Peter the Great (Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 – 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon (as Peter III) of Valencia and of Majorca (as Peter I), and Sovereign Count of Barcelona (as Peter II) from 1276 to his death. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century He conquered Sicily and became its king in 1282. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke" He was one of the greatest of medieval Catalan/Aragonese monarchs.
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Youth and succession
Peter was the eldest son of James I of Aragon and his second wife Yolanda of Hungary. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador Violant of Hungary ( Esztergom, Kingdom of Hungary, c 1216 &ndash 1253 was Queen consort of James I of Aragon. On 13 June 1262, he married Constance, daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Constantia or Constance ( 1249 - 9 April, 1302) was the Queen consort of Peter III of Aragon. Manfred ( Venosa, 1232 &ndash Benevento February 26, 1266) was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266 During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the Reconquista against the Moors. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent [1]
On James' death, the lands of the Crown of Aragon were divided, with Aragon and Valencia, along with the Catalan counties, going to the eldest son, Peter, while the Balearic Islands (constituted as the Kingdom of Majorca), alongside the territories in the Languedoc (Montpellier and Roussillon), went to the second son, James. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Catalan counties were the administrative divisions of the eastern Carolingian Marca Hispanica created after its Frankish conquest The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Languedoc ( in French Lengadòc in Occitan) is a former Province of France, now continued in the modern-day ''régions'' of Languedoc-Roussillon Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is James II (Jaume (died 1311 was King of Majorca and Lord of Montpellier from 1243 until his death Peter and Constance were crowned in Zaragoza (the capital of Aragon) in November by the archbishop of Tarragona. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former At this ceremony, Peter renounced all feudal obligations to the papacy which his grandfather Peter II had incurred. Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of
Early rebellions
Peter's first act as king was to complete the pacification of his Valencian territory, an action which had been underway on his father's death.
However, a revolt soon broke out in Catalonia, led by the viscount of Cardona and abetted by Roger-Bernard III of Foix, Arnold Roger I of Pallars Sobirà, and Ermengol X of Urgell. Cardona is a town ìn Catalonia, Spain, in the province of Barcelona; about 90 km northwest of the city of Barcelona, on a hill almost surrounded Roger-Bernard III (1243 &ndash 3 March 1302) was the Count of Foix from 1265 to his death Ermengol X (1254 &ndash 1314 was the Count of Urgel and Viscount of Àger from 1268 though his succession was disputed [2] The rebels had grown a hatred for Peter in response to the severity of his dealings with them in the days of his father. Now, as king, they opposed him for not summoning the Catalan corts, or assembly, and confirming its privileges.
At the same time, a succession crisis continued in the County of Urgell. Urgell (Spanish Urgel) is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya. When Count Álvaro died in 1268, the families of his two wives, Constance, a daughter of Pedro Moncada of Béarn, and Cecilia, a daughter of Roger-Bernard II of Foix, began a long fight over the inheritance of his county. Álvaro ( Burgos, 1239 &ndash Foix, 1268 called el Castellà ("the Castilian" was the Count of Urgell and Viscount of Àger Roger Bernard II (c1195 – 26 May 1241) called the Great, was the sixth count of Foix from 1223 until his death Meanwhile, a good portion of the county had been repossessed by James and thus inherited by Peter. In 1278, Armengol X, Álvaro's eldest son, succeeded in recovering most of his lost patrimony and came to an agreement with Peter whereby he recognised the latter as his suzerain. [3]
In 1280, Peter defeated the stewing rebellion led by Roger-Berengar III after besieging the rebels in Balaguer for a month. Balaguer is the capital of the comarca of Noguera, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. Most of the rebel leaders were imprisoned in Lleida until 1281, while Roger-Bernard was imprisoned until 1284. Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida
Wars abroad
Africa
When the Hafsid Emir of Tunisia, Muhammad I al-Mustansir, who had put himself under James the Conqueror, died in 1277, Tunisia threw off the yoke of Aragonese suzerainty. Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. Muhammad I al-Mustansir ( &ndash 1277 was the second ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya and the first to claim the title of Khalif. [4] Peter first sent an expedition to Tunis in 1280 under Conrad de Llansa designed to re-establish his suzerainty. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis [5] In 1281, he himself prepared to lead a fleet of 140 ships with 15,000 men to invade Tunisia on behalf of the governor of Constantine. [6] The fleet landed at Alcoyll in 1282 and the troops began to fortify themselves in. Collo is the capital and one of three municipalities, of Collo district in Skikda Province, Algeria. It was these Aragonese troops that received a Sicilian embassy after the Vespers of 30 March asking Peter to take their throne from Charles of Anjou. The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest
Italy
Peter was the direct descendant and the heir-general of the Mafalda, daughter of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, the Norman conqueror, and his official wife Sigelgaita, daughter of a Lombard prince, Guaimar IV of Salerno. The War of the ( Sicilian) Vespers started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and finally ended with Robert Guiscard (from Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily This is a list of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria in Southern Italy from the 11th century to the 12th century The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Sikelgaita (also Sichelgaita or Sigelgaita) (1040 &ndash 16 April 1090) was a Lombard princess the daughter of Guaimar IV The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a Guaimar IV (c 1013 &ndash ass June 3 or 2 1052 was Prince of Salerno (1027&ndash1052 Duke of Amalfi (1039&ndash1052 Duke of Gaeta Thus, he stood at the end of the Hauteville succession to Sicily. The family of the Hauteville ( French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla) was a petty baronial Norman family from the After the ducal family of Apulia became extinct with William II in 1127, Mafalda's heirs (then counts of Barcelona) apparently became de jure heirs of Guiscard and Sigelgaita: thus Peter was dormantly a claimant to the Norman succession of southern Italy. William II (1095-July 1127 was the duke of Apulia and Calabria from 1111 to 1127 More directly, he was the heir of Manfred in right of his wife. The Two Sicilies were to be a tenaciously-pursued inheritance for the Aragonese royal house and its heirs for the next five centuries. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe.
The Italian physician John of Procida acted on behalf of Peter in Sicily. John of Procida ( Italian: Giovanni da Procida; 1210 &ndash 1298 was an Italian medieval physician and diplomat John had fled to Aragon after Charles' success at Tagliacozzo. The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on August 23, 1268 between French forces of Charles of Anjou and the Hohenstaufen forces a polyglot John travelled to Sicily to stir up the discontents in favour of Peter and thence to Constantinople to procure the support of Michael VIII Palaeologus. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11 [7] Michael refused to aid the Aragonese king without papal approval and so John voyaged to Rome and there gained the consent of Pope Nicholas III, who feared the ascent of Charles in the Mezzogiorno. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Pope Nicholas III ( Rome, 1210/1220 &ndash August 22, 1280) born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Pope from November 25, [8] John then returned to Barcelona and the pope promptly died, to be replaced by Simon de Brie, a Frenchman and a staunch ally of Charles. Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 The stage, however, had been set for a conflict.
After receiving an embassy from the people of Palermo at Alcoyll, Peter landed at Trapani on 30 August 1282. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Trapani ( Tràpani in Sicilian) is a city on the west coast of Sicily in Italy. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and [9] He was proclaimed King in Palermo on 4 September. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Charles was forced to flee across the Straits of Messina and be content with his "Kingdom of Naples. The Strait of Messina ( Strittu di Missina in Sicilian) is the narrow section of water between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian " Simon de Brie as the new Pope Martin IV excommunicated both Peter and the Byzantine emperor for providing Peter III with 60,000 gold pieces to invade Sicily (18 November). Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull [10]
Peter nevertheless pressed his advantage and by February 1283 had taken most of the Calabrian coastline. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Charles, perhaps feeling desperate, sent letters to Peter demanding they resolve the conflict by personal combat. The invader accepted and Charles returned to France to arrange the duel. Both kings chose six knights to settle matters of places and dates. A duel was scheduled for 1 June at Bordeaux. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate A hundred knights would accompany each side and Edward I of England would adjudge the contest; the English king, heeding the pope, however, refused to take part. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Peter left John of Procida in charge of Sicily and returned via his own kingdom to Bordeaux, which, evading a suspected French ambush, he entered in disguise. Needless to say, no combat ever took place and Peter returned to a very troubled Spain. [11]
While Peter was back in France and Spain, his admiral, Roger of Lauria, was wreaking havoc in Italy. Roger of Lauria, also Ruggero or Ruggiero di Lauria or Llúria (c He routed Charles' fleets on the high seas several times and conquered Malta for Aragon. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands
Later domestic unrest
Peter was dealing with domestic unrest at the time when the French were preparing an invasion. The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of Alfonso II ( 1174- 1 Dec, 1209) was the second son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador James II (Jaume (died 1311 was King of Majorca and Lord of Montpellier from 1243 until his death Not to be confused with Elizabeth of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon (Duchess of Milan and Isabella of Aragon Princess of Asturias. Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Frederick II of Sicily may refer to Frederick III of Sicily, who technically was Frederick II but used Frederick III Frederick II Holy Roman Saint Elizabeth of Portugal also known as Elizabeth of Aragon (1271&ndash 4 July 1336) ( Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Alfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne) (1299 &ndash 24 January 1336 was the Alfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne) (1299 &ndash 24 January 1336 was the Peter IV (also known as Pedro or Pere 5 September 1319, Balaguer – 5 January 1387) called the Ceremonious ( el Ceremonioso Peter IV (also known as Pedro or Pere 5 September 1319, Balaguer – 5 January 1387) called the Ceremonious ( el Ceremonioso John I ( December 27, 1350 &ndash May 19, 1396) called by posterity the Hunter ( Juan el Cazador in Castilian Martin of Aragon (1356 &ndash 31 May 1410) called the Elder, the Humane, the Ecclesiastic, was the King of Aragon, Eleanor of Aragon ( 20 January 1358 &ndash 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera John I ( December 27, 1350 &ndash May 19, 1396) called by posterity the Hunter ( Juan el Cazador in Castilian Yolande of Aragon, ( 11 August 1384, Saragosa, Aragon &ndash 14 November[[ 442]] was a daughter of John I of Aragon Martin of Aragon (1356 &ndash 31 May 1410) called the Elder, the Humane, the Ecclesiastic, was the King of Aragon, He took Albarracín from the rebellious noble Juan Núñez de Lara, and he renewed the alliance with Sancho IV of Castile and attacked Tudela in an attempt to prevent the king of Navarre, Philip I, the son of the French king, from invading on that front. Albarracín is a town of Spain, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. Sancho IV the Brave (1257 or 1258 &ndash 25 April 1295, Toledo) was the King of Castile and León from 1284 to his death Tudela is a Municipality in Spain, the second city of the Autonomous community of Navarre. This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre.
Peter held meetings of the cortes at Tarragona and Zaragoza in 1283. Tarragona (tərəˈɣonə in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia and east of Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former He was forced to grant the Privilegio General to the newly-formed Union of Aragon. The Union of Aragon ( Castilian: Unión de Aragón) was an anti-royalist movement among the nobility and the townsmen of the lands of the Crown of Aragon [12] Also in that year, Peter's brother James joined the French and recognised their suzerainty over Montpellier, giving them free passage through the Balearic Islands and Roussillon. In October, Peter began preparing the defences of Catalonia. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
In 1284, Pope Martin IV granted the kingdom of Aragon to Charles, Count of Valois, the son of the French king, Philip III the Bold, and great nephew of Charles. Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 Charles of Valois ( March 12, 1270 &ndash December 16, 1325) was the fourth son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Papal sanction was given to a war — crusade — to conquer Aragon on behalf of Charles of Valois.
Aragonese Crusade
In 1284, the first French armies under King Philip and Count Charles entered Roussillon. The Aragonese Crusade or Crusade of Aragón, a part of the larger War of the Sicilian Vespers, was declared by Pope Martin IV against the King of Aragón They included 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. [13] Though the French had James' support, the local populace rose against them. The city of Elne was valiantly defended by the so-called bâtard de Roussillon ("bastard of Roussillon"), the illegitimate son of Nuño Sánchez, late count of Roussillon (1212–1242). Elne ( French: Elne, ɛln Catalan Elna) is a town and commune of southern France, in the former province of Nunyó Sanç (Nuno Sanche (c1185&ndash1242 was a Catalan nobleman and statesman Eventually he was overcome and the cathedral was burnt; the royal forces progressed.
In 1285, Philip entrenched himself before Girona in an attempt to besiege it. Girona ( Catalan: Girona ʒiˈɾonə Spanish: Gerona xeˈɾona is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain The resistance was strong, but the city was taken. Charles was crowned there, but without an actual crown. The French soon experienced a reversal, however, at the hands of Roger de Lauria, back from the Italian theatre of the drawn-out conflict. Roger of Lauria, also Ruggero or Ruggiero di Lauria or Llúria (c The French fleet was defeated and destroyed at the Battle of Les Formigues. The naval Battle of Les Formigues ( Catalan) or Las Hormigas ( Spanish) took place probably in the early morning of 4 September 1285 As well, the French camp was hit hard by an epidemic of dysentery. Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood
Philip himself was afflicted. The heir to the French throne, Philip the Fair, opened negotiations with Peter for free passage for the royal family through the Pyrenees. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés But the troops were not offered such passage and were decimated at the Battle of the Col de Panissars. The Battle of the Col de Panissars was fought on 30 September and 1 October 1285 between the forces of Philip III of France and Peter III The king of France himself died at Perpignan, the capital of James of Majorca, who had fled in fear after being confronted by Peter, and was buried in Narbonne. Perpignan ( French: Perpignan, pɛʀpiɲɑ̃ Catalan Perpinyà,) is a commune and the Préfecture (administrative Narbonne ( Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, the Roman Narbo) is a commune in southwestern France in the James was declared a vassal of Peter.
Troubadour works
Peter matched his father in patronage of the arts and literature, but unlike him he was a lover of verse, not prose. He favoured the troubadours, of which he himself was one, and wrote two sirventesos. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 The sirventes or serventes ( Mistralian norm sirventès) is a Genre of Occitan Lyric poetry used by
The first is in the form of an exchange between Peter and one Peironet, a jongleur. Peironet or Peyronet was a Catalan Troubadour and Jongleur ( juglar in contemporary records minstrel was a medieval European Bard who performed songs whose lyrics told stories about distant places or about real or imaginary historical events The second forms part of a compilation of five compositions from Bernat d'Auriac, Peter the Great, Pere Salvatge (perhaps the same as Peironet), Roger-Bernard III of Foix, and an anonymous contributor. Bernat or Bernart d'Auriac was a minor Troubadour notable mainly for initiating a cycle of five short Sirventes in the summer of 1285 Pere Salvatge or Peire / Peyre Salvagge was a Catalan Troubadour of the late Thirteenth century (fl
As well, the wars with Philip of France and James of Majorca furnished material for new sirventesos and during this period the sirventes was converted into a convenient tool of political propaganda in which each side could, directly or allegorically, present its case and procure sympathy propitious to its cause.
Death and legacy
Peter died at Vilafranca del Penedès on 2 November 1285, in the same year as his two royal foes, Charles and Philip, and was buried in the monastery of Santes Creus. Vilafranca del Penedès, or simply Vilafranca, is the capital of the ''comarca'' of the Alt Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. Santes Creus is a Cistercian Monastery in Catalonia. It was started in 1158, and today is considered one of the finest preserved monastic sites His deathbed absolution occurred after he declared that his conquests had been in the name of his familial claims and never against the claims of the church.
Peter left Aragon to his eldest son Alfonso III and Sicily to his second son James II. Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Peter's third son, Frederick III, in succession to his brother James, became regent of Sicily and in due course its king. Frederick II or III ( 13 December 1272 &ndash 25 June 1337) was the Regent (from 1291 and subsequently King of Sicily Peter did not provide for his youngest son and namesake (1275 – 25 August 1296), who married Guillemette, daughter of Gaston VI of Béarn. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Gaston VI (1173 &ndash 1214 called the Good, was the Viscount of Béarn, Gabardan, and Brulhois from 1173
Peter also had two daughters, Elisabeth, who married Denis of Portugal, and Yolanda (1273 – August 1302), who married Robert of Naples. Saint Elizabeth of Portugal also known as Elizabeth of Aragon (1271&ndash 4 July 1336) ( Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Denis ( Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz, diˈniʃ 9 October 1261 in Lisbon – 7 January, 1325 in Robert of Anjou, known as Robert the Wise (Roberto il Saggio 1277 – 20 January, 1343) was King of Naples from 1309 to 1343
In the Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri sees Peter "singing in accord" (d'ogni valor portó cinta la corda) with his former rival, Charles I of Sicily, outside the gates of Purgatory. The Divine Comedy See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification
Notes
References
- Runciman, Steven. Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH ( 7 July, 1903 &ndash 1 November, 2000) better known as Sir Steven Runciman, was The Sicilian Vespers. 1958. ISBN 0-521-43774-1
- Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London: Methuen, 1933.
| Preceded by: James I |
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Succeeded by: Alfonso III |
| Count of Barcelona 1276–1285 |
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| King of Valencia 1276–1285 |
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| Charles I | King of Sicily 1282–1285 |
James |
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