Petlyakov Pe-8 - Citizendia

Pe-8
Petlyakov Pe-8
Type	Heavy bomber
Manufacturer	Petlyakov
Maiden flight	December 1936
Introduced	1936
Status	Retired
Primary user	Soviet Air Force
Produced	1936-1944
Number built	93-96

The Petlyakov Pe-8, also known as TB-7 was a Soviet heavy bomber aircraft of World War II, the only four-engined bomber the USSR built during the war. A heavy bomber is a Bomber aircraft of the largest size and typically longest ranges An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts VM Petlyakov Design Bureau (Опытное конструкторское бюро Петлякова Opytnoe Konstructorskoe Byuro Petlyakova was a Soviet OKB The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1936: Events February British Marine Aircraft Ltd This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1936: Events February British Marine Aircraft Ltd The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye VM Petlyakov Design Bureau (Опытное конструкторское бюро Петлякова Opytnoe Konstructorskoe Byuro Petlyakova was a Soviet OKB The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A bomber is a Military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets primarily by dropping Bombs on them World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

1 Design and development
2 Operational history
3 Operators
4 Specifications (Pe-8)
5 References
- 5.1 Notes
- 5.2 Bibliography
6 External links
7 See also

Design and development

Development of Pe-8 was initiated in the Tupolev's OKB as ANT-42 in July 1934. Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. The maiden flight of the first prototype was in December 1936 by M. M. Gromov. The aircraft actually has five engines - an auxiliary M-100 ATsN-2 was fitted inside the airframe. This drove a supercharger to supply pressurised air to the main engines. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine.

Only 93 or 96 (including two prototypes) were built from 1936-1944 - older sources claim a number of 81 including prototypes, with production stopping in 1940; this seems to indicate that indeed only replacement aircraft were built after 1940. Some had Charomski M-30B/ACh-30B or M-40/ACh-40 diesel engines and the later aircraft were fitted 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) Shvetsov ASh-82 radials due to low availability of the AM-35A. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Neither variant was as successful as the original, the diesel engines giving poorer performance and the radial delivering better performance but often being unreliable. It is a testimony to the soundness of the design however, that the examples which survived WWII were retained in service until the late 1950s despite the availability of the Tu-4. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Altogether, the Pe-8, despite suffering from low priority of the strategic bombing role in the USSR military doctrine of its time and problems with the engines, compares well with other four-engined bombers designed in the late 1930s.

From a technical standpoint, the Pe-8 is remarkable because it had defensive machine-gun positions installed in the rear of the inboard engine nacelles. The word nacelle is derived from the Old French nacele, which means a small Boat or Dinghy, which was in turn derived from the These were deleted when the nacelles were reconstructed for accommodation of the radial engines.

Operational history

Pe-8 at snow-covered airbase.

The USSR had no plans for strategic bombardment, and only a few Pe-8 attacks on Germany were flown, the first in early August, 1941 (only weeks after the German attack on the USSR had started), when aircraft of the 81 DBAD (Long Range Bomber Division) bombed Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Most Pe-8 attacks on Berlin were 'nuisance' bombings involving only a handful of aircraft (e. g. 14 in the first raid). It was used in the strategic bomber role to attack targets in German-held Eastern Europe and as a tactical bomber to support ground forces in the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the The Battle of Kursk (Курская битва refers to a series of German and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front of World War II The Pe-8 at first equipped a single bomber regiment, the 432 BAP (ON) (432nd Special Bomber Regiment) and its reserve unit, the 433rd; they were later reorganized into the 746 and 890 BAP (bomber regiment).

The Pe-8's most important claim to fame is flying Soviet foreign minister Molotov and his delegation from Moscow to London and Washington DC and back for talks on the opening of a second front against Nazi Germany (May 19th-Jun 13th, 1942), on the return trip crossing German-controlled airspace without incident. Molotov redirects here For other uses see Molotov (disambiguation. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote

Operators

Soviet Union

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Pe-8)

Sources vary on the exact measurements and performance. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye The values given here must be considered approximate. General characteristics

Crew: Eleven
Length: 23. 59 m (77 ft 5 in)
Wingspan: 39. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 10 m (128 ft 3 in)
Height: 6. 20 m (20 ft 4 in)
Wing area: 188. 7 m² (2,030 ft²)
Empty weight: 19,986 kg (43,969 lb)
Loaded weight: 27,000 kg (59,400 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 35,000 kg (77,000 lb)
Powerplant: 4× Mikulin AM-35A liquid-cooled V-12 and then Shvetsov designed air-cooled M-82FN and sometimes diesel M-30 and M-40, 1,000 kW AM-35A 1380 kW M-82FN (1,350 hp AM-35A 1850 hp M-82FN) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 443 km/h (276 mph)
Range: 3,600 km (2,245 mi)
Service ceiling 9,300 m (30,504 ft)
Rate of climb: 5. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off The Mikulin AM-35 was a 1930s Soviet aircraft piston engine Derived from the AM-34FRN, AM-35 entered production in 1940 and was used on MiG-1 A V engine is a common configuration for an Internal combustion engine. Shvetsov was a Soviet design bureau founded in Perm, USSR in 1934 to produce the Wright Cyclone -derived Shvetsov M-25. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. 9 m/s (1,154 ft/min)
Wing loading: 143 kg/m² (29 lb/ft²)
Power/mass: 140 W/kg (0. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another 2 hp/lb)

Armament

2x 20 mm ShVAK cannons (dorsal and tail turret)
2x 12.7 mm UBT machine guns (engine nacelles)
1-2x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns (nose turret)
Up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of bombs
- Could carry one 5,000 kg (11000 lb) bomb

References

Notes

Bibliography

Gordon, Yefim and Khazanov, Dmitri. The 20 mm caliber is a specific size of Cannon or Autocannon ammunition commonly the smallest caliber which is unambiguously a cannon (or more commonly today autocannon The ShVAK (ШВАК Шпитальный-Владимиров Авиационный Крупнокалиберный Shpitalnyi-Vladimirov Aviatsionnyi Krupnokalibernyi, "Shpitalny-Vladimirov Berezin UB (Березин УБ - Универсальный Березина Universalni Berezina Berezin Universal was a 12 There are many cartridges which use 762 mm caliber bullets The measurement equals 0 The ShKAS ( Sh pitalny- K omaritski A viatsionny S korostrelny Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire machine gun for aircraft; Russian Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume 2: Twin-Engined Fighters, Attack Aircraft and Bombers. Earl Shilton, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd. , 2006. ISBN 1-85780-084-2.
Unger, Ulrich. Pe-8, Der Sowjetische Fernbomber (in German). Berlin, Germany: Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, 1993. ISBN 3-89488-048-1.

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