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Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles, and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism :

  1. Only persons are real (in the ontological sense),
  2. Only persons have value, and
  3. Only persons have free will. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part The question of free will

Contents

Borden Bowne's Personalism

Personalism flourished in the early 20th century at Boston University in a movement known as Boston Personalism and led by theologian Borden Parker Bowne. For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. Borden Parker Bowne (1847-1910 was an American Christian philosopher and theologian in the Methodist tradition Bowne emphasized the person as the fundamental category for explaining reality and asserted that only persons are real. He stood in opposition to certain forms of materialism which would describe persons as mere particles of matter. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. For example, against the argument that persons are insignificant specks of dust in the vast universe, Bowne would say that it is impossible for the entire universe to exist apart from a person to experience it. Ontologically speaking, the person is “larger” than the universe because the universe is but one small aspect of the person who experiences it. Personalism affirms the existence of the soul. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Most personalists assert that God is real and that God is a person (or as in Christian trinitarianism, three persons, although it is important to note that the meaning of the word 'person' in this context is significantly different from Bowne's usage). God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных

Bowne also held that persons have value (see axiology, value theory, and ethics). Axiology (from Greek grc ἀξιᾱ axiā, "value worth" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of quality or value Value theory encompasses a range of approaches to understanding how why and to what degree humans should or do value things whether the thing is a person idea object or anything else Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life In declaring the absolute value of personhood, he stood firmly against certain forms of philosophical naturalism (including the social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer) which sought to reduce the value of persons. This article covers metaphysical naturalism as a worldview Naturalism (philosophy discusses methodological naturalism Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal He also stood against certain forms of positivism which sought to reduce the importance of God. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience

Emmanuel Mounier's Personalism

Further information: Non-conformists of the 1930s

In France, philosopher Emmanuel Mounier (1905-1950) was the leading proponent of Personalism, around which he founded the review L'Esprit, which continues to exist to this day. The Non-Conformists of the 1930s refers to a nebula of groups and individuals during the Inter-war period in France which was looking for new solutions to face the Emmanuel Mounier (1905&ndash1950 was a French philosopher Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French Personalist movement and founder and director of Esprit Esprit is a French Literary magazine. Founded in October 1932 by Emmanuel Mounier, it was the Personalist review " Esprit opposed Under Jean-Marie Domenach's direction, it criticized the use of torture during the Algerian War. Jean-Marie Domenach (1922 – 1997 was a French writer and intellectual The French Armed Forces made a systematic and indiscriminate use of torture during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62 creating a public controversy which is far from Personalism was seen as an alternative to both Liberalism and Marxism, which respected human rights and the human personality without indulging in excessive collectivism. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Mounier's Personalism had an important influence in France, including in political movements, such as Marc Sangnier's Ligue de la jeune République (Young Republic League) founded in 1912. The Ligue de la Jeune République (Young Republic League was a French political party created in 1912 by Marc Sangnier (1873-1950 in continuation with

Famous historian of Fascism Zeev Sternhell has identified personalism with fascism in a very controversial manner, claiming that Mounier's personalism movement "shared ideas and political reflexes with fascism". Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Zeev Sternhell (born 1935 is an Israeli historian and one of the world's leading experts on Fascism. He argued that Mounier's "revolt against individualism and materialism" would have led him to share the ideology of fascism [1]. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism.

Antecedents and influence

Philosopher Immanuel Kant, though not formally considered a personalist, made an important contribution to the personalist cause by declaring that a person is not to be valued merely as a means to the ends of other people, but that he possesses dignity (an absolute inner worth) and is to be valued as an end in himself. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg

Martin Luther King, Jr. was greatly influenced by personalism in his studies at Boston University. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. King came to agree with the position that only personality is real. It solidified his understanding of God as a personal God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. It also gave him a metaphysical basis for his belief that all human personality has dignity and worth. (see his essay “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”)

Pope John Paul II was also influenced by personalism. Pope Before becoming Pope, he wrote Person and Act (sometimes mistranslated as The Acting Person), a philosophical work suffused with Personalism (ISBN 90-277-0985-8). Though he remained well within the traditional stream of Catholic social and individual morality, his explanation of the origins of moral norms, as expressed in his encyclicals on economics and on sexual morality, for instance, was largely drawn from a Personalist perspective[2]. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church His writings as Pope, of course, influenced a generation of Catholic theologians since who have taken up Personalist perspectives on the theology of the family and social order.

Notable Personalists

Notes

  1. ^ Zeev Sternhell, "Sur le fascisme et sa variante française", in Le Débat , November 1984, "Emmanuel Mounier et la contestation de la démocratie libérale dans la France des années 30", in Revue française de science politique, December 1984, and also John Hellman's book, on which he takes a lot of his sources, Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930-1950 (University of Torento Press, 1981). Ralph Tyler Flewelling (born 1871 date of death unknown was an American Philosophy Professor, born ar De Witt, Mich Bogumil Zygmunt Gacka ( 1955 - is a Founding Editor of the biannual Personalism, Chairman of Christian Personalism at the University of Cardinal Stephen Monsignor Luigi Giovanni Giussani ( October 15, 1922 - February 22, 2005) Italian Catholic priest educator public intellectual and founder of Georgia Elma Harkness ( April 21, 1891 -1974 was a Christian theologian in the Methodist tradition Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician Pope Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Albert Cornelius Knudson (1873 &ndash 1954 was a Christian theologian in the Methodist tradition associated with Boston University and the school of Edvard Kocbek ( 27 September 1904, Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici, Duchy of Styria, now Slovenia - 3 November 1981 Erazim Kohák (born 1933 in Prague) is a Czech Philosopher and Writer. Milan Komar, also known as Emilio Komar ( 4 June 1921 - 20 January 2006) was a Slovene Argentine Catholic Gabriel Honoré Marcel ( 7 December 1889, Paris – 8 October 1973, Paris) was a French Philosopher Jacques Maritain ( November 18, 1882 &ndash April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic Philosopher. Peter Maurin ( May 9, 1877 – May 15, 1949 born in Oultet, France) was a Catholic activist who co-founded Emmanuel Mounier (1905&ndash1950 was a French philosopher Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French Personalist movement and founder and director of Esprit Walter George Muelder (born March 1, 1907 in Boody Illinois -died June 12, 2004 was an important American social Ethicist ecumenist and public Abraham Johannes Muste ( January 8, 1885 – February 11, 1967) was a Socialist active in the pacifist movement, Labor For his wife see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu., (October 7 1910 - November 2, 1963) was the younger brother Boris Pahor (born 28 August 1913 is a Slovene Writer from Italy. Jan Patočka ( June 1 1907 - March 13 1977) is considered one of the most important contributors to Czech philosophical Phenomenology Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (born Constantin Rădulescu, he added the surname Motru in 1889; February 15, 1868 &ndash March 6 Charles Bernard Renouvier ( January 1, 1815 – September 1, 1903) was a French Philosopher. This article is about the German psychologist William Lewis Stern Edith Stein ( October 12, 1891 &ndash August 9, 1942) was a German-Jewish philosopher, a Carmelite nun Martyr Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller ( August 16 1864 - August 9 1937) was a German - British pragmatist Zeev Sternhell (born 1935 is an Israeli historian and one of the world's leading experts on Fascism. See also Denis de Rougemont, Mme Mounier et Jean-Marie Domenach dans Le personnalisme d’Emmanuel Mounier hier et demain, Seuil, Paris, 1985. Denis de Rougemont ( September 8, 1906 &ndash December 6, 1985) was a Swiss writer who wrote in French. Jean-Marie Domenach (1922 – 1997 was a French writer and intellectual
  2. ^ see Doran, Kevin P. Solidarity: A Synthesis of Personalism and Communalism in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. ISBN: 0820430714

See also

External links

Francisco de Barcelos Rolão Preto, GCIH ( February 5 / February 12, 1893 Gavião &mdash December 18 1977, The National Syndicalists (in Portuguese: Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista, MNS - "National Syndicalist Movement" were a political movement that Charles S Liebman ( October 20 1934 &ndash September 3 2003) was a Political scientist and prolific author on Jewish life

Dictionary

personalism

-noun

  1. (philosophy) A doctrine of subjective idealism that regards personality as the means of interpreting reality
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