The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Pe ( پ‎) is a letter in the Perso-Arabic alphabet the same as Pe. Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Che ( چ‎) is a letter in the Perso-Arabic script. It is used in Persian and other Iranian languages and not in Arabic. or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic (ar ﺫ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,) for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew Že ( ژ) is a letter in the Perso-Arabic alphabet, based on zāī (ز with two additional diacritic dots. Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician (ar ﺽ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,) (also Teth, Tet) is the ninth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tet, For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Ghain, ghayn, or (ar ﻍ is one of the six letters in the Arabic alphabet not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei, Persian alphabet Pe pr Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Gaf or Gāf may be the name of three different Arabic letters, all representing the sound of "g" Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Yodh (also spelled Yud or Yod) is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Transliteration Transliteration (in the strict sense attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct Hamza ( Arabic: ar الهَمْزة ʼal-hamzah) (ar [[wiktء ء]] is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the Glottal stop. The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Judæo-Persian or Jidi ( IPA: /ʤiːdiː/ also spelled as Dzhidi) is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran Bukhori (also known as Bukhari, Bukharic, Bukharan, or Bukharian) is an Indo-Iranian language. Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Persian grammar is similar to many other Indo-European languages, especially those in the Indo-Iranian family In general the grammar of the Tajik language fits the analytical type. Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, and many words in modern Persian usage ultimately originate from Proto-Indo-European Persian nouns have no grammatical gender, and the case markers have been greatly reduced since Old Persian —both characteristics of contact languages Persian Verbs have the Tenses of Past U Present and Future It has the infinitive of the form of;Shenaseh which shows the person of the verb The Persian language has six Vowels and twenty-three Consonants including two Affricates, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ The Tajik language has been written in three Writing Transliteration Transliteration (in the strict sense attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Originally being used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: پ [p], چ [ʧ], ژ [ʒ], and گ [g]. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Many languages which use the Perso-Arabic script add additional letters. The Perso-Arabic script has been applied, beside the Persian alphabet itself, to the Urdu alphabet, Kurdish Sorani alphabet, Baloch alphabet, Punjabi Shahmukhi script, Azeri, Tajik-Persian Alphabet and several others. The Urdu alphabet is the Right to left Alphabet used for the Urdu language. The Kurdish alphabet is a Writing system for the Kurdish language. Shahmukhi (, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ literally "from the King's mouth" is a local variant of the Arabic script

Example showing the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic style's proportion rules. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy.

In order to represent non-Arabic sounds, new letters were created by adding dots, lines, and other shapes to existing letters. For example, the retroflex sounds of Urdu are represented orthographically by adding a small ط above their non-retroflex counterparts: د [d̪] and ڈ [ɖ]. In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] of Pashto is represented in writing by adding a dot above and below the س [s] letter, resulting in ښ. The voiceless retroflex fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as The close central rounded vowel [ʉ] of Kurdish is written by writing two ﻭ [u], resulting in ﻭﻭ. } The close central rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds.

The Perso-Arabic script is exclusively written cursively. That is, the majority of letters in a word connect to each other. This is also implemented on computers. Whenever the Perso-Arabic script is typed, the computer connects the letters to each other. Unconnected letters are not widely accepted.

There are many Arabic-derived alphabets which were not influenced by the Perso-Arabic script, including Jawi (used for Malay), Sorabe (Malagasy), and many alphabets used in Northern Africa. Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Sorabe, or Sora-be, is an Alphabet based on Arabic used to transcribe the Malagasy language (belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language This article is about the Malagasy language For the Malagasy ethnic group see Malagasy people. These alphabets used other innovations for writing such common sounds as [p] and [g], instead of the Perso-Arabic letters پ and گ, although the Jawi script does use the same symbol for [ʧ] ( چ ).

A characteristic feature of this script, possibly tracing back to Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, is that vowels are underrepresented. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract For example, in Classical Arabic, of the six vowels, the three short ones are normally omitted entirely (except in the Qur`aan), while the three long ones are represented ambiguously by certain consonants. Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Only Kashmiri and Kurdish, of the many languages using adaptations of this script, regularly indicate all vowels. Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds.

Letters

Below are the 32 letters of Persian.

Exceptions

There are seven letters in the Persian alphabet that do not connect to other letters like the rest of the letters in the alphabet. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. These seven letters do not have initial or medial forms but the solo and the final forms are used instead because they do not allow for a connection to be made on the left hand side to the other letters in the word. For example when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا "injā" (here), the initial form of alef is used. Or in the case of اِمروز "emruz" (today) the letter ﺮ re uses the final form and the letter و vāv uses the initial form although they are in the middle of the word.

Other characters

The following are not actual letters, but rather different orthographical shapes for letters, and in the case of the lām alef, a ligature. As to ﺀ hamze, it has only a single graphic, since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vāv, ye or alef, and in that case the seat behaves like an ordinary vāv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamze is not a letter, but a diacritic. Hamza ( Arabic: ar الهَمْزة ʼal-hamzah) (ar [[wiktء ء]] is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the Glottal stop.

Although at first glance they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet, [p], [g], [ʧ] (ch – chair), [ʒ] (zh – measure):

Changes from the Arabic writing system

The following is a list of differences between the Arabic writing system and the Persian writing system:

1. A hamza (ء) is not written above an alif (ا) to denote a zabar or pesh and below to denote a zer.
2. A hamza is not typically written in the final kaaf (ک). However, a hamza is sometimes added to a final kaaf in Persian for reasons of stylized writing.
3. A hamza is not typically written in Persian to separate two vowels. In Arabic, a hamza is used in words to separate two vowels. For example, the word aljazaaer (Algeria) is written الجزائر. In Persian, this convention is dropped unless the word originates from Arabic. For example, the word chaai (tea) is written چای. In Persian grammar, words ending in yeh versus hamza-yeh have different grammatical meanings. For example, کتابھای means "the books of," whereas کتابھائی means "some books. "
4. The Arabic letter taa marbuuta (ة) is sometimes changed to a taa (ت) because taa marbuuta is a grammatical construct in Arabic denoting femininity. Since Persian grammar lacks gender constructs, the taa marbuuta is not necessary and is only kept to maintain fidelity to the original Arabic spelling.
5. Two dots are removed in the final yeh (ی). Arabic differentiates the final yeh with the two dots and the final yeh without two dots, which is called alif maqsura and is pronounced like an alif. Because Persian drops the two dots in the final yeh, the alif maqsura cannot be differentiated from the normal final yeh just by looking at the spelling. For example, the name Musa (Moses) is written موسی. Whether the final letter in Musa denotes a Persian yeh or an alif maqsura cannot be determined just by the spelling of the word. In this case, the final letter is an alif maqsura.
6. The letters peh (پ) and gaaf (گ) are added because Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew do not have separate letters for P and F or G and J and the phonetics of Persian requires this separation. The letters cheh (چ) and zheh/jheh (ژ) are added because Arabic lacks these phonetic sounds found in the Persian language.

Word boundaries

Typically words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hā') are written without a space but separated from the previous word with a zero-width non-joiner. The zero width non joiner ( ZWNJ) is a Non-printing character used in the computerized Typesetting of some Cursive script, Korean Hangul

See also

• Arabic alphabet
• Scripts used for Persian
• Persian phonology
• Ottoman Turkish language
• History of the Arabic alphabet
• List of languages by writing system#Arabic script
• Urdu alphabet
• Nastaʿlīq script
• Shahmukhi
• Shahmukhi script
• Urdu alphabet
• Ajami script

External links

• Persian Alphabet
• Persian numerals