The tradition and style of garden design of Persian gardens (Persian باغ ایرانی) influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India. The Iranian cultural region - consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Persian painting has several branches most famously the classical art of the Persian miniature, and including the modern popular form of "Qahveh Khanehei" Painting A Persian miniature is a small painting whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. Iran (Persia possesses an extraordinary treasure of royal Jewelry, including a copious amount of Mother-of-pearl from the Persian Gulf. Persian embroidery is one of the many forms of the multi-faceted Persian arts. Persia ( Iran) has an ancient tradition of its own design of motifs Iranian craftwork, are Handicrafts works that are useful in ordinary life or are decorative This article has references but they are not inline references Iranian pottery (sometimes known as gombroon) production presents a continuous Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost By Persian Mythology is meant the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau Iranian folklore including jokes legends games folklore heroes and beliefs is sophisticated and complex Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions The Persian carpet ( Pahlavi bōb Persian farš فرش meaning "to spread" and qāli) is an essential part of The tradition and style of Garden design of Persian gardens ( Persian باغ ایرانی influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation Persian dance refers to the type of Dancing from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The music of Iran or Persian music has thousands of years of history dating back to the Neolithic age as seen in the archeological The cinema of Iran (or Persian cinema) is a flourishing film industry with a long history Garden design is the art and process of Designing and creating plans for layout and planting of Gardens and Landscapes Garden design may be done by the garden Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Taj Mahal is one of the largest Persian gardens of the world, but the gardens of the Alhambra equally show the influence of Persian garden style on a more intimate scale. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation.
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History
From the time of the Achaemenid dynasty the idea of an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature and example to other cultures, both the [[Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucids and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια The Avestan word pairidaêza-, Old Persian *paridaida-, Median *paridaiza- (walled-around, i. Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. e. , a walled garden), was transliterated into Greek paradeisoi, then rendered into the Latin paradisus, and from there entered into European languages, e. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. g. , French paradis, German Paradies, and English paradise. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. The word entered Semitic languages as well: Akkadian pardesu, Hebrew pardes, and Arabic firdaws. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language [1]
As the word expresses, such gardens would have been enclosed. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. The garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners: spiritual, and leisurely (such as meetings with friends), essentially a paradise on earth. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Leisure or free time, is a period of Time spent out of work and essential domestic Activity. The Persian word for "enclosed space" was pairi-daeza, a term that was adopted by Christian mythology to describe the garden of Eden or Paradise on earth. Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Christian mythology ( μῦθος (mythos in Greek is the body of traditional Narratives associated with Christianity. Not to be confused with Eden Gardens.The Garden of Eden ( Hebrew "pleasure" גַּן עֵדֶן Arabic: جنات عدن, Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. [2]
The manner in which the garden is constructed may be formal (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple rules governing the design. In the European tradition casual is the Dress code which emphasizes comfort and personal expression over presentation and uniformity This is said to allow a maximisation, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden.
History
The origin of Persian gardens may date back as far as 4000 BCE; the decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of Cyrus the Great's garden, built around 500 BCE, is still viewable today.
During the reign of the Sassanids (third to seventh century CE), and under the influence of Zoroastrianism, the presence of water in art grew increasingly important. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual This trend manifested itself in garden design with greater emphasis placed on fountains and ponds in gardens. A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source ( Latin fons) fills a basin of some kind and is drained away A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that
During the Arab occupation the aesthetic aspect of the garden increased in importance, overtaking the utility of the garden. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding During this time the aesthetic rules by which the garden is governed grew in importance. An example of this is the chahār bāgh (چهارباغ), a form of garden which attempts to emulate Eden, having four rivers and four quadrants, representing the world. Chahar Bagh may refer to Afghanistan Chahar Bagh Helmand Chahar Bagh Takhar Chaharbagh-e Farahgerd Not to be confused with Eden Gardens.The Garden of Eden ( Hebrew "pleasure" גַּן עֵדֶן Arabic: جنات عدن, The design sometimes extends one axis longer than the cross-axis and creaters water channels running through each of the four gardens to connect to a central pool.
The invasion of Persia by the Mongols in the thirteenth century saw a new emphasis on highly ornate structure within the garden, examples of which include tree peonies and chrysanthemums. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of Chrysanthemums, often called 'mums' are a genus ( Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae The Mongol empire then carried a Persian garden tradition to other parts of their empire (notably India). India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Babur introduced the Persian garden to India; the now unkempt Aram Bāgh garden in Agra was the first of many Persian gardens he created. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, The Persian concept of an ideal, paradise-like garden is perfectly embodied in the Taj Mahal. Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ
The Safavid Dynasty (seventeenth to eighteenth century) built and developed grand and epic layouts that went beyond being a simple extension to a palace and became an integral aesthetic and functional part of it. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system In the following centuries European garden design began to influence Persia, particularly the design of France and secondarily that of Russia and the United Kingdom. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Western influences led to changes in the use of water and the species used in bedding.
The traditional forms and style are still used among the population of Iran. They are also be found in historic sites, museums and affixed to the houses of the rich. A historic site is an official location where pieces of political military or social History have been preserved A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the
Elements of the Persian garden
Sunlight and its effects were an important factor of structural design in Persian gardens. Sunlight, in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the Electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. Textures and shapes were specifically chosen by architects to harness the light. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction
Due to the dry heat of Iran, shade is also very important in the garden, without which it could not be usable. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Trees and trellises largely feature as biotic shade; pavilions and walls are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun. In Architecture a pavilion (from French, "pavillon" from Latin "papilio" has two main significations A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area
Also related to the heat is the importance of water in the gardens. A form of underground tunnel, below the water table, called a Qanat is used to irrigate the garden and its environs. The water table is the level at which the ground water pressure is equal to Atmospheric pressure. A qanat (from قناة) or kareez (from كاريز) is a Water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Well-like structures then connect to the Qanat, enabling the drawing of water.
Alternatively, an animal driven Persian well would be used to draw water to the surface. A Persian well is a type of Water well found in the Middle East, often used in conjunction with a Qanat. Such wheel systems could also be used to move water around surface water systems, such as those which exist in the chahar bāgh style. Trees were often planted in a ditch called a jub, which prevented water evaporation and allowed the water quick access to the tree roots. Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN.
The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner courtyard. For alternative meanings of the word "court" see Court (disambiguation. Designers often place architectural elements such as vaulted arches between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.
Descriptions
The oldest representational descriptions and illustrations of Persian gardens come from travelers who reached Iran from lands to the west. These accounts include Ibn Battuta in the fourteenth century, Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo in the fifteenth century and Engelbert Kaempfer in the seventeenth century. Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February Ruy González de Clavijo (? - April 2, 1412) Castilian traveler and writer Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. Battuta and Clavijo make only passing references to gardens and do not describe their design.
Kaempfer made careful drawings and converted them into detailed engravings after his return to Europe. They show chahar bāgh type gardens with the following features: an enclosing wall, rectangular pools, an internal network of canals, garden pavilions and lush planting. There are surviving examples of this garden type at Yazd (Dowlatabad) and at Kashan (Bāgh-e Fin). Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/ (In Persian: یزد is the capital of Yazd province, "the second most ancient and historic city in the world" and a centre Kashan is a city in the province of Isfahan, Iran. It had an estimated population of 272359 in 2005. The location of the gardens Kaempfer illustrated in Isfahan (city) can be identified. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān
Styles
The six primary styles of the Persian garden may be seen in the following table, which puts them in the context of their function and style. Gardens are not limited to a particular style, but often integrate different styles, or have areas with different functions and styles.
| Classical | Formal | Casual | |
| Public | Hayāt | Meidān | Park |
| Private | Hayāt | Chahār Bāgh | Bāgh |
Hayāt
Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over function. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Chahar Bagh may refer to Afghanistan Chahar Bagh Helmand Chahar Bagh Takhar Chaharbagh-e Farahgerd Bāgh, which usually translates to "garden" is in fact a more general concept Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with arches and pools (which may be used to bathe). An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is an artificially enclosed Body of water intended for Swimming or The ground is often covered in gravel flagged with stone. Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade.
Privately, these gardens are often pool-centred and again structural. The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. Again, there are few plants - this is often due to the limited water available in urban areas.
Meidān
This is a public, formal garden that puts more emphasis on the biotic element than the hayāt and that minimises structure. Plants range from trees, to shrubs, to bedding plants, to grasses. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A flowerbed is an element of many Gardens A flowerbed is a garden area especially prepared for growing Flowers The area is typically marked off often by low-lying Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include Again, there are elements such as a pool and gravel pathways which divide the lawn. A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes Clover and other plants which are maintained at a low even height When structures are used, they are often built, as in the case of pavilions, to provide shade.
Chahar Bāgh
These gardens are private and formal - the basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by waterways or pathways. Persian Gardens Charbagh ( Persian چهارباغ is a Persian-style garden layout Traditionally, such gardens would be used in work-related functions for the rich (such as entertaining ambassadors). An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country These gardens balance structure with greenery, with the plants often around the periphery of a pool and path based structure.
Park
Much like many other parks, the Persian park serves a casual public function with emphasis on plant life. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human They provide pathways and seating, but are otherwise usually limited in terms of structural elements. The purpose of such places is relaxation and socialisation.
Bāgh
Like the other casual garden, the park, bāgh emphasizes the natural and green aspect of the garden. Bāgh, which usually translates to "garden" is in fact a more general concept Unlike the park it is a private area often affixed to houses and often consisting of lawns, trees, and ground plants. A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes Clover and other plants which are maintained at a low even height The waterways and pathways stand out less than in the more formal counterparts and are largely functional. The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation.
Samples
- Fin garden
- Afif abad garden
- Eram garden
- Narenjestan-i Qavam garden
- Taj Mahal
- Shalamar Gardens (in Lahore & Kashmir)
- Dowlat abad Garden
- Shazdeh Garden
See also
References
- ^ Fakour M. Fin Garden, or Bagh-e Fin, located in Kashan, Iran, is a historical Persian garden. Afif-Abad Garden (باغ عفیف آباد (also known as Golshan Garden) is a museum complex in Shiraz Iran. Eram Garden is a famous historic Persian garden in Shiraz, Iran. Qavam House (also widely called "Narenjestan e Ghavam" is a traditional and historical house in Shiraz Iran. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Shazdeh Garden ( Persian: باغ شازده meaning Prince’s Garden is a historical Persian garden located near (6km away from Mahan Persian Gardens Charbagh ( Persian چهارباغ is a Persian-style garden layout Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria The Paradise garden is a form of Garden, originally just Paradise, a word derived from the Median language or Old Persian. Bāgh, which usually translates to "garden" is in fact a more general concept , Achaemenid Dardens [1]; CAIS-Online - accessed Jan 15, 2007
- ^ Persians: Masters of Empire, p 62, ISBN 0-8094-9104-4
Bibliography
- Khonsari, Mehdi; Moghtader, M. Reza; Yavari, Minouch (1998). The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise. Mage Publishers. ISBN 0-934211-46-9
- Rochford, Thomas (1999). Isfahan "Persian Garden Design" website. Retrieved 3 February, 2005.
- Newton Wilber, D (1979). Persian gardens and garden pavilions. Washington.
External links
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