Peter Lombard or Petrus Lombardus; (c. 1100–July 20, 1160 in Paris) was a scholastic theologian and bishop and author of Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology, for which he is also known as Magister Sententiarum. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The Four Books of Sentences ( Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century
Contents |
Biography
Peter Lombard was born in Lumellogno,[1] now a quartiere of Novara, Lombardy, to a poor family on the dole. Lumellogno is a settlement of some 1500 people to the south-west of the city of Novara in the Italian province Piedmont. Novara ( Nuara in the local Novarese dialect of Western Lombard) is the capital city of the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the His date of birth was likely between 1095 and 1100.
His education most likely began in Italy at the cathedral schools of Novara and Lucca. The first cathedral schools originated in the Early Middle Ages. The patronage of Otto, bishop of Lucca, who recommended him to Bernard of Clairvaux, allowed him to leave Italy and further his studies at Reims and Paris. Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Petrus Lombardus studied first in the cathedral school at Reims, where Magister Alberich and Lutolph of Novara were teaching, and arrived in Paris about 1134[2], where Bernard recommended him[3] to the canons of the church of St-Victor. In Paris, where he spent the next decade teaching at the cathedral school of Notre Dame, he came into contact with Peter Abelard and Hugh of St. Victor, who were among the leading theologians of the time. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the There are no proven facts relating to his whereabouts in Paris until 1142 when he became recognized as writer and teacher. Around 1145, Peter became a "magister", or professor, at the cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the Peter's means of earning a living before he began to derive income as a teacher and from his canon's prebend is shrouded in uncertainty. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the A prebendary is a post connected to an Anglican or Catholic Cathedral or Collegiate church and is a type of canon.
Lombard's dialectical style of teaching gained quick acknowledgment. It can be surmised that this attention is what prompted the canons of Notre Dame to ask him to join their ranks. He was considered a celebrated theologian by 1144. The Parisian school of canons had not included among their number a theologian of high regard for some years. The canons of Notre Dame, to a man, were members of the Capetian dynasty, relatives of families closely aligned to the Capetians by blood or marriage, scions of the Ile-de-France or eastern Loire Valley nobility, or relatives of royal officials. For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire is known as the Garden of France and the Cradle of the French Language. In contrast, Peter had no relatives, ecclesiastical connections, and no political patrons in France. It seems that he must have been invited by the canons of Notre Dame solely for his academic merit.
He became a subdeacon in 1147, and was ordained priest some time before 1156. Subdeacon (or sub-deacon is a title used in various branches of Christianity. At the Council of Reims (1148)[4] and possibly at the consistory of Paris the year before, he took part as a theological expert. At some time after 1150 he became a deacon, then an archdeacon by 1156, or maybe as early as 1152. Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions A position of archdeacon is a senior position in Anglicanism, Syrian Malabar Nasrani, and in some other Christian denominations above that of most In 1159, he was named bishop of Paris: a hostile witness, Walter of St Victor accused Peter of obtaining the office by simony,[5] though he had no sources of income; the more usual story is that Philip, younger brother of Louis VII. Walter of St Victor (d c 1180) was a mystic philosopher and theologian and an Augustinian canon of Paris. Simony is the Ecclesiastical crime of paying for Holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor and archdeacon of Notre-Dame was elected by the canons but declined in favor of Peter, his teacher. Peter was consecrated at the feast of SS. Peter and Paul, 28 July 1159. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
His reign as bishop was brief. [6] He died on either July 21 or 22, 1160. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Little can be ascertained about Lombard's administrative style or objectives because he left behind so few episcopal acta. He was succeeded by Maurice de Sully, the builder of the Cathedral of Notre Dame. Maurice de Sully (died September 11, 1196) was Bishop of Paris from 1160 until his death NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the [7] His tomb in the church of Saint-Marcel in Paris was destroyed during the French Revolution, but a transcription of his epitaph survives. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
Writings
Peter Lombard wrote commentaries on the Psalms and the Pauline epistles; however, his most famous work by far was Libri Quatuor Sententiarum, or the Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology at the medieval universities. The Four Books of Sentences ( Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century From the 1220s until the 16th century, no work of Christian literature, except for the Bible itself, was commented upon more frequently. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin All the major medieval thinkers, from Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas to William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel, were influenced by it. William of Ockham (also Occam, Hockham, or any of several other spellings ˈɒkəm (c Gabriel Biel (c 1420 or 1425 - 7 December 1495) was a German scholastic Philosopher born in Speyer. Even the young Martin Luther still wrote glosses on the Sentences. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer
The Four Books of Sentences is a compilation of biblical texts, together with relevant passages from the Church Fathers and many medieval thinkers, on virtually the entire field of Christian theology as it was understood at the time. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church Lombard's magnum opus stands out as the first major effort to bring together commentaries on the full range of theological issues, arrange the material in a systematic order, and attempt to reconcile them where they appeared to defend different viewpoints. The Sentences starts with the Trinity in Book I, moves on to creation in Book II, treats Christ, the savior of the fallen creation, in Book III, and deals with the sacraments, which mediate Christ's grace, in Book IV. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active
Doctrine
Peter Lombard's most famous and most controversial doctrine in the Sentences was his identification of charity with the Holy Spirit in Book I, distinction 17. In Christian Theology charity, or love ( Agapē) means an unlimited loving-kindness toward all others In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance According to this doctrine, when the Christian loves God and neighbor, this love literally is God; he becomes divine and is taken up into the life of the Trinity. This idea was never declared unorthodox, but few theologians have been prepared to follow Peter Lombard in his audacious teaching. Compare Pope Benedict XVI's encyclical Deus Caritas Est, 2006. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger See also Catholic theology of the body Deus Caritas Est ( Latin for "God is Love" is the first Encyclical written by
Also in the Sentences was the doctrine that marriage was consensual (and need not be consummated to be considered perfect, unlike Gratian's analysis). NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Gratian, was a 12th century canon lawyer from Bologna. He is sometimes wrongly referred to as Franciscus Gratianus, or Johannes Gratianus, or Lombard's interpretation was later endorsed by Pope Alexander III, and had a significant impact on Church interpretation of marriage. Pope Alexander III (c 1100/1105 &ndash August 30, 1181) born Rolando (or Orlando) Bandinelli, was Pope from 1159
Notes
- ^ Hödl, in Biografish-Bibliografisches Kirchenlexikon.
- ^ Hödl
- ^ In a surviving letter, Ep. 410, Opera omnia viii. 391, noted by Hödl
- ^ Pope Eugenius III was present at the synod, which examined Gilbert de la Porrée and Eon de l'Estoile. Pope Gilbert de la Porrée, also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis (1070 &ndash September 4, 1154) was Peter was among the signers of the act condemning Gilbert's teachings (Hödl).
- ^ In his polemic Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciae II. 4.
- ^ His successor, Maurice de Sully, was bishop by the end of 1160.
- ^
"Peter Lombard". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
- Ludwig Hödl, in Biografish-Bibliografisches Kirchenlexikon: Petrus Lombardus
- "Peter Lombard Magister Sententiarum" Texts and further links.
- Peter Lombard's Book of Sentences in parallel Latin English (Book I)
References
- Colish, Marcia L. , Peter Lombard Volume One (New York: E.J. Brill, 1994). Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
- Rosemann, Philipp W. Peter Lombard (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
- Philipp W. Rosemann, The Story of a Great Medieval Book: Peter Lombard's "Sentences" (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2007).
- Herlihy, David Medieval Households (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985). Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic