A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston Internal combustion engine in a W configuration. The Bugatti Veyron 164 is a mid-engine Sports car produced by Volkswagen Group subsidiary Bugatti Automobiles SAS introduced in 2005 The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a The term spark-ignition engine is normally used to refer to Internal combustion engines where the fuel-air mixture is ignited with a spark. It differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in the fact that it uses spark plugs. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder In a diesel engine, merely the air is compressed, and the fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke. In a petrol engine, the fuel and air are pre-mixed before compression. The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburettor but now (except in the smallest engines) it is done by electronically-controlled fuel injection. A carburetor (North American spelling or carburettor ( Commonwealth spelling) is a device that blends air and Fuel for an Internal Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. Pre-mixing of fuel and air allows a petrol engine to run at a much higher speed than a diesel, but severely limits their compression, and thus efficiency .
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Applications
Petrol engines have many applications, including:
- Motor cars
- Motorcycles
- Aircraft
- Motorboats
- Small machines, such as lawn mowers, chainsaws and electric generators
Design
Working cycles
Petrol engines may run on the four-stroke cycle or the two-stroke cycle. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. A motorboat is a vessel propelled by an Internal combustion engine driving a jet pump or a Propeller. A lawn mower or lawnmower is a machine that has one or more revolving blades to cut a Lawn at an even length A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable mechanical motorized Saw. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic For details of working cycles see:
Cylinder arrangement
Common cylinder arrangements are from 1 to 6 cylinders in-line or from 2 to 16 cylinders in V-formation. Today Internal combustion engines in cars, Trucks motorcycles aircraft construction machinery and many others most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The two-stroke Internal combustion engine differs from the more common Four-stroke engine by completing the same four processes (intake compression combustion exhaust The Wankel engine is a type of Internal combustion engine which uses a rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating Usually found in 4- and 6- cylinder configurations the straight engine (often designated Inline engines is an Internal-combustion engine with all cylinders A V engine is a common configuration for an Internal combustion engine. Alternatives include Rotary and Radial Engines the latter typically have 7 or 9 cylinders in a single ring, or 10 or 14 cylinders in two rings. The rotary engine was an early type of internal combustion Aircraft engine in which the Crankshaft remains stationary and the entire Cylinder The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion Engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central
Cooling
Petrol engines may be air-cooled, by fins on the cylinders, or liquid-cooled, by a water jacket and radiator. Air-cooled engines rely on the circulation of air directly over hot parts of the Engine to cool them A water jacket is a water-filled Void surrounding a device typically a metal sheath having intake and outlet vents to allow water to be pumped through the void Radiators and convectors are types of Heat exchangers designed to transfer Thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling The coolant was formerly water but is now usually a mixture of water and ethylene glycol. Antifreeze is a Cryoprotectant used in Internal combustion engines and for many other heat transfer applications such as electronics cooling and Chillers Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH This mixture has a lower freezing-point and a higher boiling-point than pure water. In addition, the cooling system is usually slightly pressurized to minimise evaporation of coolant.
Compression ratio
The compression ratio is the ratio between the cylinder volumes at the beginning and end of the compression stroke. The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine particularly piston engines (but can be used on essentially any Internal-combustion Broadly speaking, the higher the compression ratio, the higher the efficiency of the engine. However, compression ratio has to be limited to avoid pre-ignition of the fuel-air mixture which would cause engine knocking and damage to the engine. Knocking (also called knock, detonation or spark knock, pinking in UK English or pinging in US English in spark-ignition Modern motor-car engine generally have compression ratios of between 9:1 and 10:1, but this can go up to 11 or 12:1 for high-performance engines that run on, say, 98 R0N (93 AKI, US Premium- or European Super-grade) petrol. In the 1950s, with low-octane fuel and less well-designed cylinder heads, compression ratios were between 6. The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of Gasoline and other Fuels to Detonation ( Engine knocking) in spark-ignition 5:1 and 7:1. Old tractor engines running on tractor vaporising oil might have compression ratios as low as 4. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used Tractor vaporising oil (or TVO) is a fuel for Internal combustion engines produced from paraffin ( Kerosene) 5:1 but modern tractors have diesel engines.
Ignition
- main article Ignition system
Petrol engines use spark ignition and high voltage current for the spark may be provided by a magneto or an ignition coil. An ignition system is a system for igniting a fuel-air mixture The term spark-ignition engine is normally used to refer to Internal combustion engines where the fuel-air mixture is ignited with a spark. The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns and insulation requirements This article is about the Engine component For other uses of the term see Magneto (disambiguation. An ignition coil (also called a spark Coil) is an Induction coil in an Automobile 's Ignition system which transforms In modern car engines the ignition timing is managed by an electronic Engine Control Unit. Ignition timing in an Internal combustion engine is the process of setting the time that a spark will occur in the combustion chamber (during the Power stroke) relative An engine control unit (ECU is an Electronic control unit which controls various aspects of an Internal combustion engine 's operation
Future
Concerns about global warming and air pollution have put a question mark over the future of the petrol engine. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Much has been done to improve its fuel efficiency and reduce emissions and this has bought it more time. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
Sources
- Linked Wikipedia articles
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