Citizendia
Your Ad Here

"Abelard" redirects here. For other uses, see Abelard (disambiguation).
Western Philosophers
Medieval Philosophy
"Abaelardus and Heloïse surprised by Master Fulbert", by Romanticist painter Jean Vignaud (1819)
Name
Pierre Abélard
Birth 1079
Death 21 April 1142
School/tradition Scholasticism
Main interests Metaphysics, Logic, Philosophy of language, Theology
Notable ideas Nominalism, Scholasticism
Influenced by Aristotle, Porphyry, Boethius
Influenced John of Salisbury

Peter Abelard (Lt: Petrus Abaelardus or Abailard; Fr: Pierre Abélard) (1079 – April 21, 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. Medieval philosophy is the Philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as Medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature origins and usage of Language. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Nominalism is a metaphysical view in Philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist but that either universals Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Porphyry of Tyre ( Greek:, c AD 233&ndashc 309 was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480&ndash524 or 525 was a Christian philosopher of the 6th century John of Salisbury (c 1120 &ndash 1180 English author diplomat and Bishop of Chartres, was born at Salisbury. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. The story of his affair with and love for his student Héloïse has become legendary. The letters of Héloïse (1101-16 May 1164 and Peter Abelard are among the best known records of early Romantic love.

Contents

Life

Youth

Abelard, originally called 'Pierre le Pallet' was born in the little village of Palets, about 10 miles east of Nantes, in Brittany, the eldest son of a minor noble Breton family. Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into As a boy, he learned quickly being encouraged by his father, studied the liberal arts and excelled at the art of dialectic (a branch of philosophy) that at that time consisted chiefly of the logic of Aristotle transmitted through Latin channels. The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Instead of entering a military career, as his father had done, Abelard became an academic. During his early academic pursuits, Abelard wandered throughout France, debating and learning, so as (in his words) "he became such as one as the Peripatetics. The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. "[1] The nominalist Roscellinus of Compiegne was his teacher during this period. Nominalism is a metaphysical view in Philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist but that either universals Roscellinus, also called Roscelin of Compiègne or in Latin Roscellinus Compendiensis and Rucelinus (c Compiègne is a commune in the Oise département of France, of which it is a Sous-préfecture.

Rise to fame

Abelard and his pupil, Héloïse, by Edmund Blair Leighton
Abelard and his pupil, Héloïse, by Edmund Blair Leighton

Abelard's travels finally brought him to Paris while still in his teens. Edmund Blair Leighton ( September 21, 1853 &mdash September 1, 1922) was an English painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city There, in the great cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris,[1] he was taught for a while by William of Champeaux, the disciple of Anselm of Laon (not to be confused with Saint Anselm) a leading proponent of Realism. The first cathedral schools originated in the Early Middle Ages. Guillaume de Champeaux ( c 1070 &ndash 1122 also known as William of Champeaux ( English) or Guglielmus de Campellis ( Latin) was Anselm of Laon (died 1117 was a French theologian. Born of very humble parents at Laon before the middle of the 11th century he is said to have studied Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 &ndash April 21, 1109) was an Italian medieval Philosopher, theologian, and church official Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief in a Reality that is completely Ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes linguistic practices beliefs It was during this time that he changed his surname to "Abelard", sometimes written "Abailard" or "Abaelardus". He was soon able to defeat the master in argument, resulting in a long duel that ended in the downfall of the philosophic theory of Realism, till then dominant in the early Middle Ages (to be replaced by Abelard's Conceptualism, or by Nominalism, the principal rival of Realism prior to Abelard). Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief in a Reality that is completely Ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes linguistic practices beliefs Conceptualism is a Doctrine in Philosophy intermediate between Nominalism and realism that says universals exist only within the Nominalism is a metaphysical view in Philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist but that either universals First, against opposition from the metropolitan teacher, while yet only twenty-two, Abelard set up a school of his own at Melun, then, for more direct competition, he moved to Corbeil, nearer Paris. Melun is a commune in the southeastern Suburbs of Paris, France.

The success of his teaching was notable, though for a time he had to give it up, the strain proving too great for his constitution. On his return, after 1108, he found William lecturing at Saint-Victor, just outside the Ile-de-la-cite, and there they once again became rivals. Abelard was once more victorious, and now stood supreme. William was only temporarily able to prevent him from lecturing in Paris. From Melun, where he had resumed teaching, Abelard went on to the capital, and set up his school on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, overlooking Notre-Dame. The Montagne Sainte-Geneviève is a hill on the Left Bank of the Seine in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. From his success in dialectic, he next turned to theology and attended the lectures of Anselm at Laon. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Laon (lɑ̃ is a city and commune in Picardie in northern France, préfecture (capital} of the Aisne department His triumph was complete; the pupil was able to give lectures, without previous training or special study, which were acknowledged superior to those of the master. Abelard was now at the height of his fame. He stepped into the chair at Notre-Dame, being also nominated canon, about the year 1115.

Distinguished in figure and manners, Abelard was seen surrounded by crowds — it is said thousands of students — drawn from all countries by the fame of his teaching. Enriched by the offerings of his pupils, and entertained with universal admiration, he came, as he says, to think himself the only undefeated philosopher in the world. But a change in his fortunes was at hand. In his devotion to science, he had always lived a very regular life, enlivened only by philosophical debate: now, at the height of his fame, he encountered romance.

  1. ^  Though it was located on the same spot in the Île de la Cité, the cathedral of Abelard's time was not the same as the cathedral we see today. The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des Construction on the current Notre-Dame de Paris would not be begun until 1163. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the

His love, Héloïse

Abelard and Héloïse depicted in a 14th century manuscript
Abelard and Héloïse depicted in a 14th century manuscript

Living within the precincts of Notre-Dame, under the care of her uncle, the canon Fulbert, was a girl named Héloïse (d. The letters of Héloïse (1101-16 May 1164 and Peter Abelard are among the best known records of early Romantic love. 1164). She is said to have been beautiful, but still more remarkable for her knowledge of classical letters, which extended beyond Latin to Greek and Hebrew. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Abelard sought and gained a place in Fulbert's house, where he then fell in love with her; and becoming tutor to the girl, he used his power for the purpose of seduction, and she returned his devotion. Their relations interfered with his public work and were not kept a secret by Abelard himself. Soon everyone knew except the trusting Fulbert. Once her uncle found out, the lovers were separated, only to meet in secret. Héloïse found herself pregnant, and was sent by Abelard to Brittany, where she gave birth to a son. She named her child Astrolabe after the scientific instrument recently imported from the Islamic world. The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators To appease her furious uncle, Abelard proposed a secret marriage, in order not to mar his prospects of advancement in the church; but Héloïse opposed the idea. She appealed to him not to sacrifice for her the independence of his life, but reluctantly gave in to pressure. The secret of the marriage was not kept by Fulbert; and when Héloïse boldly denied it, life was made so difficult for her that she sought refuge in the convent of Argenteuil at Abelard's bidding. Argenteuil is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. Immediately Fulbert, believing that Héloïse's husband, who had helped her run away, wanted to be rid of her, plotted revenge. He and some others broke into Abelard's chamber by night, and castrated him. Castration (also referred to as Gelding, Neutering, Fixing, orchiectomy, and orchidectomy is any action surgical, chemical The priesthood and ecclesiastical office were, thereby, canonically closed to him. Héloïse, still only in her twenties, agreed to become a nun at the bidding of Abelard, who would never be able to function as a husband again. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life

According to historian Constant Mews in his work The Lost Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard, a set of 113 anonymous love letters found in a fifteenth century manuscript represent the correspondence exchanged by Héloïse and Abelard during the earlier phase of their affair.

Later life

It was in the Abbey of Saint-Denis that Abelard, now aged forty, sought to bury himself as a monk with his woes out of sight. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Finding no respite in the cloister, and having gradually turned again to study, he gave in to urgent entreaties, and reopened his school at an unknown priory. A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture His lectures, now framed in a devotional spirit, were once again heard by crowds of students, and all his old influence seemed to have returned; but he still had many enemies, against whom he could make less vigorous opposition. No sooner had he published his theological lectures (the Theologia 'Summi Boni') than his adversaries picked up on his rationalistic interpretation of the Trinitarian dogma. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных Charging him with the heresy of Sabellius in a provincial synod held at Soissons in 1121, they obtained through irregular procedures an official condemnation of his teaching, and he was made to burn his book before being shut up in the convent of St. In Christianity, Sabellianism (also known as modalism, modalistic monarchianism, or modal monarchism) is the Nontrinitarian belief A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Soissons is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France, located on the Aisne River, about 100 Medard at Soissons. It was the bitterest possible experience that could befall him. The life in his own monastery proved no more congenial than formerly. For this Abelard himself was partly responsible. He took a sort of malicious pleasure in irritating the monks. As if for the sake of a joke, he cited Bede to prove that Dionysius the Areopagite had been Bishop of Corinth, while they relied upon the statement of the Abbot Hilduin that he had been Bishop of Athens. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Dionysius the Areopagite ( Greek) was the Judge of the Areopagus who as related in the Acts of the Apostles, ( Hilduin ( 775 - 22 November[[ 40]] was Bishop of Paris, chaplain to Louis I, reforming Abbot of the Abbey of St A list of Bishops Metropolitans and Archbishops of Athens: When this historical heresy led to the inevitable persecution, Abelard wrote a letter to the Abbot Adam in which he preferred to the authority of Bede that of Eusebius of Caesarea's Historia Ecelesiastica and St. Jerome, according to whom Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, was distinct from Dionysius the Areopagite, bishop of Athens and founder of the abbey, though, in deference to Bede, he suggested that the Areopagite might also have been bishop of Corinth. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος Saint Dionysius Bishop of Corinth lived about the year 171 His Feast day is commemorated on April 8. Life in the monastery was intolerable for Abelard, and he was finally allowed to leave. In a deserted place near Nogent-sur-Seine, he built himself a cabin of stubble and reeds, and turned hermit. Nogent-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic" When his retreat became known, students flocked from Paris, and covered the wilderness around him with their tents and huts. When he began to teach again he found consolation, and in gratitude he consecrated the new Oratory of the Paraclete. The Oratory of the Paraclete is a Benedictine Monastery founded by Peter Abelard in Ferreux-Quincey, France (about five miles southeast

Composite image of the tomb of Abelard et Héloïse and various details
Composite image of the tomb of Abelard et Héloïse and various details
Closeup of dedicatory panel.
Closeup of dedicatory panel.

Abelard, fearing new persecution, left the Oratory to find another refuge, accepting an invitation to preside over the Abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, on the far-off shore of Lower Brittany. Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys (Lokentaz is a French commune located in the Morbihan département, in the Bretagne région The region was inhospitable, the domain a prey to outlaws, the house itself savage and disorderly. Yet for nearly ten years he continued to struggle with fate before he left. The misery of those years was lightened because he had been able, on the breaking up of Héloïse's convent at Argenteuil, to establish her as head of a new religious house at the deserted Paraclete, and in the capacity of spiritual director he often was called to revisit the spot thus made doubly dear to him. All this time Héloïse had lived respectably. Living on for some time apart (we do not know exactly where), after his flight from the Abbey of St Gildas, Abelard wrote, among other things, his famous Historia Calamitatum, and thus moved her to write her first Letter, which remains an unsurpassed utterance of human passion and womanly devotion; the first being followed by the two other Letters, in which she finally accepted the part of resignation, which, now as a brother to a sister, Abelard commended to her. Historia Calamitatum (A history of my calamities also known as Abaelardi ad Amicum Suum Consolatoria is an autobiographical work in Latin by Peter Abelard He had returned to the site of his early triumphs lecturing on Mount St. Genevieve by 1136 (when he was heard by John of Salisbury), but it was only for a brief time: a last great trial awaited him. As far back as the Paraclete days, his chief enemy had been Bernard of Clairvaux, in whom was incarnated the principle of fervent and unhesitating faith, to which rational inquiry like Abelard's was sheer revolt, and now the uncompromising Bernard was moving to crush the growing evil in the person of the boldest offender. Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order After preliminary negotiations, in which Bernard was roused by Abelard's steadfastness to put forth all his strength, a council met at Sens (1141), before which Abelard, formally arraigned upon a number of heretical charges, was prepared to plead his cause. History Caesar mentions Agedincum in the territory of the Senones several times in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, and the city retains When, however, Bernard had opened the case, suddenly Abelard appealed to Rome. Bernard, who had power, notwithstanding, to get a condemnation passed at the council, did not rest a moment till a second condemnation was procured at Rome in the following year. Meanwhile, on his way there to urge his plea in person, Abelard collapsed at the abbey of Cluny, and there he lingered only a few months before the approach of death. The town and commune of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région Removed by friends, for the relief of his sufferings, to the priory of St. Marcel, near Chalon-sur-Saone, he died. Not to be confused with Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne He is said to have uttered the last words "I don't know" before expiring. [2] First buried at St. Marcel, his remains were soon carried off secretly to the Paraclete, and given over to the loving care of Héloïse, who in time came herself to rest beside them (1163).

Philosophy

Philosophical work

The general importance of Abelard lies in his having fixed more decisively than anyone before him the scholastic manner of philosophizing, with its object of giving a formally rational expression to the received ecclesiastical doctrine. However his own particular interpretations may have been condemned, they were conceived in essentially the same spirit as the general scheme of thought afterwards elaborated in the 13th century with approval from the heads of the Church. Through him was prepared in the Middle Age the ascendancy of the philosophical authority of Aristotle, which became firmly established in the half-century after his death, when first the completed Organon, and gradually all the other works of the Greek thinker, came to be known in the schools: before his time it was rather upon the authority of Plato that the prevailing Realism sought to lean. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. As regards his so-called Conceptualism and his attitude to the question of Universals, see Scholasticism. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Outside of his dialectic, it was in ethics that Abelard showed greatest activity of philosophical thought; laying very particular stress upon the subjective intention as determining, if not the moral character, at least the moral value, of human action. His thought in this direction, wherein he anticipated something of modern speculation, is the more remarkable because his scholastic successors accomplished least in the field of morals, hardly venturing to bring the principles and rules of conduct under pure philosophical discussion, even after the great ethical inquiries of Aristotle became fully known to them. Pope Innocent III accepted Abelard's Doctrine of Limbo, which amended Augustine of Hippo's Doctrine of Original Sin. The Vatican accepted the view that unbaptized babies did not, as at first believed, go straight to Hell but to a special area of limbo, "limbus infantium". See also Intermediate state Purgatory|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity In Roman Catholic theology Limbo (Latin limbus They would therefore feel no pain but no supernatural happiness either (only natural) because, it was held, they would not be able to see the deity that created them. [3]

Reception

Abelard was an enormous influence on his contemporaries and the course of medieval thought, but he has been known in modern times mainly for his connection with Héloïse. It was not till the 19th century, when Cousin in 1836 issued the collection entitled Ouvrages inedits d'Abelard, that his philosophical performance could be judged at first hand; of his strictly philosophical works only one, the ethical treatise Scito te ipsum, having been published earlier, namely, in 1721. Cousin's collection, besides giving extracts from the theological work Sic et Non ("Yes and No") (an assemblage of opposite opinions on doctrinal points, culled from the Fathers as a basis for discussion, the main interest in which lies in the fact that there is no attempt to reconcile the different opinions), includes the Dialectica, commentaries on logical works of Aristotle, Porphyry and Boethius, and a fragment, De Generibus et Speciebus. Sic et Non, an early scholastic text whose title translates from Latin as "Yes and No" was written by Peter Abelard. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480&ndash524 or 525 was a Christian philosopher of the 6th century The last-named work, and also the psychological treatise De Intellectibus, published apart by Cousin (in Fragmens Philosophiques, vol. ii. ), are now considered upon internal evidence not to be by Abelard himself, but only to have sprung out of his school. A genuine work, the Glossulae super Porphyrium, from which Charles de Rémusat, in his classical monograph Abélard (1845), has given extracts, was published in 1930. Charles François Marie Comte de Rémusat ( March 13, 1797 - June 6, 1875) was a French Politician and writer

Primary Works

Disputed resting place/lovers' pilgrimage

The bones of the pair were moved more than once afterwards, but they were preserved even through the vicissitudes of the French Revolution, and now are presumed to lie in the well-known tomb in the cemetery of Père Lachaise in eastern Paris. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris The transfer of their remains there in 1817 is considered to have considerably contributed to the popularity of that cemetery, at the time still far outside the built-up area of Paris. By tradition, lovers or lovelorn singles leave letters at the crypt, in tribute to the couple or in hope of finding true love.

There seems, however, to be some dissent as to their actual resting place. The Oratory of the Paraclete claims he and Héloïse are buried on their site and that what exists in Père-Lachaise is merely a monument, or cenotaph. A cenotaph is a tomb or a Monument erected in honour of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere According to Père-Lachaise, the remains of both lovers were transferred from the Oratory in the early 1800s and reburied in the famous crypt on their grounds. There are still others who believe that while Abelard is buried in the tomb at Père-Lachaise, Heloïse's remains are elsewhere.

Music

Today Abelard is known largely as a philosopher who had a tragic love affair with Héloïse. However, Abelard was also long known as an important poet and composer. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Abelard composed some celebrated love songs for Héloïse that are now lost, and which have not been identified in the anonymous repertoire. Héloïse praised these songs in a letter: "The great charm and sweetness in language and music, and a soft attractiveness of the melody obliged even the unlettered". [4]

Abelard later composed a hymn book for the religious community that Héloïse joined. This hymn book, written after 1130, differed from contemporary hymnals, such as that of Bernard of Clairvaux, in that Abelard used completely new and homogeneous material. Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order They were grouped by metre, which meant that comparatively few melodies could be used. Only one melody from this hymnal survives, O quanta qualia. [5]

Abelard also left six biblical planctus (laments), which were very original and influenced the subsequent development of the lai, a song form that flourished in northern Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. A planctus is a Lament, or song or poem which expresses grief or mourning A lament or lamentation is a Song, Poem or piece of music expressing Grief, Regret or Mourning. A lai was a song form composed in northern Europe, mainly France and Germany, from the 13th to the late 14th century.

Melodies that have survived have been praised as "flexible, expressive melodies (that) show an elegance and technical adroitness that are very similar to the qualities that have been long admired in Abelard's poetry. "[6]

Cultural references

How happy is the blameless Vestal's lot! / The world forgetting, by the world forgot. Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical /
Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind! / Each pray'r accepted and each wish resign'd. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American drama and Romantic comedy by French director Michel [7]

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Historia Calamitatum|Medieval Sourcebook|http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/abelard-histcal.html
  2. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A history p. 687
  3. ^ http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html
  4. ^ Lorenz Weinrich. "Peter Abelard", Grove Music Online, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians L. Macy (accessed April 10, 2007), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Lorenz Weinrich. "Peter Abelard", Grove Music Online, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians L. Macy (accessed April 10, 2007), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  6. ^ Micheal Oliver, reviewing a CD of Abelard's music in Gramophone, 1995
  7. ^ Eloisa to Abelard
  8. ^ http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/navigation/showpageNS.asp?l1=3&l2=0&l3=0 Retrieved 6 April 2006
  9. ^ Rage of the Heart (The Official Site)

External links

See also


Persondata
NAME Abelard, Peter
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION scholastic philosopher and logician
DATE OF BIRTH 1079
PLACE OF BIRTH Pallet, Brittany
DATE OF DEATH April 21, 1142
PLACE OF DEATH Chalon-sur-Saone
Medieval philosophy is the Philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as Medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from In Metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common namely characteristics or qualities A pallet (ˈpæːlɨt (sometimes called a skid) is a flat transport structure that supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted by a Forklift, Pallet Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Not to be confused with Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic