is a town in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania. Petru Groza after him, a name it kept until after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Petru Groza of Rumania Dies; Chief of State of Red Regime, 72", in The New York Times, January 8, 1958; ProQuest Historical Newspapers - The New York Times (1851-2002), p. 47
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Cioroianu, 6. 1. 1 (p. 149-150)
  3. ^ a b Cioroianu, 6. 1. 2 (p. 150-152)
  4. ^ Liliana Saiu, The Great Powers and Rumania, 1944-1946, Columbia University Press, New York City, 1992, p. Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. 39
  5. ^ a b c d e f Cioroianu, 6. 1. 3 (p. 152-159)
  6. ^ a b c d R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century - And After, Routledge, New York City, 1997, p. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals 229, 231
  7. ^ Paul Winkler, "Interim Government", in The Washington Post, March 22, 1945; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The Washington Post (1877-1989), p. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D 6
  8. ^ a b Stephen Fischer-Galaţi, The New Rumania: From People's Democracy to Socialist Republic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, 1967, p. 29-30, 35
  9. ^ "Groza Pledges Order", in The New York Times, March 8, 1945; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The New York Times (1851-2002), p. 4
  10. ^ "Transylvanian Area Restored to Romanians", in The Chicago Daily Tribune, March 11, 1945; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, Chicago Tribune (1849–1985), p. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company 8
  11. ^ "Sweeping Reform Begins in Rumania", in The New York Times, March 12, 1945; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The New York Times (1851-2002), p. 5
  12. ^ C. L. Sulzberger, "2 Moves by Groza Spurring Reforms", in The New York Times, March 25, 1945; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The New York Times (1851-2002), p. 16
  13. ^ W. H. Lawrence, "Chamber Ratifies Rumanian Treaty", in The New York Times, August 24, 1947; ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The New York Times (1851-2002), p. 43

Literature

Editura Curtea Veche ( Curtea Veche Publishing House is a Romanian Publishing house with a tradition in editing works of Romanian literature.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org