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Personal pronouns are pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common nouns. In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or
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English personal pronouns
English in common use today has seven personal pronouns:
- first-person singular (I)
- first-person plural (we)
- second-person singular and plural (you)
- third-person singular human or animate male (he)
- third-person singular human or animate female (she)
- third-person singular non-human or inanimate, or impersonal (it)
- third-person plural (they)
Each pronoun has a number of forms:
- A subjective form (I/we/etc. The personal pronouns of English can have various forms according to gender, number, person, and case. In Linguistics, a subjective pronoun is a Personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a sentence )
- Used when it's the subject of a finite verb
- An objective or oblique form (me/us/etc. According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the An objective pronoun in Grammar functions as the target of a Verb, as distinguished from a Subjective pronoun, which is the initiator of a verb An oblique case (casus generalis in Linguistics is a Noun case of Synthetic languages that is used generally when a Noun is the object )
- Used when it's the object of a verb or of a preposition
- A reflexive form (myself/ourselves/etc. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. )
- Which replaces the objective-case form in referring to the same entity as the subject.
- And two possessive forms (my/our/etc. and mine/ours/etc. )
- Used when they stand for the possessor of another noun — one that is used as a determiner, and one that is used as a pronoun or a predicate adjective. Possession, in the context of Linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents the Referent of one of which (the possessor) possesses The former are sometimes not included among the pronouns, since they do not act as nouns, but have a role closer to that of adjectives. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Nevertheless, the term "pronoun" is frequently applied to both, at least informally. The two sets of pronouns are sometimes distinguished with the terms "possessive determiners" or "possessive adjectives", and "possessive pronouns", respectively. What are traditionally and popularly called possessive adjectives &mdash in linguistic analyses possessive pronouns, possessive determiners or genitive pronouns A possessive pronoun is a Part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something
Usage
In English, it is standard to use personal pronouns explicitly even when the context is already understood, or could easily be understood by reading the sentences that follow. For example, one does not normally use the word "he" to refer to somebody if the person reading or hearing the sentence does not know to whom one is referring.
In addition, personal pronouns must correspond to the correct gender and number of people or objects being described. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Using the word "it" in English to refer to a person, for example, is usually considered extremely derogatory. It is generally not accepted to use a singular version of a pronoun for a plural noun, and vice versa. An exception is the informal, spoken use of they to refer to one person when sex is unknown: "If somebody took my book, they'd better give it back".
In general, pronouns are used often, since too little of their usage can make a sentence very difficult to read.
In French, pronouns include je, nous, tu, vous, ils, elles, lui, toi, moi, etc. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people There are different pronouns used for different genders and numbers of people, and unlike English where "them" and "they" are used for every object whether it is masculine or feminine, in French the plural forms vary according to gender. In addition, in French, different pronouns are used for indirect objects of a sentence than direct objects. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate.
Interlingua pronouns also vary by number and gender: singular io, tu, and ille, for example, correspond with plural nos, vos, and illes. See also Interlingua This article is an informal outline of the grammar of Interlingua, an International auxiliary language first publicized Like French, Interlingua has different pronouns for different genders and numbers. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Ille and illes are masculine and general, for example, while illa and illas are feminine. Unlike French, however, verbs remain the same for all pronouns:
- Illa lege un articulo, she is reading an article
- Illas lege articulos, they (feminine) are reading articles
Interlingua has relationships with many language families, and this is reflected in its pronouns. Interlingua io, for example, shows similarities with such word forms as English I, German ich, Italian io, Spanish yo, Russian ya, and Chinese wo.
Other types of personal pronouns
Pronouns usually show the basic distinctions of person (typically a three-way distinction between first, second, and third persons) and number (typically singular vs. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" plural), but they may also feature other categories such as case (nominative we vs. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other objective us in English), gender (masculine he vs. An objective pronoun in Grammar functions as the target of a Verb, as distinguished from a Subjective pronoun, which is the initiator of a verb In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong feminine she in English), and animacy or humanness (human who vs. Animacy is a grammatical and/or Semantic category of Nouns based on how Sentient or alive the Referent of the noun is nonhuman what in English). These can of course vary greatly. The English dialect spoken in Dorset uses ee for animates and er for inanimates. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast
Some languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns — those that do and do not include their audience, respectively. In Linguistics, clusivity is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person Pronouns and Verbal morphology, For example, Tok Pisin has seven first-person pronouns according to number (singular, dual, trial, plural) and inclusiveness/exclusiveness, such as mitripela (they two and I) and yumitripela (you two and I). Tok Pisin ( tok means "word" or "speech" as in "talk" pisin means " Pidgin " is a creole spoken throughout
Slavic languages have two different third-person genitive pronouns (one reflexive, one not). The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages For example, in Serbian:
- Ana je dala Mariji svoju knjigu — Ana gave her-REFLEXIVE book to Maria — i. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, e. , "Ana gave her own book to Maria. "
- Ana je dala Mariji njenu knjigu — Ana gave her-NON-REFLEXIVE book to Maria — i. e. , "Ana gave Maria's book to her. "
The pronoun may encode politeness and formality. Many languages have different pronouns for informal use or use among friends, and for formal use or use about/towards superiors, especially in the second person. A common pattern is the so-called T-V distinction (named after the use of pronouns beginning in t- and v- in Romance languages, as in French tu and vous). In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all
It is very common for pronouns to show more grammatical distinctions than nouns. The Romance languages have lost the Latin grammatical case for nouns, but preserve the distinction in the pronouns. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The same holds for English with respect to its Germanic ancestor.
It is also not uncommon for languages not to have third-person pronouns. In those cases the usual way to refer to third persons is by using demonstratives or full noun phrases. Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others Latin made do without third-person pronouns, replacing them with demonstratives (which are in fact the source of third-person pronouns in all Romance languages). Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others
Some languages, such as Japanese and Korean, lack personal pronouns entirely. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system In these languages, instead of pronouns, there is a small set of nouns that refer to the discourse participants (as pronouns do in other languages). These referential nouns are not usually used, with proper nouns, deictics, and titles being used instead. Usually, once the topic is understood, no explicit reference is made at all. In Japanese sentences, subjects are not obligatory, so the speaker chooses which word to use depending on the rank, job, age, gender, etc. of the speaker and the addressee. For instance, in formal situations, adults usually refer to themselves as watashi or the even more polite watakushi, while young men may use the student-like boku and police officers may use honkan ("this officer"). In informal situations, women may use the colloquial atashi, and men may use the rougher ore.
Other common distinctions made with personal pronouns found in the world's languages include:
- disjunctive pronouns;
- intensive pronouns;
- prepositional pronouns;
- direct and indirect object pronouns;
- reciprocal pronouns;
- weak pronouns. A disjunctive pronoun is a stressed form of a Personal pronoun reserved for use in isolation or in certain syntactic contexts In English An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to add emphasis to a statement for example "I did it myself. A prepositional pronoun is a special form of a Personal pronoun that is used as the object of a preposition. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. The reciprocal pronouns in English are one another and each other. A weak pronoun is a Pronoun phonetically more independent than Clitic pronouns but less independent than ordinary pronouns
Null-subject and pro-drop languages
In some languages, a pronoun is required whenever a noun or noun phrase needs to be referenced, and sometimes even when no such antecedent exists (cf the dummy pronoun in English it rains). A pro-drop language (from "pronoun-dropping" is a Language in which certain classes of Pronouns may be omitted when they are in some sense pragmatically In Linguistic typology, a null subject language is a Language whose Grammar permits an Independent clause to lack an explicit subject A dummy pronoun (formally expletive pronoun or pleonastic pronoun) is a type of Pronoun used in non- Pro-drop languages such as English In many other languages, however, pronouns can be omitted when unnecessary or when context makes it clear who or what is being talked about. Such languages are called null-subject languages (when subject pronouns may be omitted), or pro-drop languages (when, more generally, subject or object pronouns may be omitted). In Linguistic typology, a null subject language is a Language whose Grammar permits an Independent clause to lack an explicit subject A pro-drop language (from "pronoun-dropping" is a Language in which certain classes of Pronouns may be omitted when they are in some sense pragmatically In some cases the information about the antecedent is preserved in the verb, through its conjugation. In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection
See also
- Pronoun game
- Grammatical person
- Dummy pronoun
- Deixis
- Gender-neutral pronoun
- Gender-specific pronoun
- Gender neutral language
- Generic antecedents
- Grammatical gender
- Inclusive and exclusive we
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