A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water Superoxides, dioxygenyls, ozones and ozonides compound are considered separately. Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature The dioxygenyl Ion, O2+ is a rarely-encountered Oxycation in which both Oxygen Atoms have an Oxidation state OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Ozonide is an unstable reactive polyatomic Anion O3&minus derived from Ozone, or an organic compound similar to Organic peroxide

Organic chemistry

Main article: Organic peroxide

In organic chemistry, peroxide is a specific functional group or a molecule containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond (R-O-O-R'). Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions When the other oxygen bears a hydrogen, it is called a hydroperoxide (R-O-O-H). The radical HOO· is known as hydroperoxide radical, and is thought to be involved in combustion of hydrocarbons in air. Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of

Organic peroxides tend to decompose easily to free radicals of the form:

RO·

This makes them useful as catalysts for some types of polymerisation, such as the polyester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Glass-reinforced plastic ( GRP) is a Composite material or Fiber-reinforced plastic made of a Plastic reinforced by fine fibers MEKP (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) is commonly used for this purpose. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP is an Organic peroxide, a high explosive similar to Acetone peroxide. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP is an Organic peroxide, a high explosive similar to Acetone peroxide.

However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can accidentally initiate explosive polymerization in materials with unsaturated chemical bonds. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic Since peroxides can form spontaneously in some materials, some caution must be exercised with such "peroxide-forming materials. " Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine are explosive organic peroxide compounds; TATP may be formed accidentally as a waste product in some reactions. Acetone peroxide ( triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an Organic peroxide and a primary High Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine ( HMTD) is a High explosive In addition, many liquid ethers in the presence of air, light, and metal slowly (over a period of months) form ether peroxides (e. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across g. , diethyl ether peroxide), which are extremely unstable. Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of Organic peroxides that slowly form in Diethyl ether upon storage under air light or in the presence of metal by Autoxidation As a consequence, it is recommended that ether be stored over potassium hydroxide, which not only destroys peroxides but also acts as a powerful desiccant. Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying Extreme care must be taken with samples showing signs of crystal growth or precipitates.

TATP is an easily synthesized, inexpensive, explosive compound that is difficult to detect by normal screening methods. Consequently, it is an explosive favored by terrorists. TATP was used in the 2005 London Underground bombings and the 2001 "shoe bomber. " In 2002, a simple mass spectroscopy screening method was developed. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles [1]

Inorganic chemistry

In inorganic chemistry, peroxide is the anion O₂²⁻. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge It is highly basic, and present in ionic compounds. Pure peroxides (containing only cations and the peroxide anions) are usually formed by burning alkali metals or alkaline earth metals in air or oxygen. Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Sodium peroxide Na₂O₂ is a typical example. Sodium peroxide, Na2O2 is the normal product when sodium is burned

The peroxide ion contains two electrons more than the oxygen molecule. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J These two electrons, according to the molecular orbital theory, complete the two π* antibonding orbitals. In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. Antibonding (or anti-bonding) is a type of chemical bonding. An antibonding orbital is a form of Molecular orbital (MO that is located outside the region This has as result a weakening of the bond strength of the peroxide ion and a greater length for the bond O-O : Li₂O₂ 130 pm to BaO₂ 147 pm. In Chemistry, bond strength is measured between two Atoms joined in a Chemical bond. Furthermore, the peroxide ion is diamagnetic. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect

The peroxides of the alkali metals and Ca, Sr and Ba are ionic. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The peroxides of a number of electropositive metals such as Mg, the lanthanides and the uranyl-ion show an intermediary character, between ionic and covalent. The peroxides of metals such as Zn, Cd and Hg are mainly covalent.

Peroxides are powerful oxidizers, and usually fairly unstable. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound Ionic peroxides react with water and diluted acids to form hydrogen peroxide. Organic compounds are oxidized to carbonates, even at normal temperatures. Sodium peroxide is a powerful oxidator of metals, such as iron.

The oxides, peroxides and superoxides are closely related, forming a chain of oxygen ions of progressively higher oxidation number. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs

Barium peroxide is used in pyrotechnics and tracer ammunition, and was once used in the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. Barium peroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Ba[[peroxide O]]2 The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events Tracer ammunition ( tracers) are special Bullets that are modified to accept a small Pyrotechnic charge in their base Sodium peroxide is used as a carbon dioxide absorber and oxygen regenerator (e. Sodium peroxide, Na2O2 is the normal product when sodium is burned Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single g. in some submarines), through the reaction:

2Na₂O₂ + 2CO₂ → 2Na₂CO₃ + O₂

See also

• catalase
• oxygen
• ozone
• peroxidases
• hydrogen peroxide
• carbamide peroxide
• sodium percarbonate
• calcium peroxide
• magnesium peroxide
• potassium monopersulfate
• sodium perborate monohydrate
• ozonide, O₃⁻
• superoxide, O₂⁻
• oxide, O²⁻
• dioxygenyl, O₂⁺

A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Catalase is a common Enzyme found in nearly all living organisms where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide to Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Peroxidases ( EC number 1111x are a large family of Enzymes A majority of peroxidase protein sequences can be found in the PeroxiBase database Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water Carbamide peroxide, also called urea peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, and percarbamide, is an oxidising agent consisting of Hydrogen peroxide Sodium percarbonate is a white crystalline water-soluble Chemical compound of Sodium carbonate and Hydrogen peroxide. Calcium peroxide (CaO2 is a solid Peroxide with a white or yellowish color Magnesium peroxide is a fine powder Peroxide with a white to white-off color Potassium peroxymonosulfate, K[[hydrogen H]] S[[oxygen O]]5 is widely used as an Oxidizing agent. Sodium perborate ( PBS) is a white odorless water-soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula 3 Ozonide is an unstable reactive polyatomic Anion O3&minus derived from Ozone, or an organic compound similar to Organic peroxide Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The dioxygenyl Ion, O2+ is a rarely-encountered Oxycation in which both Oxygen Atoms have an Oxidation state

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