Peter I Peter the Great Пётр I
Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias
Reign	7 May 1682–8 February 1725
Coronation	25 June 1682 (as Czar)
Full name	Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov
Titles	Czar of Russia Duke of Estonia and Livonia
Born	9 June 1672(1672-06-09)
Birthplace	Moscow
Died	8 February 1725 (aged 52)
Predecessor	Feodor III
Successor	Catherine I
Consort	i) Eudoxia Lopukhina ii) Catherine I
Issue	Alexis Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Pavel Petrovich Pavel Petrovich Pyotr Petrovich Anna Petrovna Elizabeth Petrovna Natalia Petrovna Margarita Petrovna Pyotr Petrovich Pavel Petrovich Natalia Petrovna Pyotr Petrovich
Dynasty	Romanov
Father	Alexis I of Russia
Mother	Nataliya Naryshkina

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672–8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)^[1] ruled the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians At different times a ruler of the territory of modern Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince) Velikiy Kniaz (translated The Rulers of Estonia is a list of the rulers of Estonia throughout the history Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later Tsarina Evdokiya Feodorovna Lopukhina ( Julian calendar, July 30, 1669 – August 27, 1731) ( Gregorian calendar Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later Alexei Petrovich Romanov (Алексей Петрович ( &ndash) was a Russian Tsarevich. Alexander Petrovich was the second child of Peter the Great and his wife Eudoxia Lopukhina. Anna Petrovna Tsesarevna of Russia (Анна Петровна 27 January 1708, Moscow &ndash 4 March 1728, Kiel Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( Natalia Petrovna was the third child of Peter the Great and his second wife Catherine I. Natalia Petrovna was the last child of Peter the Great and his second wife Catherine I. The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina ( Russian: Наталья Кирилловна Нарышкина September 1, 1651 &ndash February 4, 1694 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother Peter carried out a policy of Westernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire, a major European power. Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western The Tsardom of Rus' (Царство Русское was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IV 's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor in 1547 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early reign 1.2 Great Northern War 1.3 Later years 1.4 Death 2 Legitimacy issue 3 Peter I in popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References

Biography

Peter was born in 1672 in Moscow to Alexis I of Russia and his second wife Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, within the walls of the Kremlin. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina ( Russian: Наталья Кирилловна Нарышкина September 1, 1651 &ndash February 4, 1694 The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified

Alexis I, the then-current Tsar died on January 29, 1676 and Peter's half-brother, Feodor III became Tsar. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 He died six years later in 1682. As Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky families over who should inherit the throne. Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Мария Ильинична Милославская 1625-1669 was the first wife of tsar Alexis I of Russia and mother of the tsars Peter's other half-brother, Ivan V, was the next for the throne, but he was chronically ill and of infirm mind. Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother Consequently, the Boyar Duma (a council of Russian nobles) chose the ten-year old Peter to become Tzar, his mother becoming regent. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. But one of Alexei's daughters from his first marriage, Sophia Alekseyevna, led a rebellion of the Streltsy (Russia's elite military corps). Sophia Alekseyevna ( Anglicization of Russian Царевна Софья Алексеевна Sofia Alekseyevna) ( September 17 (27 1657 &ndash Streltsy (Стрельцы were the units of Russian guardsmen ( sl In the subsequent conflict, some of Peter's relatives and friends were murdered, and Peter witnessed some of these acts of political violence. ^[2]

The Streltsy uprising of April-May 1682 made it possible for Sophia, the Miloslavskys (the clan of Ivan), and their allies, to insist that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint Tsars, with Ivan being acclaimed as the senior of the two. Sophia acted as regent during the minority of the two sovereigns and exercised all power. Peculiarly, a large hole was cut in the back of the dual-seated throne used by Ivan and Peter. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, also feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and problems. This throne can be seen in the Kremlin museum in Moscow. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat.

Peter was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his own name. He engaged in such pastimes as shipbuilding and sailing, as well as mock battles with his toy army. The toy army of Peter I (Потешные войска Poteshnye voiska, literally fun forces) was initially called ru Петровский полк ( Peter's mother sought to force him to adopt a more conventional approach and arranged his marriage to Eudoxia Lopukhina in 1689. Tsarina Evdokiya Feodorovna Lopukhina ( Julian calendar, July 30, 1669 – August 27, 1731) ( Gregorian calendar ^[3] The marriage was a failure, and ten years later Peter forced her to become a nun and thus freed himself from the union.

By the summer of 1689, Peter planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by two unsuccessful Crimean campaigns. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым When she learned of his designs, Sophia began to conspire with the leaders of the streltsy, who continually aroused disorder and dissent of the tsar's rule. Unfortunately for Sophia, Peter, warned by the Streltsy, escaped in the middle of the night to the impenetrable monastery of Troitsky; there he slowly gathered his adherents and others, who perceived he would win the power struggle. The Trinity Lavra of St Sergius (Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра is the most important Russian Monastery and the spiritual She was therefore overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and position as a member of the royal family.

Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother, Nataliya Naryshkina. It was only when Nataliya died in 1694 that Peter became an independent sovereign. ^[4] Formally, Ivan V remained a co-ruler with Peter, although he was still ineffective. Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696.

Peter grew to be quite tall as an adult, especially for the time period. Standing at nearly seven feet in height, the Russian tsar was literally head and shoulders above his contemporaries both in Russia and throughout Europe. ^[5] Peter, however, lacked the overall proportional heft and bulk generally found in a man that size. Both Peter's hands and feet were small, and his shoulders narrow for his height; likewise, his head was also small for his tall body. Added to this were Peter's noticeable facial tics, and, judging by descriptions handed down, he may have suffered from petit mal, a form of epilepsy. Absence seizures are one of several kinds of Seizures These seizures are sometimes referred to as petit mal seizures (from the French for "little illness" Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. ^[6]

Filippo Baltari, a young Italian visitor to Peter's court, wrote:

"Tsar Peter was tall and thin, rather than stout. His hair was thick, short, and dark brown; he had large eyes, black with long lashes, a well-shaped mouth, but the lower lip was slightly disfigured. . . For his great height, his feet seemed very narrow. His head was sometimes tugged to the right by convulsions. "

Otherwise, judging by documents—or lack thereof—that have managed to survive to the present day, few contemporaries, either in or outside of Russia, commented on Peter's great height or appearance.

Early reign

Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories Heavily influenced by his western advisors, Peter reorganized the Russian army along European lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority, the rebelling of streltsy, Bashkirs, Astrakhan and including the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the Bulavin Rebellion. The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Astrakhan (А́страхань Ästerxan Persian: حاجی‌ترخان Haji-Tarkhan) is a major city in southern European Russia and The Bulavin Rebellion is the name given to a violent civil uprising in Imperial Russia between the years 1707 and 1708 Further, Peter implemented social westernization in an absolute manner by requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt Western clothing styles. ^[7]

To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought to gain more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea at Arkhangelsk. The White Sea (Бе́лое мо́ре Vienanmeri is an Inlet of the Barents Sea on the northwest coast of Russia. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by Sweden in the north, while the Black Sea was controlled by the Ottoman Empire in the south. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea, but to do so he would have to expel the Tatars from the surrounding areas. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups He was forced, as part of an agreement with Poland, which ceded Kiev to Russia, to wage war against the Crimean Khan and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov, near the Don River. Azov (Азо́в a'zof is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just sixteen kilometers from the Sea of Azov The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the Azov campaigns in order to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure. Azov campaigns of 1695-1696 ( Азовские походы in Russian) two Russian Military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700 Peter returned to Moscow in November of that year, and promptly began building a large navy. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. On September 12, 1698, Peter The Great officially founded the first Russian Navy base, Taganrog. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime Taganrog (Таганро́г təgʌnˈrok is a seaport city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of Taganrog

Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. Taganrog (Таганро́г təgʌnˈrok is a seaport city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of Taganrog Mark Matveevich Antokolski ( Марк Матвеевич Антокольский in Russian; born in 1843 in the city of Vilna, present-day Vilnius In 1697, he traveled incognito to Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation–the so-called "Grand Embassy"—to seek the aid of the European monarchs. Delegation (also called deputation) is the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate to carry out specific activities The Grand Embassy ( Великое посольство in Russian) was a Russian Diplomatic mission, sent to Western Europe in ^[8] Peter's hopes were dashed; France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and Austria was eager to maintain peace in the east whilst conducting its own wars in the west. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Peter, furthermore, had chosen the most inopportune moment; the Europeans at the time were more concerned about who would succeed the childless Spanish King Charles II than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan. Charles II ( November 6 1661, Madrid – November 1 1700, Madrid was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the

The "Great Embassy", although failing to complete the mission of creating an anti-Ottoman alliance, still continued to travel across Europe. In visiting Holland, Peter learned much about Western culture. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of He studied shipbuilding in Zaandam and Amsterdam. Zaandam ( is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad, and received city rights Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Thanks to the mediation of Nicolaas Witsen, mayor of Amsterdam and expert on Russia par excellence, the czar was given the opportunity to gain practical experience in the largest shipyard in the world, belonging to the Dutch East India Company, for a period of four months. Nicolaas or Nicolaes Witsen ( 8 May 1641 – 10 August 1717) was a Dutch diplomat Cartographer, maritime writer and The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The Tsar helped with the construction of an East Indiaman especially laid down for him: Peter and Paul. An East Indiaman was a Ship operating under charter or licence to the Honourable East India Company. During his stay the tsar engaged many skilled workers such as builders of locks, fortresses, shipwrights and seamen. A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways. Cornelis Cruys, a vice-admiral who became under Franz Lefort the Tsar's advisor in maritime affairs. Cornelis Cruys (Крюйс Корнелий Иванович (1655-1727 was a Vice Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy and the first commander of the Franz Lefort ( Франц Яковлевич Лефорт in Russian) ( December 23, 1655 ( January 2, 1656) Geneva Besides Peter paid a visit to Frederik Ruysch, who taught him how to draw teeth and catch butterflies. Frederik Ruysch ( March 23, 1638 — February 22, 1731) was a Dutch botanist and anatomist, remembered for Also Ludolf Bakhuysen, a painter of seascapes and Jan van der Heyden the inventor of the fire hose, received Peter, who was keen on learning and bringing home what he had seen. Ludolf Backhuysen (or Bakhuizen) ( Dec 28 1630 - Nov 17 1708) was a Dutch painter, born in Emden Jan van der Heyden ( March 5, 1637, Gorinchem &ndash March 28, 1712, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Baroque On January 16, 1698 Peter organized his farewell party and invited Johan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen, who had to sit between Lefort and the tsar and drink. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen II (21 February 1625 - 1 December 1704 was the eldest son of Burgomaster Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen I and the brother-in-law

In England he met with King William III, visited Greenwich, Oxford, was painted by sir Godfrey Kneller and saw a Fleet Review, Royal Navy in Deptford. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Sir Godfrey Kneller 1st Baronet ( 8 August 1646 &ndash 19 October 1723) was the leading Portrait painter in England during Fleet Review Royal Navy redirects here This article is on reviews of the Royal Navy Deptford is an area on the south bank of the River Thames in south-east London. He also travelled to the fledgling city of Manchester to learn the techniques of city building he would later use to great effect at Saint Petersburg. Then the Embassy went to Leipzig, Dresden and Vienna. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. He spoke with August the Strong and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae Early life He was a younger brother of Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Mariana of Austria. The Embassy did not make it to Venice. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the The visit of Peter was cut short in 1698, when he was forced to rush home by a rebellion of the streltsy. The Streltsy Uprising of 1698 (Стрелецкое восстание was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy Regiments Some Russian The rebellion was, however, easily crushed before Peter returned home from England; of the Tsar's troops, only one was killed. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers. Over 1200 of the rebels were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators. ^[10] The streltsy were disbanded, and the individual they sought to put on the Throne—Peter's half-sister Sophia—was forced to become a nun. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life

Also, upon his return from his European tour, Peter sought to end his unhappy marriage. The Grand Tour was the traditional travel of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means He divorced the Tsaritsa, Eudoxia Lopukhina. Tsaritsa (царица цари́ца formerly spelled czaritsa (and in English usually rendered tsarina or czarina, which possess non- The Tsaritsa had borne Peter three children, although only one—the Tsarevich Alexei—had survived past his childhood. Tsarevich (Russian Царевич is a Slavic term for the Tsar 's son Alexei Petrovich Romanov (Алексей Петрович ( &ndash) was a Russian Tsarevich.

In 1698, Peter sent a delegation to Malta under boyar Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev, to observe the training and abilities of the Knights of Malta and their fleet. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Boris Petrovich Sheremetev ( Russian: Борис Петрович Шереме́тев or Шере́метьев) (1652 – 1719 was a Russian The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St Sheremetyev also investigated the possibility of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base. ^[11]

Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards—causing his Boyars, who were very fond of their beards, great upset^[12]—and wear European clothing. Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual beard tax of one hundred rubles. The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers He also sought to end arranged marriages, which were the norm among the Russian nobility, because he thought such a practice was not only barbaric but also led to domestic violence since the partners usually resented each other in this forced union. ^[13]

In 1699, Peter also changed the celebration of new year from 1st September to 1 January. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Traditionally, the years were reckoned from the purported creation of the World, but after Peter's reforms, they were to be counted from the birth of Christ.

Great Northern War

Peter made a temporary peace with the Ottoman Empire that allowed him to keep the captured fort of Azov, and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish He sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea, which had been taken by Sweden a half-century earlier. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe Peter declared war on Sweden, which was at the time led by King Charles XII. Sweden was also opposed by Denmark-Norway, Saxony, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union The Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or Duchy of Upper Saxony was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806 The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic

Russia turned out to be ill-prepared to fight the Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the Battle of Narva in 1700. Nikolay Alexandrovich Sauerweid (Николай Александрович Зауервейд 1836-1866 was a Russian painter son of Alexander Sauerweid Nikolay In the conflict, the forces of Charles XII used a blinding snowstorm to their advantage. After the battle, Charles XII decided to concentrate his forces against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, giving Peter I time to reorganize the Russian army.

As the Poles and Lithuanians on one side and Swedes on the other fought each other, Peter founded the city of Saint Petersburg (Germanically named after Saint Peter the Apostle) in Izhora (which he had re-captured from Sweden) in 1703. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg — which he intended to become Russia's capital — so that all the stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city. He also took Martha Skavronskaya as a mistress. Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later Martha converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and took the name Catherine, allegedly marrying Peter in secret in 1707. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure In any case Peter valued Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 9 February 1712. Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor (Исаа́киевский Собо́р in Saint Petersburg, Russia is the largest Cathedral Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap

Following several defeats, the Polish King August II abdicated in 1706. Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at Golovchin in July. The Battle of Holowczyn was fought between the Russian Army, led by Field Marshal Boris Sheremetyev, and the Swedish army led In the Battle of Lesnaya, however, Charles suffered his first loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from Riga. The Battle of Lesnaya was one of the decisive battles of the Great Northern War. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of

Charles XII refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden, instead invading Ukraine. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов () was a Russian Polymath, scientist Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Peter withdrew his army southward, destroying any property that could assist the Swedes along the way. Deprived of local supplies, the Swedish army was forced to halt its advance in the winter of 1708–1709. In the summer of 1709, they nevertheless resumed their efforts to capture Ukraine, culminating in the Battle of Poltava on 27 June. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden The battle was a decisive defeat for Swedish forces, ending Charles' campaign in Ukraine and forcing him into exile in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In Poland, August II was restored as King.

Peter, overestimating the support he would receive from Balkan allies, attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1711. ^[14] Normally, the Boyar Duma would have exercised power during his absence. Peter, however, mistrusted the boyars; he instead abolished the Duma and created a Senate of ten members. Peter's campaign in the Ottoman Empire was disastrous, and in the ensuing peace treaty, Peter was forced to return the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697. ^[15] In return, the Sultan expelled Charles XII, but Russia was forced to guarantee safe passage to the Swedish king. ^[16]

Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of Livonia (the northern half of modern Latvia, and the southern half of modern Estonia), driving the Swedes back into Finland. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Sweden–Finland is a historiographical term used especially in Finland, to refer to the Swedish Kingdom from the Kalmar Union to the In 1714 the Russian fleet won the Battle of Gangut. The naval Battle of Gangut took place on August 7 1714 during the Great Northern War (1700-21 in the waters north of the Hanko Peninsula Most of Finland was occupied by the Russians. The Greater Wrath (Isoviha Stora ofreden is a term used in Finnish history for the Russian Invasion and subsequent Military occupation from 1714 In 1716 and 1717, the Tsar revisited the Netherlands, and went to see Herman Boerhaave. Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist He continued his travel to the Austrian Netherlands and France. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Tsar's navy was so powerful that the Russians could penetrate Sweden. Peter also obtained the assistance of the Electorate of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia. The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising Still, Charles XII refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. After the battle near Åland Sweden made peace with all powers but Russia by 1720. In 1721, the Treaty of Nystad ended what became known as the Great Northern War. The Treaty of Nystad (Ништадтский мир Uudenkaupungin rauha was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad (which is called Uusikaupunki The Great Northern War (1700-21 was fought between Russia and Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. Russia acquired Ingria, Estonia, Livonia and a substantial portion of Karelia. For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. The Governorate of Est(honia (Эстляндская губерния or Estlyandskaya guberniya) or Estland, also known as the Government of Estonia The Governorate of Livonia (Vidzemes guberņa Liivimaa kubermang Лифляндская губерния Livländisches Gouvernement or Livland, also known as the Old Finland ( Vanha Suomi in Finnish, Gamla Finland in Swedish is a name used for the areas that Russia gained from Sweden in the In turn, Russia paid two million Riksdaler and surrendered most of Finland. The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604 The Tsar was, however, permitted to retain some Finnish lands close to Saint Petersburg, which he had made his capital in 1712. He gained access to a warm-water-port during his reign for easier trading with the Western world.

Later years

Peter I's last years were marked by further reform in Russia. On 22 October 1721, soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was acclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Some proposed that he take the title Emperor of the East, but he refused. Gavrila Golovkin, the State Chancellor, was the first to add "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of All the Russias" to Peter's traditional title Tsar following a speech by the archbishop of Pskov in 1721. Count Gavrila Ivanovich Golovkin ( Гаврила Иванович Головкин in Russian) ( 1660 - January 20, 1734 Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in

Peter's imperial title was recognized by Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia and Frederick I of Sweden, but not by the other European monarchs. Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I ( August 14, 1688 &ndash May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King Frederick I (Fredrik I ( 23 April 1676 – 25 March 1751) was King of Sweden from 1720 and Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel In the minds of many, the word emperor connoted superiority or pre-eminence over "mere" kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the Holy Roman Emperor had once claimed suzerainty over all Christian nations.

Peter also reformed the government of the Russian Orthodox Church. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The traditional leader of the Church was the Patriarch of Moscow. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter had refused to name a replacement, allowing the Patriarch's Coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. Twenty-one years later, in 1721, Peter followed the advice of Feofan Prokopovich and erected the Holy Synod, a council of ten clergymen, to take the place of the Patriarch and Coadjutor. Feofan/Theophan Prokopovich ( June 18, 1681, Kiev &ndash September 19, 1736, St In several of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, the patriarch or head bishop is elected by a group of bishops called Peter also implemented a law which stipulated that no Russian man could join a monastery before the age of 50. He felt that too many able Russian men were being wasted away by clerical work when they could be joining his new and improved army. ^[17] And in 18th century Russia, few people (men and women) lived to over a half century, therefore very few men became monks during Peter's reign, much to the dismay of the Russian Church.

In 1722, Peter created a new order of precedence, known as the Table of Ranks. An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of items The Table of Ranks (Табель о рангах Tabel o rangakh was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military government and court of Imperial Russia. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. In order to deprive the Boyars of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was overthrown in 1917. In addition, Peter decided that all of the children of the nobility should have some early education, especially in the areas of sciences. Therefore, on February 28, 1714, he introduced the decree on compulsory education which dictated that all Russian children of the nobility, of government clerks and even lesser ranked officials between the ages of 10 and 15 must learn basic mathematics and geometry and that they should be tested on it at the end of their studies. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ^[18]

Peter also introduced new taxes to fund improvements in Saint Petersburg. He abolished the land tax and household tax, and replaced them with a capitation. A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a Tax of a uniform fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income The taxes on land on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families; the new head taxes, however, were payable by serfs and paupers.

In 1724, Peter had his second wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress, although he remained Russia's actual ruler. Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later All of Peter's male children had died—the eldest son, Alexei, had been tortured and killed on Peter's orders in 1718 because he had disobeyed his father and opposed official policies. Alexei Petrovich Romanov (Алексей Петрович ( &ndash) was a Russian Tsarevich. At the same time, Alexei's mother Eudoxia had also been punished; she was dragged from her home and tried on false charges of adultery. A similar fate befell Peter's beautiful mistress, Anna Mons, in 1704. Anna Mons (Анна Монс 1672 - 1714 was a Dutch noblewoman who almost succeeded in marrying Tsar Peter the Great.

In 1725, construction of Peterhof, a palace near Saint Petersburg, was completed. Peterhof (Петерго́ф Petergof, originally named nl Peterhof, the Dutch for "Peter's Court" is a municipal town within Petrodvortsovy Peterhof (Dutch for "Peter's Court") was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles". Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region

Death

In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his urinary tract and bladder. The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the In the summer of 1724 a team of doctors performed the necessary surgery releasing upwards of four pounds of blocked urine. Peter remained bedridden till late autumn. Then in the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. According to legend, it was in November, while at Lakhta along the Finnish Gulf to inspect some ironworks, that Peter saw a group of soldiers drowning not far from shore and, wading out into near-waist deep water, came to their rescue. Lakhta-Olgino Municipal Okrug (муниципа́льный о́круг Ла́хта-О́льгино is a municipal okrug of Primorsky District ^[19]

This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death on February 8, 1725. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The story, however, has been viewed with skepticism by some historians, pointing out that the German chronicler Jacob von Stählin is the only source for the story, and it seems unlikely that no one else would have documented such an act of heroism. This, plus the interval of time between these actions and Peter's death seems to preclude any direct link. However, the story may still, in part, contain some grain of truth.

In early January 1725, Peter was struck once again with uremia. Uremia is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure (also called renal failure Legend has it that before lapsing into unconsciousness Peter asked for a paper and pen and scrawled an unfinished note that read: "Leave all to. . . . " and then, exhausted by the effort, asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned. ^[20]

Peter died between four and five in the morning February 8, 1725. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a An autopsy revealed his bladder to be infected with gangrene. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles ^[21] He was fifty-two years, seven months old when he died, having reigned forty-two years.

Peter inherited an uneducated, untrained, uncivilized and superstitious country that excluded itself from European society, economy, and politics. In large measure, Peter exchanged tradition in favor of modernization. Peter the Great prodded a relatively backwards Muscovy state into a modernized Russia that competed with other European powers.

Legitimacy issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Eudoxia Lopukhina
HIH Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia	18 February 1690	26 June 1718	Married 1711, Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had issue
HIH Alexander Petrovich, Grand Duke of Russia	13 October 1691	14 May 1692
HIH Pavel Petrovich, Grand Duke of Russia	1693	1693
By Catherine I
HIH Anna Petrovna, Tsesarevna of Russia	7 February 1708	15 May 1728	Married 1725, Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp; had issue
HIM Empress Elizabeth	29 December 1709	5 January 1762	Reputedly married 1742, Alexei Grigorievich, Count Razumovsky; no issue
HIH Natalia Petrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia	20 March 1713	27 May 1715
HIH Margarita Petrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia	19 September 1714	7 June 1715
HIH Peter Petrovich, Grand Duke of Russia	15 November 1715	19 April 1719
HIH Pavel Petrovich, Grand Duke of Russia	13 January 1717	14 January 1717
HIH Natalia Petrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia	31 August 1718	15 March 1725

Peter I in popular culture

Peter has been featured in many books, plays and films, including The Bronze Horseman (poem) and the Negro of Peter the Great by Alexander Pushkin. Alexei Petrovich Romanov (Алексей Петрович ( &ndash) was a Russian Tsarevich. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Charlotte Christine Sofie also known as Sofie Charlotte or simply Charlotte ( 29 August 1694, Brunswick &ndash 2 November Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Anna Petrovna Tsesarevna of Russia (Анна Петровна 27 January 1708, Moscow &ndash 4 March 1728, Kiel Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1728 ( MDCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp (Karl Friedrich Herzog zu Holstein-Gottorp ( April 30, 1700 - June 18, 1739) was the son of Frederick Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky (Алексей Григорьевич Разумовский Олексій Григорович Розумовський Olexii Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1719 ( MDCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Bronze Horseman (Медный всадник literally "The Copper Horseman" is a Poem written by Aleksandr Pushkin in 1833 about The former dealt with a famous The Bronze Horseman, raised in Peter's honour. An equestrian statue is a Statue of a Horse -mounted rider The term is from the Latin " eques," meaning " Knight Alexey Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote a biographical historical novel about him, named "Petr I", in 1930's, which, along with its adaptations, became a major influence on Peter's subsequent portrayals. Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi (Алексей Николаевич Толстой ( January 10, 1883 ( December 29, 1882 ( O

There is a 1976 film, Skaz pro to, kak tsar' Pyotr arapa zhenil (How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor), starring Aleksey Petrenko as Peter, and Vladimir Vysotsky as Abram Petrovich Gannibal. Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotsky (Владимир Семёнович Высоцкий Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotskyj) ( January 25 1938 &ndash July Major-General Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal or Ibrahim Hannibal or Abram Petrov, (1696 &ndash 14 May Much of the film shows Peter's attempt to build the Baltic Fleet. The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's

Peter was played by Maximilian Schell in Peter the Great (TV Series) (1986) an NBC mini-series. Maximilian Schell (born December 8, 1930) is an Academy Award -winning Austrian Actor. Peter the Great is a 1986 NBC television mini-series starring Maximilian Schell as Russian leader Peter the Great, and based on the The series also featured Vanessa Redgrave, Trevor Howard, Omar Sharif and Sir Laurence Olivier. Vanessa Redgrave, CBE (born 30 January, 1937) is an English Academy Award, two-time Cannes Best Actress, For the footballer see Trevor Howard (footballer Trevor Howard, CBE ( 29 September 1913 Omar Sharif ( عمر الشريف; born April 10, 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning Egyptian Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron

The 2007 film, Sluga Gosudarev, depicts the unsavoury, brutal side of Peter during the Poltava campaign. Poltava (Полтава Połtawa is a City in central Ukraine.

Peter is also featured in the computer game Civilization IV as one of the leaders of the Russian Empire. Sid Meier's Civilization IV ( Civilization 4 or Civ4) is a Turn-based strategy computer game released in The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

See also

• Tsars of Russia family tree

• Russian history, 1682-1796
• Caesaropapism
• History of the administrative division of Russia
• Government reform of Peter I
• Peter the Great reformations in Russia
• Abram Petrovich Gannibal
• Other Tsars of Russia
• RFS Pyotr Velikiy, a Russian Navy battlecruiser named after Peter the Great

Notes

References

• Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980 (hardcover, ISBN 0-394-50032-6); New York: Ballantine Books, 1981 (paperback, ISBN 0-345-29806-3); 1986 (paperback, ISBN 0-345-33619-4); New York: Wings Books, 1991 (hardcover, ISBN 0-517-06483-9); London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 1-84212-116-2). Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Peter I.
• Hughes, Lindsey. Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-07539-1; paperback, ISBN 0-300-08266-5)
• Hughes, Lindsey. Peter the Great: A Biography. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-09426-4); 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-10300-X).
• Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History), edited by Lindsey Hughes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-333-92009-0).
• Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987 (hardcover, ISBN 0-525-24547-2).
• Stephen Graham (author) Peter the Great: A Life of Peter I of Russia called The Great Biographical work with 367 pages, plus Index. Stephen Graham (1884 - 1975 was a British author noted for his travel writing though he also wrote novels Not Illustrated, other than a black and white frontispiece portrait of Peter the Great. ^[1]

Preceded by Feodor III	Tsar of Russia 1682–1721 with Ivan V 1682–1696	Succeeded by —
Preceded by —	Emperor of Russia 1721–1725	Succeeded by Catherine I
Preceded by Frederick I	Duke of Estonia and Livonia 1721–1725

Persondata
NAME	Peter the Great
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Romanov, Pyotr Alexeyevich; Peter I
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Emperor of Russia
DATE OF BIRTH	=9 June 1672
PLACE OF BIRTH	Moscow
DATE OF DEATH	8 February 1725
PLACE OF DEATH

Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 At different times a ruler of the territory of modern Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince) Velikiy Kniaz (translated Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother At different times a ruler of the territory of modern Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince) Velikiy Kniaz (translated Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later Frederick I (Fredrik I ( 23 April 1676 – 25 March 1751) was King of Sweden from 1720 and Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel The Rulers of Estonia is a list of the rulers of Estonia throughout the history Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

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