Peshawar پشاور
General Information
Country	Pakistan
Province	North-West Frontier Province
Coordinates	34°00′″N 71°30′″E / <span class="geo-dec geo" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for Expression error: Unexpected / operator Expression error: Unexpected / operator">Expression error: Unexpected / operator, Expression error: Unexpected / operatorCoordinates: 34°00′″N 71°30′″E / <span class="geo-dec geo" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for Expression error: Unexpected / operator Expression error: Unexpected / operator">Expression error: Unexpected / operator, Expression error: Unexpected / operator
Elevation	347 m (1,138 ft) AMSL
Area	2,257 km² (871 sq mi)
Calling code	091
Time zone	PST (UTC+5)
No. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The term above mean sea level ( AMSL) refers to the Elevation (on the ground or Altitude (in the Air) of any object relative to the Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. A telephone number or phone number is a sequence of numbers used to call from one Telephone line to another in a Telephone network. Pakistan Standard Time (PST is the time zone for Pakistan. It is usually 5 hours ahead of GMT though as of June 1 2008 it is 6 hours ahead due to the use of DST to help decrease UTC+5 is the Timezone for Pakistan Standard Time West Asia Standard Time. of Towns
Population	2,955,254 (2007)
Estimate	3. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 242 million (2006)
Government
Nazim (Mayor)	Haji Ghulam Ali
No. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A nazim ( Urdu: ناظم, from the word for "organizer" or "convenor" (similar to Mayor) is the coordinator of cities and towns in Pakistan of Union Councils	25
Peshawar Local Government

Peshāwar (help·info) (Pashto: پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province^[1] and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. A Union Council or village council in Pakistan is an elected Local government body consisting of 21 councillors and headed by a Nazim (which is equivalent Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[2] "Peshawar" literally means High Fort in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. The area of the city has been ruled by numerous empires including the Afghan, Persian, Greek, Maurya, Scythian, Arab, Turk, Mongol, Mughal, Sikh and the British. The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Islamic conquest of Afghanistan ( 656 - 870 CE began after the Islamic conquest of Persia, when Arab Muslims shattered the might of the The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political social and sometimes Imperialistic influence various European nations have had on this historical development of the

In ancient times a major settlement called Pushpapura was established in the general area of Peshawar by the Central Asian Kushans. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 It was during the Mughal period that the current city was established by Akbar in the 16th century and received its name Peshawar. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar During much of its history, the city was one of the main trading centres on the ancient Silk Road and was a major crossroads for various cultures between South and Central Asia and the Middle East. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Located on the edge of the Khyber Pass near the Afghan border, Peshawar is the commercial, economic, political and cultural capital of the Pashtuns in Pakistan. The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called

History

Main article: History of Peshawar

Peshawar is located in an area that was dominated by various tribes of Indo-Iranian origin. The known history of Peshawar, a region of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years The region was affiliated with the ancient kingdom of Gandhara and had links to the Harappan civilization of the Indus River Valley and to Bactria and other ancient kingdoms based in Afghanistan. Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, According to the historian Tertius Chandler, Peshawar had a population of 120,000 in the year 100 BCE, making it the seventh most populous city in the world. ^[3]

Vedic mythology refers to an ancient settlement called Pushkalavati in the area, after Pushkal, the son of King Bharata in the epic Ramayana. Vedic mythology refers to the mythological aspects of the Historical Vedic religion and Vedic literature. Pushkalavati is an ancient site situated in Peshawar valley in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Bharata ( Sanskrit: भरत IAST Bharata, Malay: Barata, Thai: The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki ^[4], but this settlement's existence remains speculative and unverifiable. ^[5] In recorded history, the earliest major city established in the general area of Peshawar was called Purushapura (Sanskrit for City of Men) was founded by the Kushans, a Central Asian tribe of Tocharian origin, over 2,000 years ago. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 ^[6] Prior to this period the region was affiliated with Gandhara, an ancient Indo-Iranian kingdom and was annexed first by the Persian Achaemenid empire and then by the Hellenic empire of Alexander the Great. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The city passed into the rule of Alexander's successor, Seleucus I Nicator who ceded it to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya empire in 305 BCE. Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Chandragupta Maurya (चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c Buddhism was introduced into the region at this time and may have claimed the majority of Peshawar's inhabitants before the coming of Islam. ^[7]

The area that Peshawar occupies was then seized by the Greco-Bactrian king, Eucratides (c. The Gr(aeco-Bactrian Kingdom was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 Eucratides I (or Eukratides I)(reigned ca 170 BCE - 145 BCE was one of the most important Greco-Bactrian kings 170 - c. 159 BCE), and was controlled by a series of Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek kings who ruled an empire that spanned from ancient Pakistan to North India. The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Later, the city came under the rule of several Parthian and Indo-Parthian kings, another group of Iranic invaders from Central Asia, the most famous of whom, Gondophares, ruled the city and its environs starting in circa 46 CE, and was briefly followed by two or three of his descendants before they were displaced by the first of the "Great Kushans", Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century. The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established during the 1st century by Gondophares, and at its greatest extent extended into areas that are in present-day Afghanistan The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Gondophares was the first king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. He seems to have ruled from 21 CE for at least 26 years The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 Kujula Kadphises, reigned (30-80 CE (Kushan language Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες, Pali: Kujula Kasasa

Peshawar formed the eastern capital of the empire of Gandhara under the Kushan king Kanishka I who reigned from at least 127 CE and, perhaps, for a few years prior to this. Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Kanishka (Kushan language Κανηϸκι, Middle Chinese: 迦腻色伽 was a king of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia, ruling an empire extending Peshawar also became a great centre of Buddhist learning. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Kanishka built what may have been the tallest building in the world at the time, a giant stupa, to house the Buddha's relics, just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist

Buddha relics from Kanishka's stupa in Peshawar, now in Mandalay, Burma.

Kanishka's stupa was said to be an imposing structure as one travelled down from the mountains of Afghanistan onto the Gandharan plains. The Kanishka stupa was a monumental Stupa established by the Kushan king Kanishka during the 2nd century CE in today's Shah-ji-Dheri The earliest account of the famous building is by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Faxian, who visited it in 400 and described it as being over 40 chang in height (probably about 120 m. Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca or 394 ft) and adorned "with all precious substances". "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travellers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength. " It was destroyed by lightning and repaired several times. It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang's visit in 634. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler Events By Place Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and From the ruined base of this giant stupa there existed a jewelled casket containing relics of the Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, and was excavated from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa's base, by a team under Dr. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder D. B. Spooner in 1909. The stupa was roughly cruciform in shape with a diameter of 286 ft (87 m. ) and heavily decorated around the sides with stucco scenes.

Sometime in the 1st millennium BCE, the group that now dominates Peshawar began to arrive from the Suleiman Mountains of southern Afghanistan to the southwest, the Pashtuns. The Sulaiman Mountains ( Persian, Urdu: سليمان are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Whether or not the Pashtuns existed in the region even earlier is debatable, as evidence is difficult to attain. Some writers such as Sir Olaf Caroe write that a group that may have been the Pakhtuns existed in the area and were called the Pactycians by Herodotus and the Greeks, which would place the Pakhtuns in the area of Peshawar much earlier along with other Aryan tribes. Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe ICS KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981 was an administrator in British India. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Ancient Hindu scriptures such as the Rig-Veda, speak of an Aryan tribe called the Pakht, living in the region. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Regardless, over the centuries the Pakhtuns would come to dominate the region and Peshawar has emerged as an important center of Pakhtun culture along with Kandahar and Kabul as well as Quetta in more recent times. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort Muslim Arab and Turkic arrived and annexed the region before the beginning of the 2nd millennium. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Pakhtuns began to convert to Islam following early annexation by Arab empire from Khurasan (in what is today western Afghanistan and northeastern Iran). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. ^[8]

Peshawar was taken by Turkic Muslims in 988 and was incorporated into the larger Pakhtun domains by the 16th century. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Events By Place Africa Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world The founder of the Mughul dynasty that would conquer South Asia, Babur who hailed from what is today Uzbekistan, came to Peshawar and found a city called Begram and rebuilt the fort there, in 1530. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly His grandson, Akbar, formally named the city Peshawar which means "The Place at the Frontier" in Persian and expanded the bazaars and fortifications. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar The Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and many settled in the Pashawar region. ^[10]

The city has been known both as the "City of Flowers" and the "City of Grain". In the days of the Kushan King, it was called the "Lotus Land".

Colour lithograph of Peshawar during 1857

Bacha Khan leads Mahajireen to Kabul. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Peshawar Street 1920

The Pakhtun conqueror Sher Shah Suri, turned Peshawar's renaissance into a boom when he ran his Delhi-to-Kabul Shahi Road through the Khyber Pass and Peshawar. Sher Shah Suri (1486 Sasaram &ndash May 22, 1545 Kalinjar) ( - Šīr Šāh Sūrī) also known as Farid Khan or The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Thus the Mughals turned Peshawar into a "City of Flowers" by planting trees and laying out gardens similar to those found to the west in Persia. Khushal Khan Khattak, the Pakhtun/Afghan warrior poet, was born near Peshawar and his life was intimately tied to the city. Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1689 (Pashto خوشحال خان خټک was a Pashtun warrior Poet and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe He was also an implacable foe of the Mughal rulers, especially Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Khattak was an early Pakhtun nationalist, who agitated for an independent Afghanistan including Peshawar. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under Persian control during the reign of Nadir Shah by the 18th century. Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November

Peshawar would also join, following a loya jirga as a Pakhtun region, the Afghan/Pakhtun empire of Ahmad Shah Durrani by 1747. A Loya Jirga ( Pashto: لويه جرګه, Persian: جرگه بزرگ) is a "grand assembly" a phrase taken from the name of large Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c1723-1773 ( also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān Abdālī, Pakhtuns from Peshawar took part in incursions of South Asia during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors. The Sikhs, who were oppressed under the Mughal rule then invaded and conquered Peshawar in 1834 after wresting it from Afghanistan. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. In the wars between to two nations, Peshawar's own Shalimar Gardens were destroyed, not to mention the dwindling of the city's population by almost half.

With the rapid collapse of the Sikh Empire caused by internal fighting after the Kings death and its defeat in the second Anglo-Sikh War, the British eventually occupied the city. They continued to rule from 1849 to 1947, when the city became part of the new nation of Pakistan.

Being among the most ancient cities of the region between Central, South, and West Asia, Peshawar has for centuries been a centre of trade between Afghanistan, South Asia, and Central Asia as well as the Middle East. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Its famed markets such as the Qissa Khawani Bazaar (market of story tellers) are emblematic of this mixture of cultures. The Qissa Khawani Bazaar ( Urdu: قصه خواني بازار) (or 'Market of Story-tellers') is famous Bazaar of Peshawar, in the North-West Frontier

Peshawar emerged as a centre of both Hindko and Pakhtun intellectuals. Its dominant culture for much of British rule was that of the hindko speakers, also referred to as "Khaarian" ('city dwellers' in Pashto). ^[11]

Its unique culture, distinct from the surrounding Pashtun areas, led to the city being romanticized by Pashto singers, with songs like larsha Pekhwar tha (let us go to Peshawar) and more recently Pekhawar kho pekhawar dhay kana.

This culture has gradually disappeared with the massive influx of Afghan refugees and the increasing migration of Pashtuns into the city, its demographics have now changed and Pashto is now the dominant language of the city. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 Peshawar served as a political centre for anti-Soviet Mujahideen, and was surrounded by huge camps of Afghan refugees. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the Many of the refugees remained there through the civil war which broke out after the Soviets were defeated in 1989, antecedent to the rule of the Taliban, and the invasion by American and allied forces in late 2001. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Peshawar would replace Kabul and Qandahar as the centre of Pakhtun cultural development during this tumultuous period. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Additionally, Peshawar managed to assimilate many of the Pakhtun Afghan refugees with relative ease, while many other Afghan refugees remained in camps awaiting a possible return to Afghanistan.

Until the mid-fifties Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. Of the old city gates the most famous was the Kabuli Gate but only the name remains now. Peshawar has not grown as much in size or capacity as the population has. As a result it has become a polluted and overcrowded city. ^[12] However, despite turmoil in Pakistan and intense turmoil in Afghanistan, Peshawar has remained a relatively quiet and peaceful city, compared to the violence in Karachi or Balochistan, and the civil war in Afghanistan. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان

Peshawar continues to be a city that links Pakistan to Afghanistan as well as Central Asia and has emerged as an important regional city in Pakistan and remains a focal point for Pakhtun culture. The Bakhshali Manuscript used in the Bakhshali approximation was found here, and the book Peshawar Nights uses the city as its setting. The Bakhshali Manuscript is a mathematical manuscript written on birch bark which was found near the village of Bakhshali in 1881 in what was This article presents and explains several methods which can be used to calculate Square roots Exponential identity Pocket calculators typically implement good Peshawar Nights is a Shi'a book by Sultanu'l-Wa'izin Shirazi ("Prince of Preachers from Shiraz"

Geography and climate

Location of Peshawar in Pakistan

Bab-e-Khyber (Entrance to Khyber Pass)

Khyber Pass

Peshawar is situated near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass and sits mainly on the Iranian plateau along with the rest of the NWFP. The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern Peshawar is literally a frontier city of South-Central Asia and was historically part of the Silk Road. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the

The Peshawar valley is covered with consolidated deposits of silt, sands and gravel of recent geological times. In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is The flood Plains/Zones are the areas between Kabul River and Budni Nala. Kabul River (or Kabal River;) classically called the Cophes (ˈkoʊˌfiːz is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated The meander flood plain extends from Warsak in the Northwest towards Southeast in the upper Northern half of the district. The Kabul river enters the district in the Northwest. On entering the Peshawar Plain, the Kabul River is divided into several channels. Its two main channels are the Adizai River Eastward flows along the boundary with Charsadda District. Another channel branching from the right bank of the Naguman River is the Shah Alam, which again merges with Naguman River further in the East. In general the sub-soil strata is composed of gravels, boulders, and sands overlain by silts and clays. Sand, gravel and boulders are important aquifer extends to a depth of about 200 feet. As further confined water bearing aquifer occurs at depths greater than 400 feet.

Winter in Peshawar starts from mid November to the end of March. Summer months are May to September. The mean maximum temperature in summer is over 40 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 25 °C. The mean minimum temperature during winter is 4°C and maximum is 18. 35 °C.

Rainfall is received both in winter and in the summer. The winter rainfall due to western disturbances shows a higher record during the months of February and April. The highest winter rainfall has been recorded in March, while the highest summer rainfall in the month of August. The average winter rainfall is higher than that of the summer. Based on a 30-year record, the average 30-year annual precipitation has been recorded as 400 millimetres. Wind speeds vary during the year from 5 knots in December to 24 knots in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August.

Peshawar’s environment has suffered tremendously due to an ever increasing population, Afghan influx, unplanned growth and a poor regulatory framework. Air and noise pollution is a significant issue in several parts of the city, and the water quality, once considered to be exceptionally good, is also fast deteriorating. ^[14]

In addition the city has lost 2700 acres of agriculture land during the two decades (1965-85). This in the addition to 400 of acres of vacant land that has been also eaten up by expending urban functions. In the same period, the land under parks and green space has shrunk from 163 to 75 acres. ^[15]

Demographics

Peshawar is a rapidly growing city with a population of 2,982,816 in 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The current population growth rate is 3. 29% per year, which is higher than the average of many other Pakistani cities. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Peshawar's inhabitants consist mainly of two groups, namely; the majority Pashtuns and Peshawaris (Hindkowans who are also referred to as "Khaarian" or 'city dwellers'). Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Hindkowans ( Perso-Arabic: ہِندکُون or Pathans (Perso-Arabic پنجاب پٹھان Devanagari: पंजाबी पठान Gurmukhi In addition, thousands of Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Persians, Panjabis, Chitralis and Gypsies can be found in the city. Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Chitral or Chatrāl (چترال is basically translated into "field" in the native language Khowar. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins

• Urban Population: 48. 68% (983,000 persons)
• Rural Population: 51. 32% (1,036,000 persons)
• Male/Female ratio: 1. 1:1
• Average annual growth rate 3. 56%

In 2002, on the growth rate of 3. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 56% population doubled in 20 years from 1. 1 million in 1981 to 2. 242 million in 2002. Peshawar District covers a large area extending over 50 km from north to south and over 30 km from east to west. Peshawar is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is situated at an altitude of 347 m (1138 ft) above sea level. The Peshawar valley is nearly circular, extending from the Indus to the Khyber Hills. It is bounded on the North and North East by hills, which separate it from the Valley of Swat. In the Northwest are the rugged mountains of Khyber and to the South is the continuation of spur which branches off from Safed Koh (the famous white mountain on the Afghan border) and runs to Indus. The lower portion of this branch separates the district of Peshawar and Kohat. Kohat ( Urdu: کوہاٹ is a medium sized town in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Over 99% of the Peshawar population is Muslim. Despite the overwhelmingly Islamic nature of modern Peshawar, the city was previously home to other smaller communities such as Afghan Jews, Zorastrian, Bahá'ís, Hindus and Sikhs. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The Partition of British India and the creation of Israel resulted in the virtual elimination of some of these groups, particularly Sikhs and Hindus from Peshawar, but there are still small Christian, Zorastrian, Bahá'í and Sikh communities that remain in the city. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. ^[16]

Culture

Mosque in Peshawar

Peshawar is the centre of Pashtun culture and arts as well as a major centre of Hindko culture. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western With the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the influx of millions Afghan Refugees into Pakistan, Peshawar became the home for Afghan musicians and artists as well. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The city has become the centre for Pashto music and cinema as well Dari music from neighbouring Afghanistan. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as However, the election of the MMA Islamic coalition in 2002 has resulted in restrictions on public musical performances, as well as a ban on playing recorded music on public transports. Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. Despite these restrictions, Peshawar has become host to a thriving underground scene. ^[17]

There is also a thriving book publishing activity in Persian language in Peshawar, concentrated in Qissa Khawani Bazaar.

Government

Peshawar's local government is comprised of 25 Union Councils.

City Development & Municipal Department (CD&MD)

City Development & Municipal Department (CD&MD) previously known as Peshawar Development Authority (PDA) is the department in charge of construction in Peshawar. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure This includes roads, parks, and plant life. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The director of Raigilalma, Hafiz Hidayatullah Khan, was awarded the certificate of "best construction engineer" in 1997 by the Japanese delegation for the consturction of the Dalazak road and flyover. Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the Construction of structures such as Highways Bridges Airports Railroads For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The department (CD&MD) was renewed because of the immense corruption which had taken place before. Its first Director General was Malik Saad. Malik Muhammad Saad Khan Shaheed (b May 19, 1959 d January 27, 2007) The then governor Lt. Gen Iftikhar Hussain Shah specifically requested Malik Saad to help tackle the corruption and bring the department back up to its former success again. This decision proved successful, because not only was the corruption tackled, but also the city`s development was in full gear and the city`s only fully functional flyover,also named after Malik Saad, was built along with many other projects and developments in the city.

Educational institutions

With the level of higher education on the rise, there has been a surge of educational institutions numbers in Peshawar.

• University of Peshawar
• Khyber Medical College
• Agriculture University of Peshawar
• University of engineering and technology (U. E. T. )
• IM|Sciences [Im|s][1]
• National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST-NU),Islamabad (Peshawar Campus)
• Islamia College Peshawar (1913)
• [Gandhara University (Kabir Medical College and Sardar Begum Dental College)][www. gandhara. edu. pk/]
• Jinnah College for Women
• Edwardes College Peshawar (1900)
• Government College Peshawar
• Superior Science College Wazirbagh Peshawar.
• Fazaia Degree College
• University Public School (1964)
• University Model School
• Peshawar Model School
• Collegiate School Islamia College
• Peshawar Grammar School
• The Convent High School
• Army Public School

Main articles: List of educational institutions in Peshawar and List of universities in Peshawar

Tourist information

Peshawar, as a traditional city with a rich history, offers everything from goldsmiths and silversmiths, traditional carpets (one of the big exports of Pakistan today), pottery, and clothing to artwork in wood, brass or semi-precious stones. There are many schools colleges and universities in Peshawar; some of them are Peshawar model Public schools This is a list of universities in Peshawar. City University of Science and Information Technology Institute of Computer and Management A goldsmith is a Metalworker who specializes in working with Gold and other Precious metals usually in modern times to make Jewelry. A silversmith is a person who works primarily making objects in solid Silver; historically the training and guild organization of Goldsmiths included silversmiths The old walled city, was known for its 16 gates — Bijouri, Kabuli, Aasamai, Kutcheri, Rampura, Hasht Nagri, Toot, Kohati, Sirki, Thandi Khoi, Barzaqan, Ganj, Ramdas, Dabgari and Lahore Gate. The names given to these gates are significant. It was Sikh General Avitabile, who built a mud wall surrounding the city. ^[18] Under the British nearly the whole of the enclosure wall had been built of pucca brick. Pucca (뿌까 in Korean) is a media franchise from the South Korean company Vooz Co ^[19]

There are many bazaars with different goods and souvenirs for travellers. The main ones include the historic Qissa Khawani Bazaar, the Copper market, Chowk Yadgar and Andarsheher Bazaar. The Qissa Khawani Bazaar ( Urdu: قصه خواني بازار) (or 'Market of Story-tellers') is famous Bazaar of Peshawar, in the North-West Frontier In addition because of its access to the Khyber pass, the Khyber train safari starts from here. Khyber train safari is a journey into time and history through the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

• General
  • Governor's House
  • Mattani
  • Dean Center
  • Peshawar Garrison Club
  • Aviator's Station - The site where freedom fighters of the 1857 independence movement were blown from guns. Mattani ( Urdu: متنی) is located near Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Peshawar Garrison Club in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan is situated on Sir Syed Road near the Mall
  • Danish Abad and Board Bazaar
  • Hayatabad
  • Kotla Mohsin Khan - The residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashtu poet. Danish Abad (pronounced "Daan-ish Aab-aad" literally "town of intellect" is a suburb town of Peshawar the capital city of the North-West Frontier Hayatabad is a modern and first planned suburb on the south-western fringe of Peshawar, the capital of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP Pakistan Kotla Mohsin Khan was constructed in the mid 16th century in the old city of Peshawar and today consists of two domed tombs and the famous majestic gateway through which historically
  • Durrani Graveyard
  • Para Training School
  • Sethi Mohallah

• Forts
  • Bala Hisar Fort
  • Burj Hari Singh - Sikh fort founded by Sikh General Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa (no longer exists)

• Colonial Monuments
  • Bara Bridge built by Mughal rulers in 1629. Sethi House a cultural heritage is one of seven houses built by Sethis in the Sethi Mohallah in the heart of the walled city of Peshawar. Bala Hisar Fort is one of the most historic places of Peshawar. Hari Singh Nalwa (1791-1837 was a legendary Sikh warrior who was born in Gujranwala, Punjab.
  • Chowk Yadgar - Formerly Hastings memorial
  • Cunningham clock tower built in 1900. Chowk Yadgar or “The Square of Remembrance” is a famous landmark of Peshawar. The Cunningham Clock Tower in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, was built in 1900 "in Commemoration of the Diamond jubilee of Called Ghanta Ghar
  • Avitabile's Pavilion
  • Edwardes School - The residence of Yar Mohammad Khan, the last Durrani Governor of Peshawar

• Buddhist
  • Gor Khuttree - An ancient site of Buddha's alms or begging bowl. The Cunningham Clock Tower in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, was built in 1900 "in Commemoration of the Diamond jubilee of Gor Khuttree is neighborhood of Peshawar city North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Headquarter of Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Governor Avitabile
  • Pakhtu Academy - The site of an ancient Buddhist University
  • Shah Ji Ki Dheri - The site of Kanishka's famous Buddhist monastery.

• Hindu
  • Panch Tirath - An ancient Hindu site now converted into a park

• Sikh
  • Sikh Gurudwara at Jogan Shah

• Mausoleums
  • Tomb of Sheikh Imamuddin (d. 1650) at Palosi Piran.
  • Tomb of Rahman Baba (d. Abdul Rahman Mohmand ( Pashto: عبدالرحمان مومند) popularly known as ( Pashto: رحمان بابا) was called the Nightingale of Pakhtoonkhwa 1706)
  • Tomb of Akhund Darweza (d. 1638)
  • Tomb of Sheikh Sultan Baba
  • Mausoleum of Nawab Sayed Khan
  • Ziarat of Ashab Baba
  • Burj-e-Roshnai

• Parks
  • Wazir Bagh - Laid in 1802, by Fatteh Khan, Prime Minister of Shah Mahmud Khan. Burj-e-Roshnai is located in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (1890 &ndash 1959 was Prime Minister of Afghanistan from May 1946 to 7 September 1953.
  • Ali Mardan Khan Gardens - Formerly Company Bagh now Khalid bin Waleed Park. Ali Mardan Khan (died April 1657 was a Kurdish noble at the court of Safavid King Shah Tahmasp but after surrendering the Afghan city of Qandahar
  • Shahi Bagh - A small portion of which constitutes the current site of Arbab Niaz Stadium. Arbab Niaz Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
  • Garrison Park - Located at Prime Location of Shami Road under Army Control.
  • Tatara Park - Located in Hayatabad for children and families.

• Mosques
  • Mohabbat Khan Mosque
  • Ganj Ali Khan Mosque
  • Qasim Ali Khan Mosque
  • Sonehri Masjid
  • Zarghooni MOsque
  • Shami Road

• Museums
  • Peshawar Museum (Victoria Memorial Hall)^[20]

• Shopping
  • Qissa Khawani Bazaar
  • Karkhano Market
  • Deans Trade Centre
  • Jans Arcade
  • Imperial Stores
  • City Towers
  • Jawad Towers
  • Town Towers
  • Mall Towers

• Hotels
  • Green Hotel
  • Khan Klub
  • Pearl Continental
  • Grand Hotel
  • Marhaba Hotel
  • Hidayat Hotel
  • North West Heritage Hotel

• Coffee Bars and Cafe's
  • Masooms
  • [[Cafe Viento]
  • Cafe De'Milan
  • Sheesha Club

Notable people

• Jahangir Khan - Squash player and several times world champion
• Jansher Khan - Squash player and several times world champion
• Dr. Naseem Ashraf - Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board
• Sajid & Zeeshan - Famous Pakistani English Band and video director. The Mohabbat Khan Mosque is a 17th century Mosque in Peshawar city North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Peshawar Museum is a Museum situated in the historic city of Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall ( Chinese: 维多利亚剧院及音乐会堂 is a complex of two buildings and a Clock tower joined together by a common The Qissa Khawani Bazaar ( Urdu: قصه خواني بازار) (or 'Market of Story-tellers') is famous Bazaar of Peshawar, in the North-West Frontier Khan Klub is popular hotel based in Peshawar, Pakistan. The hotel is housed in a restored Hindu Haveli that was built in 1793 A Pearl Continental Hotels is a hotel chain in Pakistan. The chain has locations in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Gwadar Jahangir Khan, HI (born December 10 1963, in Karachi, Pakistan) (sometimes Jansher Khan (born 15 June 1969, in Peshawar, Pakistan) is a former World No Career Ashraf graduated with honors from Khyber Medical College Peshawar University Pakistan in 1972 and remains a fellow of the American College of Physicians Sajid & Zeeshan is a Pakistani Art rock project comprising Sajid Ghafoor and Zeeshan Parwez.
• Ghulam Ishaq Khan - Former President of Pakistan
• Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari - Urdu scholar
• Rahimullah Yousufzai- Journalist
• Raheem Shah - Pakistani singer
• Raj Kapoor - Indian film actor
• Dilip Kumar (aka Yusuf Khan) - Indian film actor
• Vinod Khanna - Indian film actor/producer
• Rangeela - Pakistani film Actor
• Umer Gul - Cricket player
• Yasir Hamid - Cricket player
• Ismail Gulgee - Pakistani artist
• Badshah Munir Bukhari - Linguist
• Sharbat Gula - Refugee in a camp near Peshawar from 1985 to 2002 and who was made famous by photographer Steve McCurry (National Geographic magazine)
• Rahman Baba - Pushto poet
• Khushal Khan Khattak - Pushto poet
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Pakistani politician/political leader
• Khan Abdul Ghani Khan - Pakistani poet & philosopher
• Abdur Rab Nishtar - Muslim religious leader

Transport

The Peshawar International Airport serves the city and the province of the North-West Frontier as the main international airport in the region. Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) ( Urdu / Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) ( January 20, 1915 – October 27 Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari ( Urdu: سید احمد شاہ پطرس بخاری) (commonly known as Patras Bokhari پطرس بخاری) Rahimullah Yousufzai is a Peshawar based Journalist, and founder and Executive Editor of the Jang group's The NEWS Peshawar bureau Rahim Shah ( Pashto / Urdu: رحیم شاہ) is a Pakistani Pop singer. Ranbirraj Kapoor 'The Show-man' ( Hindi: राज कपूर Rāj Kapūr December 14, 1924 - June 2, 1988) was an Indian Yusuf Khan (यूसुफ़ ख़ान Urdu: یوسف خان; jusʊf xan (born December 11, 1922) popularly known as Dilip Kumar Vinod Khanna (विनोद खन्ना born 6 October, 1946) is an Indian Actor, Film producer and Politician Saeed Khan Rangeela ( Urdu: سعید خان رنگیلا) (b January 1, 1937 - May 24, 2005) was a Pakistani Umar Gul ( Urdu / Pashto:) (born 15 October, 1984 in Peshawar) is a Pakistani Cricketer who has played ten Yasir Hameed Qureshi ( Urdu: یاسر حمید قریشی) (born 28 February, 1978 in Peshawer) is a Pakistani cricketer Ismail Gulgee ( October 25, 1926 &ndash December 14, 2007) Pride of Performance, Sitara-e-Imtiaz (twice Badshah Munir Bukhari (بادشاہ منیر بخاری) is a linguist from Northern Pakistan. Sharbat Gula ( Pashto: شربت ګله " Rose Sherbet " ( Sharbat is pronounced /ˈʃaɾ Steve McCurry (born Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1950 is an American photojournalist best known for his photograph "Afghan Girl" that originally The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. Abdul Rahman Mohmand ( Pashto: عبدالرحمان مومند) popularly known as ( Pashto: رحمان بابا) was called the Nightingale of Pakhtoonkhwa Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1689 (Pashto خوشحال خان خټک was a Pashtun warrior Poet and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Ghani Khan (1914-1996 is widely considered as one of the best Pashto language Poets of the 20th century along with Ameer Hamza Shinwari. Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar ( سردار عبد الرب نښتر) ( June 13, 1899 in Peshawar, NWFP, British India – A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Peshawar International Airport is an Airport located in the city of Peshawar in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is served by all airlines of Pakistan as well as many major airlines including Emirates and Qatar Airways who have regular flights to the Gulf and forward connections to Europe. The Pakistan aviation industry was started up when Orient Airways merged with Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC to become the national flag carrier of Pakistan The city is linked to the main motorway as well as the Karakorum Highway from which it is connected to all of the major cities of Pakistan including Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Multan. The Karakoram Highway (KKH is the highest paved international road in the world (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province ( is a city located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District The roads are also linked to Afghanistan and China. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Afghanistan is linked through the Khyber Pass, which the main gateway for most cargo and passenger travel. The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and There is also a central railway station run by Pakistan Railways, the largest operator of rail companies in Pakistan, with connections to all parts of Pakistan as well as Afghanistan. This article is about the rail company in Pakistan. For technical details and operations see ' Transport in Pakistan '. In the city, there are all sorts of methods to travel around the city, from coaches, buses, rickshaws (Auto rickshaws), yellow and black taxis as well as traditional methods such as horse and carts. An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief

Footnotes

Further reading

See also

External links

• Peshawar travel guide from Wikitravel
• Wikia has a wiki on this subject: Peshawar
• Peshawar at the Open Directory Project

Administrative Divisions of North-West Frontier Province
Capital	Peshawar
Districts	Abbottabad | Bannu | Batagram | Buner | Charsadda | Chitral | Dera Ismail Khan | Hangu | Haripur | Karak | Kohat | Kohistan | Lakki Marwat | Lower Dir | Malakand | Mansehra | Mardan | Nowshera | Peshawar | Shangla District | Swabi | Swat | Tank | Upper Dir