A personal name is the proper name identifying an individual person. "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. It is nearly universal for a human person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or feral children growing up in isolation. The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. A name ( Etymology: from OE nama akin to OHG namo, Latin Nomen, and Greek όνομα ( A feral child ( Feral, Wild, or undomesticated) is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no (or little A personal name is usually given at birth or at a young age. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or The Convention on the Rights of the Child endorses personal names as a human right. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is an international convention setting out the civil political [1] The details of naming are strongly governed by culture; some are more flexible about naming than others, but for all cultures where historical records are available, the de facto rules are known to change over time. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic
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Common components of true names given at birth include:
- Given name: Universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; some other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name.
- Patronymic: A surname based on the given name of the father. A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs
- Matronymic (also Metronymic): A surname based on the given name of the mother. A matronymic is a Personal name based on the name of one's mother A matronymic is a Personal name based on the name of one's mother A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs
- Family name: A name used by all members of a family. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs In Europe, after the loss of the Roman system, the common use of family names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it often did not happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany as well as Eastern European countries such as Russia and Ukraine. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but did not require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year On the other hand, compulsory surnames in the Scandinavian countries did not happen until the 20th century (1923 for Norway), and Iceland still does not use surnames for its native inhabitants. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Icelandic names differ from most Western Family name systems by being Patronymic (and sometimes Matronymic) in that they reflect the immediate Before the use of family names, people were often referred to by a description or nickname, their place of birth or former place of residence, their occupation, or their parent's name. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Many modern family names derive from one of these.
- Middle name: Least common. Many people's Names include one or more middle names, placed between the first Given name and the Surname. In royal or aristocratic families, several middle names honoring ancestors, relatives, or political allies are commonly given. A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations In many families, single middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, occasionally their maiden names. Many Catholic families choose a saint's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's confirmation when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for Cultures that use patronymics or matronymics will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e. A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father A matronymic is a Personal name based on the name of one's mother g. Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/s.
Some people (called anonyms) choose to be anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or societal ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a pseudonym. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias)
Occasionally, a person is referred to by a single name. For example, Teller, of the magician duo Penn and Teller, has no given names. Teller (born Raymond Joseph Teller February 14, 1948) is an American illusionist, Comedian and Writer best Penn & Teller ( Penn Fraser Jillette and Teller) are Las Vegas headliners whose act is an amalgam of illusion and Comedy. (His parents named him Raymond Joseph Teller but he legally changed his name to "Teller". ) In official government documents (such as his driver's license) his given name is listed as NFN, meaning "no first name". A driver's license, driver license, driver licence, or driving licence is an official document which states that a person may operate a Arvind of MIT CSAIL is another example. Arvind is the Johnson Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts
The Inuit believe that the souls of the namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (atiq), but also by kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Namesake (sometimes "name's sake" is a term used to characterize a person place thing quality action state or idea that is called after or named out of regard to Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent In Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and adding a name (e. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Among Ashkenazi Jews it is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the Angel of Death may mistake the younger person for his namesake (although there is no such custom among Sephardi Jews). Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing In English Death is often given the name the " Grim Reaper " and shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large Scythe, and wearing a midnight black gown robe Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Jews may also have a Jewish name for intra-communitary use and use a different name when engaging with the Gentile world. he-Latn '''Goy''' (גוי regular plural he-Latn ''goyim'' he גויים is a transliterated Hebrew word which translates as " Nation " or " people " Chinese children are called insulting names to make them appear worthless to evil spirits. They receive a definitive name as they grow up. Chinese and Japanese emperors receive posthumous names. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death In some Polynesian cultures, the name of a deceased chief becomes taboo. Polynesian culture refers to the aboriginal Culture of the Polynesian -speaking peoples of Polynesia and the A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture If he is named after a common object or concept, a euphemism has to be used for it.
Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes titles) are considered part of the name. A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification
Feudal names
The royalty, nobility, and gentry of Europe and Britain traditionally have many names, including phrases for the lands that they own. A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the Marquis de Lafayette. Notice that he possessed the lands both of Motier and Lafayette. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in small capital letters. In Typography, small capitals (usually abbreviated small caps) are Uppercase ( capital) characters set at the same height as surrounding It is this habit which transferred to names of the Far East, as seen below. Another example is Don Quixote de la Mancha, who is never referred to in literature by the disguising phrase used as the title of the musical comedy, Man of La Mancha. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Man of La Mancha is a musical with a book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion and music by Mitch Leigh.
The bare place name was used formerly to refer to the person who owned it, rather than the land itself (e. g. , "What will Gloucester do?" meant the Duke of Gloucester). As a development, the bare name of a ship in the Royal Navy meant its captain (e. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) g. , "Cressy didn't learn from Aboukir") while the name with an article referred to the ship (e. g. , "The Cressy is foundering").
Naming convention
In contemporary Western societies (except for Iceland and Hungary), the most common naming convention is that of a given name, usually indicating the child's sex, followed by the parents' family name. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X's son/Y's daughter"; this is now the case only in Iceland and on the Faroe Islands. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse
Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions.
- Akan name
- Arabic name
- Bulgarian name
- Chinese name
- Dutch name
- Fijian name
- French name
- German name
- Hawaiian name
- Hebrew name
- Hungarian name
- Icelandic name
- Indian name
- Indonesian name
- Irish name
- Japanese name
- Javanese name
- Jewish name
- Korean name
- Malaysian name
- Philippine name
- Polish name
- Portuguese name
- Roman name
- Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries
- Spanish naming customs
- Vietnamese name
Name order
Since a name is made up of several parts, the order in which those parts are arranged can be significant. Old Arabic names are based on a long naming system most Arabs do not simply have given / middle / Family names but a full chain of names Compared to other systems the Bulgarian name system can be said to be rather simple Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Dutch names consist of one or several Given names and a Surname. Naming conventions in Fiji differ greatly both between and within ethnic groups in Fiji This article describes the conventions for using people's names in France, including the norms of custom and practice as well as the legal aspects German names consist of one or several Vornamen ( Forenames and a Nachname ( Familienname, Family name) For the article on Jewish given and last names see Jewish name. Icelandic names differ from most Western Family name systems by being Patronymic (and sometimes Matronymic) in that they reflect the immediate Indian family names are based on a variety of systems and Naming conventions, which vary from region to region Indonesia is an Archipelago of over 17000 islands only 6000 of which are inhabited that extends in an arc along the equator A formal Irish-language name consists of a Given name and a Surname, as in English in modern times usually consist of a Family name ( Surname) followed by a Given name. Javanese people typically have three-part names each part of which is a Given name. For the article on Hebrew given names see Hebrew name. The Jewish name has historically varied encompassing throughout the centuries several different A Korean name consists of a Family name followed by a Given name, as used by the Korean people in both North Korea and South Korea In the Philippines, Filipinos follow the conventional American form Given name - Middle name - Family name. A Polish personal name, like names in most European cultures consists of two main elements imię, or the Given name, followed by nazwisko A typical Portuguese name is composed of one or two Given names and two family names. By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria This article gives the general understanding of naming conventions in the Russian language as well as in languages affected by Russian linguistic tradition In most Spanish -speaking countries people have two surnames. Vietnamese names generally consist of three parts a Family name, a Middle name, and a Given name, used in that order The order family-name given-name is commonly known as the Eastern order and is used in Africa, East Asia (for example in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysian Chinese, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam), and Hungary. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries Singapore Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Eastern order is also common in Central/Eastern European and Central Asian countries such as Ukraine and Russia, where the system was used commonly right until the end of the USSR, especially in official contexts. Because such variation may create ambiguity, last names are often capitalized (e. g. , MIKHAILOV Dmitri or Dmitri MIKHAILOV). The order given-name family-name is commonly known as the Western order and is usually used in most Western European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe (North and South America and Australia). In these countries, the family name is often used first in lists and catalogues, with the family and given names separated with a comma (e. g. Smith, John). For example, most Western libraries use this order.
When East Asian names are transliterated into the Latin alphabet, some prefer to convert them to the Western order at the same time, while others leave them in the Eastern order but write the family name in capital letters. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. This habit has become very common also in the international language Esperanto. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals who have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for example, Koizumi Jun'ichirō is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English, and Puskás Ferenc is known as Ferenc Puskás. is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006 Ferenc Purczeld Biró ( 2 April 1927 &ndash 17 November 2006) or "Ferenc Puskás", was a legendary Hungarian But Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese names and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Máo Zédōng is known as Mao Zedong in English. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led
Names of Japanese or Chinese sportspeople generally follow the above conventions. For Japanese examples, see Ichiro Suzuki instead of Suzuki Ichirō (although he is widely known simply as "Ichiro"), or Hidetoshi Nakata instead of Nakata Hidetoshi. often known simply as, (born October 22 1973 in Toyoyama, Nishikasugai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan) is an Outfielder for the Seattle Mariners Hidetoshi Nakata (中田 英寿 Nakata Hidetoshi; born January 22, 1977 in Yamanashi Prefecture) is a Japanese former football As for Chinese sportspeople, Yáo Míng is Yao Ming and Liú Xiáng is Liu Xiang in the West. Yao Ming ( born September 12 1980 is a Professional basketball player who plays for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA Liu Xiang ( born July 13 1983 in Shanghai, China is a Chinese 110 metre hurdler.
Names of Korean sportspeople may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries, apparently depending on the sport. For example, names of Korean footballers and athletes are usually left in East Asian order (e. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered A sportsperson ( British and American English) or athlete (principally American English is any person who participates regularly in a Sport. g. Ahn Jung-Hwan, Hong Myung-Bo, Park Ji-Sung, Sohn Kee-Chung, Hwang Young-Cho). Ahn Jung-Hwan (born January 27 1976 in Paju, Gyeonggi) is a South Korean football player he made world headlines by scoring the winning Hong Myung-Bo (born February 12 1969 in Seoul) is a former South Korean footballer. Park Ji-Sung ( Hangul: 박지성 IPA: /pʰak ʧi sʌŋ/ (born February 25 1981 Goheung, South Korea) is a professional South Korean Sohn Kee-Chung ( August 29, 1912 &ndash November 15, 2002) became the first medal-winning Korean Olympian when he won the Hwang Young-Cho (born March 22, 1970) is a former South Korean athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1992 Summer Baseball players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as Chan-Ho Park. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Chan Ho Park (born June 30, 1973 in Gongju, South Korea) is a Major League Baseball Pitcher who currently pitches for the Golfers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the female golfer Pak Se-Ri is known in the West as Se Ri Pak. Career overview Pak turned professional in 1996 a year before she moved to the United States as a 20-year-old Confusion can be avoided by noticing that in all the above cases, the words linked by a hyphen are the given name.
Nonhuman personal names
Apart from the Linnaean taxonomy, some humans give individual nonhuman animals and plants names, usually of endearment. Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time
In some cultures, pets or sporting animals are sometimes given names similar to human names. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Other cultures, such as the Chinese, give the animals nonhuman names, because it would be seen as offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. In Japan, dogs are often given non-Japanese first names, such as "John" or "Charley. "
A study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences claims that humans are not the only animals that use personal names. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington studying bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida found that the dolphins had names for each other. The Bottlenose Dolphin is one of the most common and well-known Dolphins. [2] A dolphin chooses its name as an infant. [3]
See also
- Anthroponymy
- Family name
- Given name
- Legal name
- List of adjectival forms of place names
- List of unusual personal names
- Most popular given names
- Name for a general discussion of names, including naming of persons
- Name at birth
- Name generator
- Name letter effect
- Namesdays
- Patronymic
- Posthumous name
- Proper name
- Regnal name
- Surname
- Temple name
- Unisex name
- Bilingual name
Notes
External links
Anthroponomastics (or Anthroponymy) a branch of Onomastics, is the study of anthroponyms ( Gk A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs Legal name is often the Name which an individual is called at birth or which appears on their Birth certificate (see Birth name) or Austin Healey, English Rugby union player Brooklyn Beckham, son of David and Victoria Beckham, after a The most popular given names vary nationally, Regionally and culturally. A name ( Etymology: from OE nama akin to OHG namo, Latin Nomen, and Greek όνομα ( The name at birth is the name a child is given by his or her Parents according to a generally universal custom, and legal requirement to file a form of Birth A name generator is a program that uses Language rules or Word combining techniques to generate a list of Names. The name letter effect is the hypothesis that the probability of certain actions can be influenced by the first letter of the name of the person performing the action A name day is a tradition in many countries in Europe and Latin America of celebrating on a particular day of the year associated with the one's Given name A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A unisex name, also known as an epicene name, is a Given name that is often given to either a boy or a girl A bilingual name is a name of a person that is spelled if not pronounced exactly the same in two languages
Dictionary
personal name
-noun
- A proper name identifying an individual person, especially the full name.
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