Persian فارسی
Fārsi (local name for Persian) in Perso-Arabic script (Nasta`liq style):
Pronunciation:	[fɒrˈsi]
Spoken in:	Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Also in various Iranian, Afghanistani, Uzbekistani, and Tajikistani diaspora, specifically , USA, Russia, Germany, Canada, Turkmenistan, France, Sweden, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Pakistan and Turkey. The term Iranian citizens abroad refers to the Iranian people born in Iran but living outside of Iran and their children The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
Region:	Middle East, Central Asia
Total speakers:	ca. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south 82 million native,[1] ca. 62 million second language, 144 million total
Ranking:	ca. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use 12th (native speakers)
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Iranian    Western Iranian     Southwestern Iranian      Persian
Official status
Official language in:	Iran  Afghanistan  Tajikistan[1]  Turkmenistan[1]
Regulated by:	Academy of Persian Language and Literature Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	fa
ISO 639-2:	per (B)	fas (T)
ISO 639-3:	variously: fas – Persian prs – Eastern Persian pes – Western Persian tgk – Tajik aiq – Aimaq bhh – Bukharic deh – Dehwari drw – Darwazi haz – Hazaragi jpr – Dzhidi phv – Pahlavani
Areas with Persian-speakers as mother tongue language
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Western Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC The Western Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Iran 's Academy of Persian Language and Literature ( Persian:فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی farhangestɒn e zabɒn o adab e fɒrsi is a body controlled Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan is the official government agency of Afghanistan that regulates the Dari (Persian and Pashto languages spoken in Afghanistan ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Aimaq is a language of the Persian language subgroup spoken west of the Hazarajat, in central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Bukhori (also known as Bukhari, Bukharic, Bukharan, or Bukharian) is an Indo-Iranian language. Dehwari is a Southwestern Iranian language spoken by over 20000 people in Balochistan, Pakistan. Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Judæo-Persian or Jidi ( IPA: /ʤiːdiː/ also spelled as Dzhidi) is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Persian (local names: فارسی [fɒːrˈsi] or پارسی /pɒrsi/↔[pɒːrˈsi]; see Nomenclature) is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of

Persian and its varieties have official-language status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. According to CIA World Factbook, based on old data, there are approximately 72 million native speakers of Persian in Iran,^[2] Afghanistan,^[3] Tajikistan^[4] and Uzbekistan^[5] and about the same number of people in other parts of the world speak Persian. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly UNESCO was asked to select Persian as one of its languages in 2006. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 ^[6]

Persian has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the Islamic world as well as the Western. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings It has had an influence on certain neighbouring languages, particularly the Turkic languages of Central Asia, Caucasus, and Anatolia. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black It has had a lesser influence on Arabic and other languages of Mesopotamia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

For five centuries prior to the British colonization, Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in South Asia and became the "official language" under the Mughal emperors. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Only in 1843 did the subcontinent begin conducting business in English. ^[7] Evidence of Persian's historical influence in the region can be seen in the extent of its influence on the languages of Hindustani, and other languages of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the popularity that Persian literature still enjoys in that region. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Especially, Urdu is a result of the influence of Persian along with other languages like Arabic and Turkish in South Asia and was a language largely used in Muslim areas of the Indian Mughal Empire. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most

Contents 1 Classification 2 Local names 2.1 Nomenclature 3 Dialects and close languages 4 Phonology 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Consonants 5 Grammar 5.1 Morphology 5.2 Syntax 6 Vocabulary 6.1 Native word formation 6.2 External influence 7 Orthography 7.1 Persian alphabet 7.1.1 Additions 7.1.2 Variations 7.2 Latin alphabet 7.3 Tajik alphabet 8 History 8.1 Old Persian 8.2 Middle Persian 8.3 New Persian 8.3.1 Early New Persian 8.3.2 Classic Persian 8.3.3 Contemporary Persian 9 Examples 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links

Classification

Persian belongs to the Western group of the Iranian languages branch of the Indo-European language family, and is of the Subject Object Verb type. The Iranian languages include some 84 ( SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by about many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually Contrary to common belief, it is not a Semitic language. The Western Indo-Iranian group contains other related languages such as Kurdish. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. The language is in the Southwestern Indo-Iranian group, along with and very similar to the Larestani and Luri languages. The Western Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC ^[8]

Local names

The Persian language is locally known as

• فارسی‎ (transliteration: Fārsi) or پارسی‎ (Pārsi). Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice
• Tajik, local name in Central Asia. The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south
• Dari (Darbâr - from court), name given to classical Persian poetry and court language of Persian and persianated dynasties.

Nomenclature

Persian, the more widely used name of the language in English, is an Anglicized form derived from Latin *Persianus < Latin Persia < Greek Πέρσις Pérsis, a Hellenized form of Old Persian Parsa. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian seems to have been first used in English in the mid-16th century. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English ^[9] Native Persian speakers call it "Fārsi" (local name) or Parsi. Farsi is the arabicized form of Parsi, due to a lack of the /p/ phoneme in Standard Arabic. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or

In English this language is historically known as "Persian". Many Persians migrating to the West (particularly to the USA) after the 1979 revolution continued to use 'Farsi' to identify their language in English. The word became commonplace in English-speaking countries. "^[10] "Farsi" is encountered frequently in the linguistic literature as a name for the language, used both by Iranian and by foreign authors,^[11] and is preferred by some. ^[12] However, The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has declared in an official pronouncement^[13] that the name "Persian" is more appropriate, as it has the longer tradition in the western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity. Iran 's Academy of Persian Language and Literature ( Persian:فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی farhangestɒn e zabɒn o adab e fɒrsi is a body controlled

The international language encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code "fa", as its coding system is based on the local names. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family The more detailed draft ISO 639-3 uses the name "Persian" (code "fas") for the larger unit ("macrolanguage") spoken across Iran and Afghanistan, but "Eastern Farsi" and "Western Farsi" for two of its subdivisions (roughly coinciding with the varieties in Afghanistan and those in Iran, respectively). ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages ^[14] Ethnologue, in turn, includes "Farsi, Eastern" and "Farsi, Western" as two separate entries and lists "Persian" and "Parsi" as alternative names for each, besides "Irani" for the western and "Dari" for the eastern form. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian ^[15][16]

A similar terminology, but with even more subdivisions, is also adopted by the "Linguist List", where "Persian" appears as a subgrouping under "Southwest Western Iranian". The Western Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC ^[17] Currently, VOA, BBC, DW, and RFE/RL use "Persian Service", in lieu of "Farsi Service". Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM RFE/RL also includes a Tajik service, and Afghan (Dari) service. This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, and many of the leading scholars of Persian language. ^[18]

See also: exonym and endonym

Dialects and close languages

Main article: Persian dialects and varieties

Persian language
Regional and social varieties: General Iranian Persian Dari Tajik Dzhidi (Judeo-Persian) Bukhori (Judeo-Tajik) Hazaragi Grammar: General Iranian Persian Tajik Language features: Vocabulary Nouns Verbs Phonology Writing systems: Perso-Arabic script Tajik alphabet Romanized Persian alphabet

There are three modern varieties for the standard Persian:

• Modern Iranian Persian is the variety of Persian spoken in Iran, also known as Farsi or Persian. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Judæo-Persian or Jidi ( IPA: /ʤiːdiː/ also spelled as Dzhidi) is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran Bukhori (also known as Bukhari, Bukharic, Bukharan, or Bukharian) is an Indo-Iranian language. Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Persian grammar is similar to many other Indo-European languages, especially those in the Indo-Iranian family In general the grammar of the Tajik language fits the analytical type. Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, and many words in modern Persian usage ultimately originate from Proto-Indo-European Persian nouns have no grammatical gender, and the case markers have been greatly reduced since Old Persian —both characteristics of contact languages Persian Verbs have the Tenses of Past U Present and Future It has the infinitive of the form of;Shenaseh which shows the person of the verb The Persian language has six Vowels and twenty-three Consonants including two Affricates, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Tajik language has been written in three Writing Transliteration Transliteration (in the strict sense attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. ^[19][20]
• Dari is the local name for the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Pakistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and It is referred to as Farsi.
• Tajik is the variety of Persian used in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia, but unlike the Persian used in Iran and Afghanistan, it is written in the Cyrillic script rather than Arabic script. The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.

The three mentioned varieties are based on the classic Persian literature. There are also several local dialects in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. Lari (in Iran), Hazaragi (in Afghanistan), and Darwazi (In Afghanistan and Tajikistan) are examples of these dialects. Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.

The Ethnologue offers another classification for dialects of Persian language. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian According to this source, dialects of this language include the following:^[21]

• Western Persian, or Irani (in Iran)
• Eastern Persian (in Afghanistan)
• Tajik (in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)
• Hazaragi (in Afghanistan)
• Aimaq (in Afghanistan)
• Bukharic (in Israel, Uzbekistan)
• Darwazi (in Afghanistan, Tajikistan)
• Dzhidi (in Israel, Iran)
• Pahlavani (in parts of Sistan and Afghanistan)

The following are some of the related languages of various ethnic groups within the borders of modern-day Iran:

• Luri (or Lori), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian province of Lorestan and Khuzestan. The Iranis are an ethno-religious community of the Indian subcontinent; descendants of Zoroastrians who emigrated from Greater Iran (in the main from The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Bukhori (also known as Bukhari, Bukharic, Bukharan, or Bukharian) is an Indo-Iranian language. Judæo-Persian or Jidi ( IPA: /ʤiːdiː/ also spelled as Dzhidi) is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.
• Talysh (or Talishi), spoken in northern Iran but also in southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South
• Tat (also Tati or Eshtehardi), spoken in parts of the Iranian provinces of East Azarbaijan, Zanjan and Qazvin. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Zanjan (زنجان زنجان is a province located in the North-West Iran with the Zanjan city being its center Qazvīn is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the north-west of the country and its center is the city of Qazvin. It's also spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, etc. It includes Judeo-Tat & Christian-Tat. Juhuri, Juvuri or Judæo- Tat is the traditional language of the Juhuro or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains
• Dari or Gabri is official language of Afghanistan,also spoken in Yazd and Kerman regions by some Zoroastrians in Iran. Dari is a Northwestern Iranian Ethnolect spoken as a first language by estimated 8000 to 15000 Zoroastrians in and around the cities of Yazd Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/ (In Persian: یزد is the capital of Yazd province, "the second most ancient and historic city in the world" and a centre Kerman (کرمان is a city in Iran. It is the center of Kerman province. Also called Yazdi by some. Dari is a Northwestern Iranian Ethnolect spoken as a first language by estimated 8000 to 15000 Zoroastrians in and around the cities of Yazd

Phonology

Main article: Persian phonology

Iranian Persian has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /ʧ/ (ch) and /ʤ/ (j). The Persian language has six Vowels and twenty-three Consonants including two Affricates, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/

Vowels

Historically, Persian distinguished length: the long vowels /iː/, /uː/, /ɒː/ contrasting with the short vowels /e/, /o/, /æ/ respectively. Persian dialects and varieties differ in their vowels, more so than in their consonants.

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m	n			[ŋ]
Plosive	p b	t d			k g	[ɢ]	[ʔ]
Affricate			tʃ dʒ
Fricative	f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		h
Tap		[ɾ]
Trill		r
Approximant		l		j

(Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Allophones are in phonetic brackets. )

Grammar

Main article: Persian grammar

Morphology

Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Persian grammar is similar to many other Indo-European languages, especially those in the Indo-Iranian family ^[22] Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. ^[23] There is no grammatical gender in Persian, nor are pronouns marked for natural gender. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong

Syntax

Normal declarative sentences are structured as “(S) (PP) (O) V”. This means sentences can comprise optional subjects, prepositional phrases, and objects, followed by a required verb. According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the An adpositional phrase is a Linguistics term that includes (a prepositional phrase(s (which are usually found in head-first languages like English) and An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. If the object is specific, then the object is followed by the word rɑ: and precedes prepositional phrases: “(S) (O + “rɑ:”) (PP) V”. ^[23]

Vocabulary

Main article: Persian vocabulary

Native word formation

Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, and many words in modern Persian usage ultimately originate from Proto-Indo-European Persian frequently uses derivational agglutination to form new words from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word. In Linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new Word. New words are extensively formed by compounding – two existing words combining into a new one, as is common in German. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Professor Mahmoud Hessaby demonstrated that Persian can derive 226 million words. Mahmoud Hessaby (in Persian محمود حسابی - alternative spellings Mahmood Hesabi) ( February 23, 1903, Tehran &mdash ^[24]

External influence

There are many loanwords in the Persian language, mostly coming from Arabic, but also from English, French, German, and the Turkic languages. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the

Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other Indo-Iranian languages like Hindi, Urdu, etc, as well as Turkic languages like Turkish and Uzbek, Afro-Asiatic languages like Assyrian and Arabic^[25], and even Dravidian languages especially Telugu and Brahui. The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Brahui (Urdu spelling بروہی or Bravi (براوِ Language, spoken by the Brahui, is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in Several languages of southwest Asia have also been influenced, including Armenian and Georgian. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Persian has even influenced the Malay spoken in Malaysia and Swahili in Africa. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Swahili (called Kiswahili in the language itself is the First language of the Swahili people (Waswahili who inhabit several large stretches Many Persian words have also found their way into other Indo-European languages including the English language.

The extent of Persian words used in Urdu has made these languages often understandable by Persian-speakers, especially in written form. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised

See also: List of English words of Persian origin and Comparison Table of the Iranian Languages

Orthography

The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. In recent years the Latin alphabet has been used by some for technological or internationalisation reasons. Tajik, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia,^[26][27] is written with the Cyrillic alphabet in Tajikistan (see Tajik alphabet). The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of The Tajik language has been written in three Writing

Persian alphabet

Main article: Persian alphabet

Modern Iranian Persian and Dari are normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet (see Perso-Arabic script) with different pronunciation and more letters, whereas the Tajik variety is typically written in a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by

After the conversion of Persia to Islam (see Islamic conquest of Iran), it took approximately 150 years before Persians adopted the Arabic alphabet as a replacement for the older alphabet. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia Previously, two different alphabets were used, one for Middle Persian and one for Avestan, used for religious purposes, known as the Avestan alphabet (in Persian, Dîndapirak or Din Dabire—literally: religion script). The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language.

In modern Persian script, vowels generally known as short vowels (a, e, o) are usually not written; only the long vowels (i, u, â) are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities. Consider the following: kerm "worm", karam "generosity", kerem "cream", and krom "chrome" are all spelled "krm" in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. It is worth noting that the Arabic system of vocalization marks known as harakat is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic damma is pronounced /ʊ/, while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced /o/. This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.

It is also worth noting that there are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. As such, there are four functionally identical 'z' letters, three 's' letters, two 't' letters, etc.

Additions

The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet:

Sound	Isolated form	pronunciation
[p]	پ	pe
[tʃ] (ch)	چ	če
[ʒ] (zh)	ژ	že
[g]	گ	gāf

(The že is pronounced as in "measure", "fusion", or "azure". The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. )

Variations

The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters from the Arabic alphabet. For example, alef with hamza below ( إ ) changes to alef ( ا ); words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول); and teh marbuta ( ة ) changes to heh ( ه ) or teh ( ت ). is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Hamza ( Arabic: ar الهَمْزة ʼal-hamzah) (ar [[wiktء ء]] is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the Glottal stop. He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav

The letters different in shape are:

Sound	original Arabic letter	modified Persian letter	name
[k]	ك	ک	kāf
[j] (y) and [iː], or rarely [ɑː]	ي or ى	ى	ye

Writing the letters in their original Arabic form is not typically considered to be incorrect, but is not normally done.

Latin alphabet

Main article: Romanization of Persian

UniPers, short for the Universal Persian Alphabet (Pârsiye Jahâni) is a Latin-based alphabet created and popularized by Mohamed Keyvan, who used it in a number of Persian textbooks for foreigners and travellers. Transliteration Transliteration (in the strict sense attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct Transliteration Transliteration (in the strict sense attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct ^[28]

The International Persian Alphabet (Pársik) is another Latin-based alphabet developed in recent years mainly by A. Moslehi, a comparative linguist. ^[29]

Another Latin alphabet, based on the Uniform Turkic alphabet, was used in Tajikistan in the 1920s and 1930s. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin based alphabet used by non- Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of The alphabet was phased out in favour of Cyrillic in the late 1930s. The Tajik language has been written in three Writing ^[26]

Fingilish, or Penglish, is the name given to texts written in Persian using the Basic Latin alphabet. Fingilish ( Farsi + English) (also Penglish Fenglish Pinglish Fargilisi or Fingilisi is a term used to describe the way Persian words are Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications. Online chat can refer to any kind of Communication over the Internet, but is primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or Text-based group Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the [ɒ] phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).

Tajik alphabet

Main article: Tajik alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet was introduced for writing the Tajik language under the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet that had been used since the Bolshevik revolution and the Perso-Arabic script that had been used earlier. The Tajik language has been written in three Writing The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Республикаи Советии Социалистии Тоҷикистон Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tocikiston; Таджикская The Tajik language has been written in three Writing The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Perso-Arabic script were banned from the country. ^[26]

History

History of the Persian language

Proto-Iranian (ca. Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family 1500 BCE) Southwestern Iranian languages

Old Persian (c. The Western Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) 525 BCE - 300 BCE) Old Persian cuneiform script

Middle Persian (c. Old Persian cuneiform is the primary script used in Old Persian writings Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect 300 BCE-800 CE) Pahlavi script • Manichaean script • Avestan script

Modern Persian (from 800) Perso-Arabic script

Persian is an Iranian tongue belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Manichaean script is a sibling of an early form of Pahlavi script, and like Pahlavi is a development from Imperial Aramaic, the official language and script of the The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The oldest records in Old Persian date back to the great Persian Empire of the 6th century BC. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) ^[30]

The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:

Old Persian

Old Persian evolved from Proto-Iranian as it evolved in the Iranian plateau's southwest. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The earliest dateable example of the language is the Behistun Inscription of the Achaemenid Darius I (r. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed 522 BC - ca. 486 BC). Although purportedly older texts also exist (such as the inscription on the tomb of Cyrus II at Pasargadae), these are actually younger examples of the language. Pasargadae (پاسارگاد was a city in ancient Persia, and is today an Archaeological site and one of only five of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage Old Persian was written in Old Persian cuneiform, a script unique to that language and is generally assumed to be an invention of Darius I's reign. Old Persian cuneiform is the primary script used in Old Persian writings

After Aramaic, or rather the Achaemenid form of it known as Imperial Aramaic, Old Persian is the most commonly attested language of the Achaemenid age. Aramaic is a Semitic language with The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Aramaic is a Semitic language with While examples of Old Persian have been found wherever the Achaemenids held territories, the language is attested primarily in the inscriptions of Western Iran, in particular in Parsa "Persia" in the southwest, the homeland of the tribes that the Achaemenids (and later the Sassanids) came from. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.

In contrast to later Persian, written Old Persian had an extensively inflected grammar, with eight cases, each declension subject to both gender - masculine, feminine, neuter - and number - singular, plural, dual. In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating

Middle Persian

In contrast to Old Persian, whose spoken and written forms must have been dramatically different from one another, written Middle Persian reflected oral use, and was thus much simpler than its ancestor. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect The complex conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to a simple internal structure of Middle Persian; the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating Instead, Middle Persian used prepositions to indicate the different roles of words, for example an -i suffix to denote a possessive "from/of" rather than the multiple (subject to gender and number) genitive caseforms of a word. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another

Although the "middle period" of Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old- to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in Sassanid era (224 - 651) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, to the 6th or 7th century. And from the 8th century onwards, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of Zoroastrian tradition. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings

The native name of Middle Persian was Parsik or Parsig, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of Pars", Old Persian Parsa, New Persian Fars. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in Arabic script. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. From about the 9th century onwards, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i. e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i. e. from the northeast). While Rouzbeh (Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa, 8th century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i. Abdullah Ibn Dhadawayh ( Persian: عبدالله ابن دادویه) also known as Rouzbeh pur-e Dādvayh ( Persian: روزبه پور دادوَيه e. Parthian) and Farsi (i. e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.

New Persian

Early New Persian

Classic Persian

The Islamic conquest of Persia marks the beginning of the modern history of Persian language and literature. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia It is known as the golden era of Persian. It saw world-famous poets and was for a long time the lingua franca of the eastern parts of Islamic world and of the Indian subcontinent. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including Samanids, the Mughal Empires, Timurids, Ghaznavid, Seljuq, Safavid, Ottomans, etc. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The heavy influence of Persian on other languages can still be witnessed across the Islamic world, especially, and it is still appreciated as a literary and prestigious language among the educated elite, especially in fields of music (for example Qawwali) and art (Persian literature). Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost After the Arab invasion of Persia, Persian began to adopt many words and structures from Arabic and as time went by, a few words were even taken from Mongolian under the Mongolian empire. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of

Contemporary Persian

Since the nineteenth century, Russian, French and English and many other languages contributed to the technical vocabulary of Persian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Iranian National Academy of Persian Language and Literature is responsible for evaluating these new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. Iran 's Academy of Persian Language and Literature ( Persian:فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی farhangestɒn e zabɒn o adab e fɒrsi is a body controlled The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian as they do into any other language.

Examples

Persian	IPA	Gloss
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان می‌باشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند	hameje afrɒd baʃar ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjand o az dide hejsijat o hoɢuɢ bɒ ham barɒbarand ǁ hame dɒrɒje andiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃand o bɒjad dar barɒbare jekdigar bɒ ruhe barɒdari raftɒr konand	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

—Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

See also

• Dari (Persian)
• Tajik language
• Southwestern Iranian dialects
• Persian dialects and varieties
• Persian literature
• Academy of Persian Language and Literature
• List of Persian poets and authors
• Persianate
• Persian mythology
• Iranian Languages vocabulary comparison table

Notes

Further reading

1. Mace, John (2003), Persian Grammar: For reference and revision, London: Routledge-Curzon. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
2. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Wiesbaden, a city in southwest Germany, is the capital of the state of Hesse.
3. Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1987), "Persian", in Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bernard Comrie (ˈbɝːnɚd ˈkɒmri born May 23, 1947 in Sunderland, UK) is a British-born linguist Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire,

External links

• Persian language (Persian)
• Art of Persian Calligraphy and Miniature Painting
• AriaDic Persian / English Dictionary with pronunciation
• Collection of Persian bilingual dictionaries
• UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian
• Academic Grammar of New Persian in Persian, English and German
• Persian-Farsi - site for studying persian (in Russian)
• Iran language Institute
• Navid Fazel, Descriptive Grammar of New Persian
• Pahlawi, Farsi and Dari
• Persian Culture & Language

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