Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline
According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. Largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. In a " scientific " sense a chemical process is a method or means of somehow changing one or more Chemicals or Chemical compounds Such a chemical Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Since petroleum often contains a couple of percent sulfur, large quantities of sulfur are also often produced as a petroleum product. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Hydrogen and carbon in the form of petroleum coke may also be produced as petroleum products. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Petroleum coke (often abbreviated petcoke) is a Carbonaceous solid derived from Oil refinery Coker units or other cracking processes The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrogen catalytic cracking (hydrocracking) and hydrodesulfurization. In Petroleum geology and Chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic Molecules such as Kerogens or heavy Hydrocarbons Hydrodesulfurization (HDS is a Catalytic chemical process widely used to remove Sulfur (S from Natural gas and from refined petroleum products
Major products of oil refineries
Specialty end products
Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving In chemistry paraffin is the common name for the Alkane Hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H2 n +2 Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter
- Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors. Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable
- Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs"). Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. pipeline inspection gauge or pig in the pipeline industry is a tool that is sent down a pipeline and propelled by the Pressure of the product in the
- Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant. A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving Motor oil, or engine oil, is an Oil used for lubrication of various Internal combustion engines While the main function is to lubricate Moving Although the word grease originally described the rendered fat of animals the term is now applied more broadly to mean a Lubricant of higher initial Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress.
- Wax (paraffin), used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their Frozen food is food preserved by the process of Freezing. Freezing food is a common method of Food preservation which slows both food decay and by May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.
- Sulfur (or sulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum. Oleum ( Latin oleum = "oil" or fuming sulfuric acid refers to a solution various compositions of Sulfur trioxide in Sulfuric
- Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses. Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter
- Asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as Asphalt, is a Composite material commonly used for construction of pavement, Highways and An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.
- Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel. Petroleum coke (often abbreviated petcoke) is a Carbonaceous solid derived from Oil refinery Coker units or other cracking processes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e
- Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin The petrochemicals may be olefins or their precursors, or various types of aromatic petrochemicals. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon
- Petrochemicals have a vast variety of uses. They are commonly used as monomers or feedstocks for monomer production. A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part" is a small Molecule that may become chemically bonded to other Olefins such as alpha-olefins and dienes are often used as monomers, although aromatics can also be used as monomer precursors. Alpha-olefins (or α-olefins) are a family of Organic compounds which are Olefins or Alkenes with a Chemical formula C Dienes or diolefins are Hydrocarbons which contain two double bonds. The monomers are then polymerized in various ways to form polymers. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Polymer materials can be used as plastics, elastomers, or fibers, or possibly some intermediate form of these material types. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products An elastomer is a Polymer with the property of Elasticity. The term which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Some polymers are also used as gels or lubricants. Petrochemicals can also be used as solvents or as feedstock for producing solvents. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Petrochemicals can also be used as precursors for a wide variety of chemicals and substances such as vehicle fluids, surfactants for cleaners, etc. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids
See also
- Lanolin - lanolin based products are a natural alternative to toxic petro-chemical sprays and degreasers
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